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1、涉外合同的翻譯The Translation of Foreign Contracts 涉外合同簡(jiǎn)介 Brief Introduction to Foreign Contracts 合同是自然人和法人之間訂立的規(guī)定雙方互相權(quán)利和義務(wù)的書面協(xié)議。由于這種協(xié)議主要用于經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域,所以又叫經(jīng)濟(jì)合同。它依法成立,受國家法律保護(hù)和管轄,對(duì)簽約雙方均有法律約束。涉外合同(foreign contracts),亦稱涉外協(xié)議(foreign agreements),是中國法人或其他經(jīng)濟(jì)組織同外國企業(yè)、經(jīng)濟(jì)組織或個(gè)人之間為實(shí)施特定目的、確定相互的權(quán)利義務(wù)關(guān)系所達(dá)成的協(xié)議。涉外合同是一種常用的對(duì)外文書(即國家機(jī)關(guān)、

2、地方政府、軍隊(duì)、人民團(tuán)體及其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人和官員在外事活動(dòng)中形成的書面文件)。涉外合同翻譯分析Translation Analysis 涉外合同是一種具有法律效力的對(duì)外文書,對(duì)簽約當(dāng)事人都有約束力,因此,正確無誤的翻譯至關(guān)重要。本章的涉外合同翻譯范例表明:合同語言具有內(nèi)容上的針對(duì)性,格式上的規(guī)范性,句式結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜性,指稱上的間接性,措辭上的法律性等特點(diǎn)。涉外合同屬于“信息型”文本(informative texts)?!靶畔⑿汀蔽谋荆喾Q“它”或“描述型”文本,在理解、翻譯合同的過程中,應(yīng)以“合法”(legality)為前提,以”求信“(faithfulness)為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。針對(duì)涉外合同的特點(diǎn),以下從五個(gè)

3、方面來介紹涉外合同的譯法: 常用詞匯和表達(dá)方式的譯法 法律用詞shall和should 的譯法 英語舊體詞的譯法 大小寫字母的運(yùn)用 條件句式的譯法 孔秋芬涉外合同翻譯技巧 一涉外合同常用詞匯與表達(dá)方式的翻譯技巧(Translation Techniques of Common Glossary and Expressions in Foreign Contracts) 中英文合同中常常使用大量的合同專用詞匯,甚至使用正式,法律用詞。這類詞匯的使用,使合同語言莊重嚴(yán)肅,具有法律文體的風(fēng)格。因此,在合同翻譯中必須堅(jiān)持“求信”的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),注意合同專用詞匯的譯法。黃鑫(一)涉外合同常用詞匯在合同(一)涉外

4、合同常用詞匯在合同“條款條款”標(biāo)題中的運(yùn)用于翻譯。標(biāo)題中的運(yùn)用于翻譯。(二)在具體內(nèi)容中的應(yīng)用與翻譯1. Party A has the right to cancel the contract with a written notice to Party B under the following conditions: 聘方在下述條件下,有權(quán)以書面形式通知受聘方解除合同:2.Party Bs monthly salary will be 5,000 yuan RMB, 70% of which can be converted into foreign currency monthly.

5、Convert 為正式用詞,意為“兌換(外匯、證券-), 把-折合, 對(duì)-換算”。 受聘方的月薪為5000元,其中70% 可按月兌換外匯。3.Party B does not fulfill the contract or does not fulfill the contract obligations according to the terms stipulated, and has failed to amend after Party A has pointed it out. 受聘方不履行合同或者履行合同義務(wù)不符合約定條件,經(jīng)聘方指出后,仍不改正的。4.When either si

6、de of the two parties fails to fulfill the contract or fails to fulfill the contract obligations according to the terms stipulated, that is, breaks the contract, it must pay a breach penalty of US $500 to 2,000(or equivalent in RMB) 當(dāng)事人有一方不履行合同或者履行合同義務(wù)不符合約定條件,即違反合同時(shí),應(yīng)當(dāng)向另一方支付500-2000美元(或相當(dāng)數(shù)額的人民幣)的違約金

7、。5.This contract takes effect on the date signed by both parties and will automatically expire when the contract ends. 本合同自雙方簽字之日起生效,合同期滿即自動(dòng)失效。6. Part B shall bear all the expenses incurred when staying on after the contract expires. 受聘方合同期滿后, 在華逗留期間的一切費(fèi)用自理。7.The two parties shall consult with each

8、other and mediate any disputes which may arise about the contract. 當(dāng)事人雙方發(fā)生合同糾紛時(shí),盡可能通過協(xié)商或調(diào)解解決。8.If all attempts fail, the two parties can appeal to the organization of arbitration for foreign experts in the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs and ask for a final arbitration. 若協(xié)商、調(diào)解無效,可向國家

9、外國專家局設(shè)立的外國文教專家事務(wù)仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)申請(qǐng)仲裁。(三)涉外合同中的其它常用詞匯與表達(dá)方式Advice 通知Advice of charge付款通知Advice/ notice of claims索賠通知Agreement and contract協(xié)議與合同Contract for joint ventures using Chinese and foreign investment中外合資企業(yè)合同Contract for service/ contract of manpower supply勞務(wù)合同arbitrationbtre()n 公斷,仲裁Arbitration authority/

10、 agency/ institution/ body/ organization仲裁機(jī)構(gòu)Arbitration clause仲裁條款A(yù)sset and found 資金與資產(chǎn)Fixed/ permanent assets固定資產(chǎn)/資金Quick assets流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)/金Revolving fund周轉(zhuǎn)資金Packing 包裝Non-returnable container 一次性包裝Usual packing 慣常包裝Payment(付款)Advance payment 提前支付 預(yù)付Cash payment 現(xiàn)金支付Installment payment 分期支付Service fee 手續(xù)

11、費(fèi)Surcharge for overdue tax payment 滯納金Inspection 檢驗(yàn)Notarial deed 公證證書Sanitary inspection certificate 衛(wèi)生檢驗(yàn)證書Letter of credit信用證Bank credit 銀行信用證Accountee 開證人Invoice 發(fā)票definite / official invoice正式發(fā)票 Duplicate invoice/ invoice duplicate發(fā)票副本 Bills of lading提貨單 Consignment bill of lading托運(yùn)單 Written conf

12、irmation書面憑證 Delivery交貨 Cash on delivery貨到付款 Delivery advice到貨通知書 Delivery port到貨港 Intermediate port中轉(zhuǎn)港 Favorable price優(yōu)惠價(jià) Retail price零售價(jià)格 Wholesale price批發(fā) Packed/gross weight 毛重 Net weight 凈重 Arrange/ cover/ effect/ provide/ take out insurance on投保 Patent license專利許可證 Transfer of account轉(zhuǎn)賬 Deprec

13、iation 折舊 Official holidays法定假期 Execute 實(shí)行;執(zhí)行; 簽字 Interim 臨時(shí) Normal procedure 正常手續(xù) Repatriate 遣返 Work-related injury因工負(fù)傷黃鑫(2)法律用詞shall和should的翻譯技巧(Translation Techniques of “Shall” and “Should” in a Legal Sense) 在英語合同中,shall和should是法律文件用語,常含有“必須”的強(qiáng)制意義,表示“以下于法律范圍”,是“應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任和義務(wù)”。shall和should在合同中隨處可見,屬

14、于合同中使用 頻率最高的詞匯。shall和should的譯法有多種,根據(jù)原文的內(nèi)容可譯為“應(yīng)/應(yīng)當(dāng)”、“必須”、“可以”、“將”,或者不譯出來。例如:孔秋芬 Both parties should abide by the contract and should refrain from revising, canceling, or terminating the contract without mutual consent. 雙方應(yīng)信守合同,未經(jīng)雙方一致同意,任何一方不得擅自更改、解除和終止合同。注:此處主要采用了語義翻譯法,同時(shí)也使 用了交際翻譯法,如,把第一個(gè)should 譯為“應(yīng)”

15、,第二個(gè)should 與refrain from doing sth. 搭配使用,譯為“不得.”,這樣符合漢語讀者的閱讀習(xí)慣。 If Party B asks to cancel the contract due to events beyond control, it should pruduce certifications by the department concerned, obtain Party As consent, and pay its own return expenses; if Party B cancels the contract without valid r

16、eason, it should pay its own return expenses and pay a breach penalty to Party A. 受聘方因不可抗拒力事件要求解除合同,須出具有關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)證明,經(jīng)聘方同意后,離華的費(fèi)用自理;受聘方若無故解除合同,除離華費(fèi)用自理外,還應(yīng)當(dāng)向聘方支付違約金。 注:此例中的第一個(gè)should譯為“須”,第二個(gè)should譯為“應(yīng)當(dāng)”。 If either of the two parties asks for a new contract, it should forward its resquest to another party 90

17、 days prior to the expiration of the contract, and sign the new contract with mutual consent. 當(dāng)事人一方要求簽訂新合同,必須在本合同期滿90天前向另一方提出,經(jīng)雙方協(xié)商同意后簽訂新合同。注:此處將should譯為“必須”,這是漢語合同中的常用措辭。 Party B shall bear all expenses incurred when staying on after the contract expires. 受聘方合同期滿后,在華逗留期間的一切費(fèi)用自理。注:這里使用了交際譯法,譯文按照漢語習(xí)慣

18、,原文中的shall未譯出;但英譯時(shí),我們要視原文需要,在譯文中增加shall 或should,以便于英文讀者進(jìn)行閱讀理解??浊锓腋攀觯?古英語詞(archaic word)在現(xiàn)代英語中雖已不再廣泛應(yīng)用,且正在逐漸消亡,但在法律英語、合同英語中卻仍較常見,如副詞here, there, where加上一個(gè)或幾個(gè)介詞構(gòu)成的副詞,這類古詞語的運(yùn)用可使合同簡(jiǎn)練、嚴(yán)密、莊重,且具有很強(qiáng)的文體效果。(三)三)Translation Techniques of Ancient English Words in Foreign Contracts涉外商業(yè)合同中的古體英語詞涉外商業(yè)合同中的古體英語詞一、以he

19、re開頭的詞二、以there開頭的詞三、以where開頭的詞四、其他不規(guī)則詞匯201421010110張鴻鑫一、以here開頭的詞1.hereby 該詞意為by means of , by reason of this, by this agreement,“特此”,“因此”,“茲”,“在此”。此詞常用作法律、經(jīng)貿(mào)文件、合同、協(xié)議書等正式文件的開頭語,在合同條款中需特別強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)也可用,表示當(dāng)事人借此合約,要宣示某種具有法律效力的“意思表示”,如保證、同意、放棄權(quán)利等,一般放于主語后,緊鄰主語。 如:Both parties hereby agree that 意為:By this agreeme

20、nt both parties agree that 即:雙方當(dāng)事人在此同意2.hereof 該詞意為:of this agreement,“關(guān)于此點(diǎn)”;“在本文件中”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的”,一般置于要修飾的名詞的后面,與之緊鄰。 如:the headings of the sections hereof 意為:the headings of the sections of this agreement 即:本合約各條款之標(biāo)題。3.hereto 該詞意為:to this agreement,“至此”,“在此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同的本文件的”,一般置于要修飾的名詞的后面,

21、與之緊鄰。 如:both parties hereto 意為:both parties to this agreement 即:本合約之當(dāng)事人雙方。4.herein 該詞意為:in this agreement,“此中”,“于此”,表示上文已提及的“本合同(中)的,本法(中)的”等,一般置于所修飾詞后,緊鄰所修飾詞。 如:to follow the terms and conditions herein 意為:to follow the terms and conditions in this agreement, 即:遵守本合約所規(guī)定的條件。 5.hereinafter / hereinbe

22、fore(以上) 該詞意為:later in the same Contract,“以下”,“在下文”,一般與 to be referred to as, referred to as, called 等詞組連用,以避免重復(fù)。 6.hereunder 該詞意為:under this agreement,“在本合約內(nèi)”、“依據(jù)本合約” 如:rights granted hereunder, 意為:rights granted under this agreement, 即:“依本合約所賦予的權(quán)利”。 二、以there開頭的詞 (以”there”為前綴加上介詞構(gòu)成的詞) 如thereafter,

23、thereby, therein, thereinafter, thereinbefore, thereon, thereof, thereunder, thereupon, therewith等,在文中具體指什么,需要讀者依照合同的上下文來判斷,因而理解起來比較復(fù)雜,請(qǐng)看下例: 1.thereof 在其中,關(guān)于. 2.therein / therein (在那一點(diǎn)上,.之后卻) This Agreement is written in the English language. In case of any discrepancy between the English version an

24、d any translation thereof, the English text shall govern. 句中”the English version and any translation thereof”從上下文判斷意為 “the English version and any translation of the English version”,即thereof一詞代替of the English version。與以here開頭的詞如hereof的理解方法類似。該詞意為in that, in that particular context, in that respect,

25、“在那里”,“在那點(diǎn)上”, “在那方面”,表示上文已提及的“合同中的”“工程中的”。如:the contract or any part thereof意為:the contract or any part of the contract,合同或合同的任何部分。 4.thereunder 3.thereto 該詞意為:to that,“隨附”,“附之”,如:“Contract Products” means the products specified in Appendix 2 to this Contract, together with all improvements and modi

26、fications thereof or developments with respect thereto. 句中:or developments with respect thereto 意為:or developments with respect to the developments.該詞意為:under that, “在其下”,“依照”,如:The Borrower fails to pay any amount payable thereunder as and when such amount shall become payable. 句中:any amount payabl

27、e thereunder意為:在其下任何應(yīng)付金額 三、以where開頭的詞 1.Whereas 2.Whereby 該詞意為:considering that, “鑒于”,“就(而論”,常用于合同協(xié)議書的開頭段落以引 出合同雙方訂立合同的理由或依據(jù)。如: Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products鑒于甲方希望利用乙方的專利技術(shù)制造并銷售合同產(chǎn)品。該詞意為:by the agreement, by the follow

28、ing terms and conditions,“憑此協(xié)議”,“憑此條款”,常用于合同協(xié)議書中以引出合同當(dāng)事人應(yīng)承擔(dān)的主要合同義務(wù)。如: A sales contract refers to a contract whereby the seller transfers the ownership of an object to the buyer and the buyer pays the price for the object. 句中:“a contract whereby the seller transfers”意為:a contract by which the seller

29、transfers.此外 wherein 在其中 ; whereof 關(guān)于. ;wherefrom 由此 ; whereupon 因此,在.上面,然后,于是; 四、其他不規(guī)則詞匯aforesaid前述,上述的interim中間的,暫時(shí)的,臨時(shí)的foregoing前面,前述的inconnexionwith與.有關(guān)系,關(guān)于soever無論怎樣notwithstanding盡管fortwith立刻primafacial表面上看似bonafidepayment真誠的付款bonavacantia無主財(cái)物bonavacantiaproperty無主物業(yè)anyalias任何類似情況201421010110張

30、鴻鑫Capitalization in foreign contracts陳瑩 英文合同中,有些詞的首字母需要大寫。需要大寫的首字母除了按一般規(guī)則外,應(yīng)該注意以下幾種情況:(1)當(dāng)事人:當(dāng)事人指簽約雙方或各方(一般為兩方以上),首字母通常大寫。例如: Party A Hehai Normal University wishes to engage the service of Party B Ardis Curry as English teacher. 河海師范大學(xué)聘請(qǐng)美國籍Ardis Curry(阿迪斯柯里)女士為英語教師。 Party A shall provide Party B ne

31、cessary working and living conditions. 聘方向受聘方提供必要的工作和生活條件。 (2)機(jī)構(gòu)名稱:合同中涉及的機(jī)構(gòu)名稱,首字母大寫。例如: State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs 國家外國專家局 Hehai Normal University 河海師范大學(xué)(3)特指事物。例如: If the Licensed products are returned, the Joint Venture shall be entitled to take appropriate credit for such ove

32、rpayment against royalties thereafter accruing. 如特許產(chǎn)品被退貨,合營公司有權(quán)從其后應(yīng)付的提成費(fèi)中相應(yīng)扣還此多付的款項(xiàng)。以上譯例中的Licensed Products 和 Joint Venture 均具有特指含義,譯者采用了地道的漢語表達(dá),將其分別譯為“特許產(chǎn)品”和“合營公司”。 (4)金額數(shù)字的大小寫:一般是中文的大寫在前面,后面用括號(hào)加小寫阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字;但翻譯成英文時(shí)正好相反:小寫在前面,后面是大寫。例如: RMB3,000 (RMB THREE THOUSAND ONLY IN WORD) 人民幣叁仟元整(3,000元整) US Dolla

33、r 3,000 (SAY USD THREE THOUSAND ONLY IN WORD) 美元叁仟元整(美元3,000元整) 注意:當(dāng)金額用數(shù)字書寫時(shí),金額數(shù)字必須緊靠貨幣符號(hào),例如:Can $891,568,不能寫成:Can $ 891,568。另外,翻譯的還要特別注意金額中是小數(shù)點(diǎn) (.)還是分節(jié)號(hào)(,),因?yàn)檫@兩個(gè)符號(hào)極易引起筆誤。 (5)引用的該合同條款目錄、標(biāo)題或者附件名稱應(yīng)大寫。例如: The Seller shall be responsible for the training of the technical personnel dispatched by the Buye

34、r. The number of personnel,training place and the extent of training are shown in Appendix 6 to the present contract. 賣方應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)培訓(xùn)買方派出的技術(shù)人員。其人數(shù)、培訓(xùn)地點(diǎn)和培訓(xùn)范圍見本合同附件6。 (6)詞、短語和語句大寫以資警示或顯目。例如: On the surface of each package,the package number,measurements,gross weight,net weight, such cautions as “DONOTSTACKUPS

35、IDEDOWN”,“HANDLEWITHCARE”,“KEEPFROMMOISTURE” and the following mark shall be stenciled legibly in fadeless paint. 在每件包裝上,用不褪色油墨清楚地標(biāo)刷件號(hào)、尺碼、毛重、凈重、“此端向上”、“小心輕放”、“切勿受潮”等警示詞語以及下列裝船嘜頭。 陳瑩(五) Conditional Clauses in Foreign Contracts條件狀語從句大量使用 為了達(dá)到合同嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性的要求,英文合同常常大量出現(xiàn)條件句。因?yàn)樵诤贤穆男羞^程中常常會(huì)出現(xiàn)各種各樣的意外情況,如果不把這些意外情況考

36、慮進(jìn)去,可能使合同某方(或幾方)遭受重大損失。 合同方在起草合同時(shí)就應(yīng)充分考慮到各種可能出現(xiàn)的情況。蔡萍 這些條件狀語從句一般用in case, if, unless, provided that, in the event of 等詞或詞組引導(dǎo)。l Unless prohibited by law,the Contractor shall assign to the owner. 除了法律性禁止,承包商可以向業(yè)主委派.2.If the contract is terminated under the pro-visions of sub-class 55.1,the contractor s

37、hall. 如果按照第55.1條款之規(guī)定合同被終止,承包商可以. 3.In the event of 如果.發(fā)生 (a)the amount of extra or additional work,or . 額外附加的工作量,或者. (b)any cause of delay referred to in these conditions,or. 這些條件造成延遲的原因. 以上例句中,例1,2的條件狀語從句在英文合同中屢見不鮮,每一個(gè)條件從句都假設(shè)了一種可能出現(xiàn)的情況。而例3不同,這里的in the event of 引導(dǎo)的幾個(gè)條件是平行的。英文合同中典型的條件從句或條件狀語從句,能夠包含合同

38、履行過程中可能出現(xiàn)的幾種意外情況。Provided that Provided that”是一個(gè)普通英文中很少使用的古舊詞,但該句型在法律文書(尤其是合約條款)中廣泛使用。其用法與“if” 或 “but”非常類似,漢語中的意思相當(dāng)于“倘若/如果”或“但”。 該短語放在句首,引導(dǎo)出的是法律英語中的一個(gè)條件分句,與“if”、“when”或“where”引導(dǎo)的法律條件句沒有本質(zhì)上的差異;但如果該短語之前存在一個(gè)主句,則它表示的是一個(gè)與之前的陳述相反的“例外”,相當(dāng)于“with the exception of ”,但英譯漢時(shí)不能譯成“除外”,而是譯成“但”或“但是” Provided that th

39、e acceptance of rent or mesne profits by the Landlord after the expiration of the term of the tenancy hereby created shall not be deemed to operate as a waiver or breach of any of the terms hereof nor as a new periodic tenancy by way of holding over or otherwise. A new Tenancy shall only be created

40、by a fresh tenancy agreement in writing signed by the Landlord and the Tenant. 倘若在本合約規(guī)定的租期屆滿后業(yè)主接受租金或中間收益不應(yīng)被認(rèn)為是起了放棄或違背本合約的任何條件的作用也不應(yīng)認(rèn)為是起了作為繼續(xù)租用或其它的新租期的作用。新租約只能是業(yè)主和租戶簽署的新書面租賃合約。 Provided that no such order shall bar any such broker, dealer or lender from recovering possession of such goods by action f

41、rom the person into whose possession they may come by virtue of the magistrates order, provided that such action is commenced within 6 months next after such order has been made. 每名被如此命令的經(jīng)紀(jì)商人或貸款人如則須向物主償付其全部?jī)r(jià)值 但上述命令并不禁止有關(guān)經(jīng)紀(jì)商人或貸款人向憑籍裁判官命令獲得管有此等財(cái)物的人士提出訴訟以取回其管有權(quán)但有關(guān)訴訟須在此項(xiàng)命令作出后6個(gè)月內(nèi)展開。where 在普通英文中,用where引導(dǎo)

42、的狀語從句,一般為地點(diǎn)狀語從句。但在法律英文中,where引導(dǎo)的是法律條款中的條件狀語從句,相當(dāng)于“in the case where”。在香港,其最典型的譯法是“凡.” or “如.”。 例如Where a defendant is fined and the same is not forthwith paid, the magistrate may order the defendant to be searched.凡被告人被判處罰款但沒有隨即繳付罰款裁判官可命令搜查被告人。Where a claimant has a claim which exceeds the monetary

43、amount mentioned in the Schedule and which, but for the excess, would be within the jurisdiction of the Board, the claimant may abandon the excess, and thereupon the Board shall have jurisdiction to inquire into, hear and determine the claim. 如只因申索人的申索超逾附表所述的款額以致該申索超逾仲裁處的司法管轄權(quán)范圍則申索人可放棄追討超額的款項(xiàng)而在此情況下仲

44、裁處有查訊聆訊及裁決該宗申索的司法管轄權(quán)。 The Parties acknowledge that if the Company achieves the operations, revenue and earnings targets anticipated by the Parties, one or more increases in the registered capital of the Company will be required to support the expansion of the Companys business. 參考譯文:如果雙方一致認(rèn)為要使合營公司達(dá)到雙方預(yù)期的經(jīng)營、收入和利潤目

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