1、 Conceptual BlendingBY : 李宜霖 劉寧 張懂 羅健京 尹桂英 李倩Outlines:Part 1:Introduction of Conceptual BlengingPart 2:Vital Relations and CompressionPart 3:A Taxonomy of Integration Networks, Multiple Blending and Constraining Blending TheoryPart 4:Comparing Blending Theory with Conceptual MetaphorPart 5:Applicati

2、ons of Conceptual BlendingPart 6:Drawbacks and Conclusion 1.1 The origins of Blending Theory 1.3 Three component processes concerning emergent structure1.2 The elements of conceptual blending 1.4 Constitutive processes of Blending Theory 1.1 The origins of Blending Theory Conceptual Blending Theory

3、was brought to prominence by Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner. It derives from two traditions within cognitive semantics: Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Mental Spaces Theory. In their studies, both observed that in many cases meaning construction appears to derive from structure that is apparently

4、unavailable in linguistic or conceptual structure that functions as the input to the meaning construction process. Blending Theory thus emerged from their attempts to account for this observation. 心理空間理論（心理空間理論（Mental Spaces TheoryMental Spaces Theory） Fauconnier于1985年最早提出“心智空間”這一術語，并將其描寫為“小概念包（Smal

5、l Conceptual Packet）”, 是指人們進行交談和思考時為了達到當下的理解與行動的目的而構建的，是通過框架和認知模型所形成的結構。（Fauconnier & Turner 1996:113） 心智空間是人們閱讀、思考、寫作時建構的概念包，是人的體驗、知識、社會存在體中的產物。概念包是局部的理解和行為。每個心智空間擁有它的范疇成員，范疇成員在同一心智空間內是互相關聯的，這些成員和關系組成了概念包。不同空間里的成員和關系之間也可以建立映射。Fauconnier and Turners definition of conceptual blending Conceptual b

6、lending is a basic mental operation that leads to new meaning, global insight, and conceptual compressions useful for memory and manipulation of otherwise diffuse ranges of meaning.Len believes that the girl with blue eyes has green eyes. (Fauconnier & Turner 2002: 46)1.2 The elements of concept

7、ual blending 輸入空間輸入空間（Input Space）：由獨立認知域的信息所構成的空間。 類屬空間類屬空間（Generic Space）：抽象反映出輸入空間共同的、常見的組織和結構。 合成空間合成空間（Blended Space）：對輸入空間里的概念進行整合操作。合成空間從兩個輸入空間中提取部分結構,形成新創結構（Emergent Structure）。The surgeon is a butcher.How does the negative assessment of incompetence arise?Analysis from Conceptual Metaphor T

8、heory (Evans & Green 2006: 402)1.3 Three component processes concerning emergent structure 1、組合組合(composition)(composition) 將輸入空間的內容投射到合成空間后進行組合。并形成在輸入空間內不存在的新關系。 2、完善完善(completion)(completion)是指當來自輸入空間的投射結構與長時記憶中的信息結構相匹配時,在合成空間中被激活的模式就會借助背景圖式知識、認知和文化模式而不斷完善。 3、擴展擴展(elaboration)(elaboration)是指合成

9、空間中的結構可以根據它自身的層創邏輯在合成空間中進行認知運作,運用人們的想象力可以根據層創結構對細節進行無限的擴展。1.4 Constitutive Processes of Blending Theory (Evans & Green 2006: 404) 2.Vital Relations and Compression 2.1 Compression 2.2 A taxonomy of vital relations and their compressions 2.1 Compression An important function of blending is the pr

10、ovision of global insight. According to Fauconnier &Turner, conceptual blending achieves this by reducing complexity to human scale the scope of human experience.Compression is a familiar conception to people, such as compressed files, compressed food and compressor. Compression is an important

11、conception that people cant live without it, whereas what people know about compression is only related to objects. The terms conceptual compression and relation compression are completely new to people. Fauconnier &Turner(2002:311) indicate that a relation can be compressed into the strict form

12、 of this relation.Also one or more relations can be compressed into another relation. At the beginning of blending, a new relation is created.“ Their viewpoint tells us that compression in conceptual blending is a vital instrument for realizing integration.可以把一種關系壓縮成這種關系的嚴密形式，也可以把一種關系或者多種關系壓縮進入另一種關系

13、。在整合中，從一開始就創造了新關系。Overarching goal of blending-achieve human scaleNotable subgoals of blending-Compress what I s diffuse-Obtain global insight-Strengthen vital relations-Come up with a story-Go from many to one壓縮離散物（diffuse）獲得整體視界（global insight）強化關系（relations）提出方案（story）由許多到單一（one）Actually, the ess

14、ence of conceptual blending is the relation blending, because information input spaces are connected with each other by relations. According to Fauconnier &Turner, input spaces are not connected at random but connected through vital relations. Thus they put forward a set of vital relations.概念整合的

15、本質是關系的整合，因為信息輸入空間與空間之間的連通靠的是關系，而且關系是必不可少的，關系將空間與空間連通起來才形成了認知網絡。空間與空間之間的連通關系主要表現為： 因果關系（cause-effect relation） 時間關系、空間關系（time, space relation） 身份連通關系（identity relation） 部分與整體關系（part-whole relation） 特征、范疇、意圖關系心智空間連通的本質是概念關系的連通，一定的概念關系被壓縮進心智空間，而且被壓縮進心智空間的關系都是極重要的不可缺少的關系（vital relation）.小樹一天一天長大。總理和我都是公

16、民。只有讀書人才懂。 讓我們舉起拳頭！范疇關系部分與整體身份關系時空關系2.2 A taxonomy of vital relations and their compressions2.2.1 Change and CompressChange: It is a general vital relation which connects the elements to another and sets of elements to other sets. It also has something with time and cultural elements. 在整合中，關系變化（chan

17、ge）是最常見的不可缺少的，變化能將一個成員與另一個成員連接起來，將一個成員組同另一個成員組連接起來。幼兒青年There is no change where there is no connection. Where there is no connection there is no conceptual blending.沒有變化就沒有連通，沒有連通也就沒有單體與單體、集與集之間的概念集合。從這個意義上說，概念與概念整合受空間與空間之間變化這一關系的制約，所以，概念整合過程是心智活動的動態過程。女人妻子媽媽婆婆男人空間、時間概念變化是與外部空間身份（identity）聯系的相關性（cor

18、relation）概念連通。變化連通的核心是兩個概念空間的相關性。概念空間之間有很多顯義或隱義的連通點，變化連通無唯一性，而且變化可以激活默認值（default value）。概念整合是不能自動進行的，“change”這種不可缺少的概念空間之間的關系被壓縮進入整合中唯一的前提是概念之間有身份的相關性。概念的生成和理解不僅僅是單體的整合，而且是知識網絡的整體整合。 她的賬單一年比一年高。 大片大片的森林向車尾奔去。2.2.2 Cause and Effect RelationCause-Effect: The cause-effect relation is the most important

19、 relation in compression, because to enter the blending space through compressing cause-effect relation is the most general base of conceptual blending. 澆水幼樹大樹發怒砸家具碎片原因行為結果變化時間因果2.2.3 Time and Space RelationTime and Space: there are two vital relations involved in memory, change, continuity, simulta

20、neity, non- simultaneity and understanding of causality. Information is not separately input at the same time, so it needs mental blending to compress these different time into a whole.時間涉及人的記憶、變化、繼續、同時性、非同時性及對因果關系的理解，信息從輸入空間輸入的時間是分開的，但整合是將這些分開的時間作為一體的。My life has consisted of a few notable events:

21、I was born, I fell in love in 1983 and was briefly happy, in 1990 I met my future husband. We got married a year later. As I look back the time since seems to have disappeared in housework and drudgery.每次勞動回來都累得像死狗一樣，拖著身子蹲在水溝邊草草一吃，吃幾口飯倒頭便睡，早晨醒來頭邊全是雪。2.2.4 Identity RelationIdentity： we connect the me

22、ntal spaces that have the baby, the child, the adolescent and the adult with relations of personal identity. Identity connectors across temporally separate spaces lead to some phenomena like referential opacity.世界上物體、事體、人群的單體或集體都有其固有的身份性（identity），身份性是社會不可缺少的關系。門當戶對跨域身份連通是一種條件連通，具有相似性、類推性身份的連通在概念整合理

23、解中是明了的，而跨域身份概念的連通是復雜的，它涉及參照模糊（ referential opacity ）。In France, the president is elected for a term of seven years, while in the US he is elected for a term of four years.唐太祖的功勞在藏漢聯姻，漢武帝的功勞在于單于和好。2.2.5 Part-whole RelationPart-Whole: This relation is a vital cognitive mechanism. It represents a part-

24、whole metonymy. The parts and the whole are fused in the blending so that causation for the parts is causation for the whole. It is a general human understanding manner to use the parts to replace the whole. The reason is that human establish a network in which the unit mapped by salient parts stand

25、 for the whole. In the blending operations, the part is projected from one input space while the whole is projected from another input space. 以部分概念代替整體概念是人類對事物的理解方式，其原因是人類構建了一個網絡，突顯部分映射的個體代表了整體。在整合中，“部分”被一個空間信息投射，而“整體”從另一個空間投射。眼淚（部分） 悲哀（整體）登山（部分） 勇敢（整體）將部分（A）和部分（B）整合在一起時，整合后的概念大于部分之和的概念CXAB生活是一條船。新創

26、意義Emergent meaning2.2.6特征、范疇、意圖關系特征特征最突出的特點是整合概念內部空間的不可缺少的關系。概念整合通常將整合的事物、物體的外部空間的某種不可缺少的特征關系壓縮進入整合特征的內部空間關系。超音速戰機綠杯子電子商務范疇范疇是性質的邊界，是空間不可缺少的關系，整合空間可以將諸如像類推外空間不可缺少的關系壓縮進入一定的范疇。生物病毒計算機程序計算機程序染上了病毒意圖意圖：Fauconnier &Turner的概念整合理論包括hope,desire,fear,believe,memory及其他心智態度及支配意圖傾向不可缺失的關系。A隊擊敗了B隊。B隊輸給了 A隊。

27、Summary:All these vital relations are indispensable elements in conceptual blending. Conceptual blending is an unrivaled tool for compressions across vital relations of cause-effect, space, time, change, analogy, part-whole, role-value, and etc. Such compressions perform a rich and colorful meaningf

28、ul world and weave numerous dramatic conceptual networks. These elements are not only essential terms for linguistic study but also important elements for thinking in analyzing our daily life, scientific work, management and so on.1. A taxonomy of integration networks2. Multiple blending 3. Constrai

29、ning Blending Theory1. A taxonomy of integration networksThere are a great number of different kinds of integration networks. They constitute a continuum. Here, we briefly focus on four distinct types of integration networks. 1.1 Simplex networks兩個輸入空間，一個提供框架和角色元素，另一個提供價值元素，以填充框架。John is the son of

30、Mary. （Evans & Green 2006:427）我從老王那買了些東西 。 顧客店主我老王買家賣家我從老王那買了東西此處有兩個輸入空間，一個提供商業買賣框架和角色元素，顧客與店主，另一個提供價值元素，我與老王。經過映射后，在合成空間內生成了兩個輸入空間內均不存在的新的內容，即我從老王那買了東西。關鍵點：一個提供組織框架，另一個提供填充元素。5.2 Mirror networksIt is a network in which there exists a common frame shared by all the spaces in the network. One exa

31、mple of mirror networks is the BOAT RACE blend. 合成網內諸空間共享一個框架As we went to press, Rich Wilson and Bill Biewenga were barely maintaining a 4.5 day lead over the ghost of the clipper Northern Light.（Evans & Green 2006:412）讀書是和作者對話。讀者閱讀施事者行為作者寫作通 過 讀書 和 書作 者 進行交流此處，各空間均共享交流框架，此交流框架是在合成空間中由組合，完善，和擴展

32、而運演出來，又為諸空間所共享。關鍵點：共享框架5.3 Single-scope networksIn the single-scope network, both inputs contain distinct frames, and only one of input frames structures and organizes the blend.關鍵點：各輸入空間均有相異之框架，然僅有其一參與組織合成。Microsoft has finally delivered the knock-out punch to its rival Netscape（Evans & Green 2

33、006:428） Attention: in this case, onl the BOXING frame serves to organize the blend. 5.4 Double-scope network It is an integration network in which both inputs contain distinct frames, and the blend is organized by structure taken from each frame. 關鍵點：均有不同框架且均參與組織合成 That surgeon is a butcher. （Evans

34、 & Green 2006:406 ）電腦病毒事物屬性產生影響采取對策傳染快損壞健康需要治療自我復制影響電腦功能需要清除惡意程序具有生物病毒的特點兩個輸入空間均含有不同的框架，一個是生物病毒框架，另一個是惡意程序框架，共同參與組織合成之后，形成新的意義惡意程序具有病毒屬性。 Contrast（Evans & Green 2006:431 ） 6. Multiple blending It is common that blends function as inputs for further blending and reblending. We will illustrate

35、 this point with a classic example proposed by Fauconnier and Turner. 一次合成之結果可作為再次合成之輸入The Grim Reaper（Evans & Green 2006:432）The Grim Reaper指的是穿著黑色斗篷且持著鐮刀的收割者。這一形象是由收割者reaper，殺手killer，剝奪生命者death三個輸入空間所合成的。其中的剝奪生命者death這一輸入空間本身是由人類的死亡和施事者這兩個輸入空間所合成的，是死亡的擬人化的結果。總結：一次合成之結果可作為再次合成之輸入，循環往復，以至無窮。使人類的

36、思維過程和思維的結果具有連續性和無限擴展性。7. Constraining Blending Theory It concerns how is selective projection constrained so that we can make sure the proper structure will be projected from inputs to the blend. In other words, not all the structure from inputs will be projected to the blend, but only the matched i

37、nformation, which is required for purposes of local understanding. In order to address this issue, Fauconnier and Turner (2002) propose a number of governing principles, also known as optimality principles.（Evans & Green 2006:433 ）概念合成的優化原則結構原則：合成空間內諸要素關系須與原輸入空間內諸元素關系保持一致。完善原則：調動已有的背景框架知識結構，以促成合

38、成空間內的諸元素合成。整合原則：合成空間作為一個獨立運演的單位，其意義必須是完整的。壓縮原則：壓縮關系，使合成空間內關系最簡化。網絡原則：合成空間內諸元素和輸入空間內諸元素緊密相聯。解包原則：合成空間可以促使整個合成網絡的重構。相關原則：合成空間內諸元素應是相關的。As we went to press, Rich Wilson and Bill Biewenga were barely maintaining a 4.5 day lead over the ghost of the clipper Northern Light. 總結總結優化原則是理想化的原則，是制約著整合，使整合達到最優化

39、的限制性原則，從而使意義構建過程得以成功運行。這些優化原則在概念整合過程中相互競爭，從而使得每個合成在不同程度上滿足各項優化原則。Conceptual Blending Theory VSConceptual Metaphor Theory 1. A throwback at their central concerns2. Contrasts2.1 Spaces vs domains2.2 Mappings2.3 Dynamic vs conventionalOutlines3. Conclusion2.4 Emergent structureA throwback at conceptua

40、l blending theoryAccording to Evans, the crucial insight of conceptual blending theory is that meaning construction typically involves integration of structure that gives rise to more than the sum of its parts. 概念合成理論所要研究的主要內容是動態意義的構建，這種構建基于心理空間的整合。人們通過運用百科知識對概念進行分析和過濾從而整合出新的意義，而這些新的結構是任何一個輸入空間都不具備的

41、。因此，可以用來分析隱喻理論不能分析的復雜隱喻。概念合成過程圖示；A throwback at conceptual metaphor theoryThe crucial insight of conceptual metaphor theory is that metaphor refers to the process of systematic mappings from the source domain to target domain, from the specific to the abstract, from the known to the unknown and from

42、 the easy to the difficult.概念隱喻的圖示2. Contrasts 2.2 Mappings2.1 Spaces vs domains2.3 Dynamic vs conventional2.4 Emergent structureBlending theory and conceptual metaphor theory are complementary rather than competing theories, as explicitly argued by Grady, Oakley and Coulson (1999). As well as provi

43、ding complementary perspectives, each theory addresses certain phenomena not accounted for by the other theory.這兩種理論在許多方面有可比性。它們都認為隱喻是認知現象而不是純粹的語言現象；它們都在解釋隱喻的工作機制、隱喻意義的理解和生成機制；它們都論及概念范圍之間語言意象的系統投射和推論結構；它們都面臨同樣的問題：如何用實證研究證明人們確實以這種方式思維的。當然，這兩種理論的不同之處要多過相同之處。2.1 Spaces vs domainsSpacesConceptual Blendi

44、ng Theory makes use of mental spaces. Mental spaces are dynamic and temporary conceptual packets constructed on-line during discourse.在概念合成理論中，認知結構的基本單位是心理空間。心理空間是一個在人們思考、行動和交際時進行在線處理的動態的、暫時的概念包。該理論中，隱喻的概念合成涉及四個心理空間，分別是兩個輸入空間，一個類屬空間和一個合成空間。在隱喻意義的構建過程中，兩個輸入空間 都為即將產生的新的合成空間( 隱喻意義) 提供“輸入”。類屬空間則抽象出兩個輸入空

45、間上位概念結構。合成空間通過層創結構的運作產生新的意義。例如，That surgeon is a butcher.E.g. That surgeon is a butcher.2.1 Spaces vs domainsDomainsConceptual metaphors feature mappings (and domains) stored in long-term memory. These mappings hold between domains which are relatively stable pre-existing knowledge structures.隱喻涉及的是

46、兩個心理表象，即源域和目的域兩個認知域。這兩個域是儲存于人類長期記憶中的、高度穩定的、約定俗成的知識域。而隱喻就是這兩個認知域之間的一種固定的、系統的關系。例如，“Life is a journey.E.g. Life is a journey. 始源域 目標域 旅程 人生 旅行者 人 起點 出生 障礙 困難 目的地 人生目標 終點 死亡 這是根隱喻。它的喻體是 “journey, 本體是 “life”, 分別代表了源域和目的域。這兩個域中包含的就是一些顯著的，穩定的，約定俗成的概念知識和結構特征。2.1 Spaces vs domains小結：概念合成理論中，心理空間是認知結構的基本單位。心

47、理空間是一個動態的、臨時的概念包。該理論中，至少涉及四個心理空間：兩個輸入空間，一個類屬空間和一個合成空間。概念隱喻理論中，兩個概念域是認知結構的基本單位，即源域和目的域。這兩個域是儲存于人類長期記憶中的、高度穩定的、約定俗成的知識域。2.2 MappingsConceptual Blending Theory involves selective projection of structure from inputs to the blended space rather than unidirectional cross-domain mappings. In addition, stru

48、cture from the blend can be projected back to the input spaces.概念合成理論認為人的思維模式不是源域和目的域直接、單向和絕對地映射，而是以共享心理圖式為類屬空間，由源域和目的域兩個輸入空間雙向映射到合成空間的動態整合過程。在這個過程中，首先進行跨空間映射，即兩個輸入空間之間存在部分映射關系; 然后，兩個輸入空間的元素向類屬空間映射并形成共同的抽象結構，再分別映射回兩個輸入空間，從而規定了輸入空間之間核心的跨空間映射; 接著，兩個輸入空間的元素有選擇地映射到合成空間。合成空間中的層創結構通過組合、完善、發展來自每一個輸入空間的部分成分

49、結構整合在一起產生新的結構。例如，“That surgeon is a butcher.E.g. That surgeon is a butcher.2.2 MappingsConceptual metaphor Theory makes unidirectional cross-domainmappings. The mappings between the two domains are fixed and systematic.概念隱喻理論認為，人的思維是單向映射。因此，隱喻可以理解為源域和目的域這兩個認知域之間的一種單向的映射關系，映射過程具有固定的“方向性”和“系統性”，即按照從源域

50、到目的域的方向進行映射。同時，源域的結構也會系統地映射到目的域中。目的域中最終形成的結構繼承了源域原有的結構，所以源域決定了目的域的意義。例如，“Life is a journey。2.2 Mappings小結：概念合成理論認為，人的思維模式不是源域和目的域直接、單向和絕對地映射，而是以共享心理圖式為類屬空間，由源域和目的域兩個輸入空間雙向映射到合成空間的動態整合過程。概念隱喻理論認為，隱喻可以理解為源域和目的域這兩個認知域之間的一種單向的映射關系，映射過程具有固定的“方向性”和“系統性”，即按照從源域到目的域的方向進行映射。2.3 Dynamic vs conventionalDynamic

51、:Conceptual Blending Theory emphasises the dynamic and mutable aspects of blending and its role in meaning construction. It has been more concerned with investigating the contribution of conceptual integration to ongoing meaning construction.概念合成理論中概念合成的構建和操作都具有創造性。因此，該理論不僅能解釋固定的概念隱喻，更擅長解釋創新的隱喻。人們日常

52、的交流和理解過程就是具有創造力的即時在線映射及整合過程。如“He is not a butcher but a surgeon.這一在線隱喻就是在That surgeon is a butcher. 這個隱喻的基礎上創新而成的。這說明概念合成是一個即時在線的過程。因此，概念整合理論比概念隱喻理論更具動態性。2.3 Dynamic vs conventionalConventional:Conceptual Metaphor Theory emphasises the idea that there is a metaphor system in which conceptual metapho

53、rs interact in order to provide relatively stable structure and organisation to the human conceptual system. Metaphor theorists have been concerned with mapping the conventional patterns entrenched in conceptual structure.概念隱喻理論用約定俗成的概念和固定的映射來看待和分析隱喻，主要討論概念隱喻代表抽象出來的固定的思維方式。因此，概念隱喻理論主要涉及固定的隱喻概念化模式。2.

54、3 Dynamic vs conventional小結：概念合成是一個動態的、即時在線的過程。概念隱喻理論用約定俗成的概念和固定的映射來看待和分析隱喻，主要討論概念隱喻代表抽象出來的固定的思維方式。2.4 Emergent structureWhile blending Theory provides an account of emergent structure, conceptual metaphor theory does not. Its one of the original motivations for blending Theory. In our discussion of

55、 the example That surgeon is a butcher.,we saw that there were emergent inferences that could not be accounted for by a two domain model.2.4 Emergent structure小結：概念合成理論中的新創結構可以幫我們更好地分析、理解概念隱喻，尤其是隱喻理論所無法解決的復雜隱喻。概念隱喻理論由于沒有這一結構，它只能分析一些簡單的、顯著的、約定俗成的隱喻。3. Conclusion:a)都認為隱喻是認知現象而不是純粹的語言現象b)都在解釋隱喻的工作機制、隱喻

56、意義的理解和生成機制c)都論及概念范圍之間語言意象的系統投射和推論結構d)面臨同樣的問題：如何用實證研究證明人們確實以這種方式思維的概念合成理論與概念隱喻理論相同點a)概念域是認知結構的基本單位b)只涉及兩個域(源域和目的域)之間的映射關系c)映射有嚴格的方向性，映射是單向的(unidirectional)d ) 主 要 針 對 固 著 度 高(entrenched)的約定俗成的概念關系e)沒有新創結構，只能分析簡單的、顯著的隱喻。不同點a)心理空間是認知結構的基本單位b)至少四個心理空間:兩個輸入空間,一個類屬空間,一個合成空間c)沒有嚴格的方向性d)著眼于創造性思維活動,解釋新生成的、可能

57、只是短時存在的概念表達e)新創結構可以幫助理解隱喻理論所無法解決的復雜隱喻概念隱喻理論概念合成理論 概念合成的應用概念合成的應用 By Yin GuiyingBy Yin Guiying 語言學 超語言學概念合成與復合詞概念合成與譯文文本概念合成與幽默言語的解釋力概念合成和計算機圖像運輸 Input Input Blend space Generic SpaceInput 1Input 2BlendLand YachtLand YachtElementsElementsElementsLandWaterLand DriverSkipperDriverRoad CourseHighwayCarY

58、achtLuxury CarOwnerTycoonRich Owner概念合成和復合詞Every kid should have an apple after school.譯文1：課外每個孩子都應有個蘋果。譯文2：課外每個孩子都應該有臺蘋果電腦。概念合成和譯文文本Eating an apple isgood to kids health Both a real apple and an Apple computer aregood to kidsUsing an Apple computer is good to kids intelligence An apple computer is

59、useful and helpful to kids intelligence just like a nutritious apple to their healthInput Input Blending spaceGeneric space兒子 7 歲，上小學一年級，期末考試成績單拿回家后高興地宣布：“我要跳級了。”看著全家人疑惑的表情，小家伙打開成績單，只見老師在評語欄中寫著：“希望你在新的一年里更上一層樓。”小家伙得意地說：“我們教室在一樓，一樓是一年級，更上一層樓，我不就上二年級了嗎?”全家笑倒。My family is just like a nation,Mr. Brown told his colleague.