1、為方便答題，所有判斷題目答案附在chapter9后之后Chapter 1 Introduction to Organizational BehaviorTrue/False Questions1.Organizational behavior is the study of human attitudes, behavior, and performance in organizations.2.Organizational behavior is the study of values, goals and policies in an organization. 3.The study o

2、f organizational behavior focuses on organizations, groups and individuals.4.Organizational behavior draws on many different business disciplines.5.Contributions from psychology, sociology, economics and industrial engineering are applied in organizational behavior theory.6. Practical experience is

3、more relevant to the study of organizational behavior than research and theory.7. Scientific management involves the study of work processes to make them more efficient.8.Efficiency and quality can be improved by studying work processes.9.Administrative management proposes that a managers job includ

4、e the basic functions of planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling.10.Organizations could reduce conflict by getting employees and managers focused on shared goals.Short Answer Questions1._ consists of the actions and interactions of individuals and groups in organizations.Answe

5、r: organizational behavior (OB)2.A social entity that is goal directed and deliberately structured is known as a(n)_. Answer: organization3._ is a school of management that involves developing a standard method for performing each job, training workers, and offering wage incentives.Answer: scientifi

6、c management4.The _ school of management explores ways managers can influence productivity through human relations.Answer: human relationsEssay Questions1. Describe the various management schools of thought.Answer: Scientific managementdeveloped a standard method for performing each job, trained wor

7、kers in the standard, eliminated interruptions, and offered wage incentives.Administrative managementidentified what structured would be most efficient in a given environment and advocated putting policies and procedures into writing.Human relations schoolexplored way managers could influence produc

8、tivity by establishing positive relationships with employees.Management scienceapplies scientific method and mathematical models to management problems.Open systemsdescribes organizations as systems that interact with their environment, transforming inputs into outputs.Sustained competitive advantag

9、efocuses on the means organizations can create to sustain an advantage over competitors. 2. Outline the assumptions about employees identified as Theory X and Theory Y.Answer:Theory X assumes workers dislike their work and must be coerced into doing it.Theory Y assumes that work is a natural part of

10、 employees lives and that employees will be industrious and creative if they are committed to their work.3. Identify and discuss five core values of Total Quality Management.Answer: There are ten core values with descriptions offered in Exhibit 1.3, page 15. Use this table to guide your grading of t

11、he question.4. Identify and discuss the four management functions. Which function is most important and why?Answer:Planningdefines goals and determines how to achieve themOrganizingassigns tasks, delegates responsibility, and allocates resources.Leadinguse of influence to inspire and empower others

12、to work toward the organizational goals.Controllingmeasures performance to its objectives.The most important function is planning because it influences all the other functions in how each function is administrated.Chapter2Individual Differences True/False Questions1.Productivity, innovativeness, cre

13、ativity, and other organizational outcomes are influenced by how employees behave.2.People are an organizations most valuable resource and are least likely to cause problems.3.Individual differences do not influence whether a person will be able to successfully perform a job.4.A psychological contra

14、ct describes what an employer expects from the employee and what the employee will contribute based on these expectations.5.A psychological contract outlines what an employee expects to contribute and what the organization will provide to the employee for these contributions.6.Psychological contract

15、s are negotiated and written down as terms of employment.7.If an organization violates the psychological contract, employee satisfaction, trust and desire to stay with the organization goes down.8.Psychological contracts in todays work environment emphasize job security for the employee.9.Psychologi

16、cal contracts in todays work environment emphasize employee career management and development.10.If an employee is struggling in a job, the manager should reshape the job.Short Answer Questions1._ are an organizations most valuable resource.Answer: PeoplePage: 892._ are characteristics that vary fro

17、m one person to another.Answer: Individual differencesPage: 893.What an employee expects to contribute and what the organization will provide to the employee for their contributions is known as _.Answer: Psychological contractPage: 904.The extent to which a persons ability and personality match the

18、requirements of a job is called _.Answer: Person-job fitPage: 935.When _ is poor, jobs need to be restructured or employees need to be replaced.Answer: Person-job fitPage: 946._ refers to the match between an individuals personality, goals, and values and the organization culture.Answer: Person-orga

19、nization fitPage: 94Essay Questions1.Explain cognitive ability and define its three specific dimensions.Answer:Cognitive ability refers to an individuals capacity to think and analyze information. Three dimensions are verbal comprehension, quantitative ability, reasoning ability.Verbal comprehension

20、 refers to a persons capacity to understand and use written and spoken language.Quantitative ability refers to an individuals speed and accuracy in solving math problems.Reasoning ability refers to an individuals capacity to solve different types of problemsLevel: 12What are cognitive styles and exp

21、lain the four dimensions of the Myers Briggs Type Indicator.Answer:Cognitive styles are different ways individuals perceive and process information. The four dimensions areEnergy (Introversion vs. Extroversion) determines where individuals gain interpersonal strength and stimulation. Extroverts gain

22、 energy through others while introverts focus on personal thoughts and feelings.Information gathering relates to the action individuals take when making decisions. Sensing focus on facts and details and intuitive focus less on facts and more on the relationships between ideas.Decision making relates

23、 to how much consideration a person gives to others feelings. Thinking focus on being objective while feelings are considered how the decision impacts others.Life style relates to an individuals tendency to be flexible and adaptive. Judging focus on goals and is less flexible while perceiving dislik

24、es deadlines.3.What is emotional intelligence and outline and discuss three of its components. Answer:Emotional intelligence is the ability to accurately perceive, evaluate, express, and regulate emotions and feelings. The five components are listed in exhibit 3.7, p. 102. Use the exhibit to assist

25、with grading the five components.4.Explain the learning process. Identify and explain one type of learning style and indicate the type of likely occupations those with this learning style might have.Answer:The learning process goes from a concrete experience to reflective observation to abstract con

26、ceptualization to active experimentation. The results of the experimentation generate new experiences and the cycle outlined above repeats itself. As for one learning style use exhibit 3.9, p. 105 to assist in grading the question.5.What are instrumental and terminal values? How do values and attitu

27、des relate?Answer:Instrumental values are beliefs about the types of behavior that are appropriate for reaching goals.Terminal values are beliefs about which outcomes are worth trying to achieve.Attitudes are considered to have three components: cognition, feelings, and behavior. The cognition compo

28、nent includes the beliefs and values of a person. Therefore, ones attitude is usually grounded in ones beliefs or values.Chapter 3Perception and AttributionTrue/False Questions1.The perception process begins with attention.2.The organization stage of perception begins when a person pays attention to

29、 a stimulus and then begins to make sense of it.3.A person who uses the closure mechanism for organizing stimuli might overhear one side of a phone conversation and is likely to imagine the overall content of the conversation.4.When a person perceives sensory data in a continuous pattern, they are u

30、sing the continuity mechanism for organizing stimuli.5.A person who uses the continuity mechanism for organizing stimuli might overhear one side of a phone conversation and is likely to imagine the overall content of the conversation.6.When a person perceives sensory data in a continuous pattern, th

31、ey are using the closure mechanism for organizing stimuli.7.When people organize stimuli, they often use frames of reference called schemas.8.If managers review salaries and employee performance at the same time, employees perceive the two reviews as being in proximity.9.When employees bring their o

32、wn script to a given situation, it will reduce the possibility of misunderstandings.10.A prototype is a schema that summarizes what we have learned about categories of people or objects.11.A script is a schema that summarizes what we have learned about categories of people or objects.12.In the inter

33、pretation stage of the perception process, the perceiver looks for explanations for stimuli.13.Projection is an interpretive process where you assign your own thoughts and feelings to a person being perceived.14.Attribution is an interpretive process where a person uses observations and inferences t

34、o explain peoples behavior.15.Attribution is an interpretive process where you assign your own thoughts and feelings to a person being perceived.16.Projection is an interpretive process where a person uses observations and inferences to explain peoples behavior.17.In the retrieval stage of the perce

35、ption process, a person recalls information about past events.18.In the judgment stage of the perception process a person aggregates and weights information to arrive at an overall conclusion.19.The interpretation stage is the final stage in the perception process.20.All people follow the same stage

36、s of perception.Short Answer Questions1._ is the process by which people notice and make sense of information from the environment.Answer: Perception2.The stage in the perception process that involves noticing some of the information available and filtering out the rest is _.Answer: Attention3.The s

37、tage in the perception process that involves sorting information by using a frame of reference is _.Answer: Organization4.When people use the _ mechanism for organizing stimuli, they tend to perceive incomplete data in a whole, complete form.Answer: Closure5.When people perceive sensory data in a co

38、ntinuous pattern, they are using the _ mechanism for organizing stimuli.Answer: Continuity6._ is when stimuli are near each other and people perceive them as being related.Answer: Proximity7.When stimuli are alike in some way people tend to group them. This mechanism for organizing stimuli is known

39、as _.Answer: Similarity8._ is a mechanism for organizing stimuli where people tend to perceive the sensory data they are most attentive to as standing out against the background of other sensory data.Answer: Figure-ground9.A cognitive structure in which related items of information are grouped toget

40、her is known as _.Answer: Schema10.A _ is a schema that describes a sequence of actions.Answer: Script11.A _ is a schema that summarizes what we have learned about categories of people or objects.Answer: PrototypesChapter 4Sources of MotivationTrue/False Questions1.Content theories emphasize the nee

41、ds that motivate people.2.Basic needs create internal tension that will motivate positive behaviors to fulfill the needs.3.Basic needs create internal tension that will motive behavior to fulfill the needs.4.Intrinsic rewards are the personal satisfactions a person receives while performing a partic

42、ular action.5.Extrinsic rewards are given by another person as a result of the employees performing a particular action such as completion of a task.6.Extrinsic rewards are the personal satisfactions a person receives while performing a particular action.7.Intrinsic rewards are given by another pers

43、on as a result of the employees performing a particular action such as completion of a task.8.A manager might give an extrinsic reward by recommending promotion or pay increase for an employee who performs well.9.When an employee feels a sense of accomplishment for completion of a task, they are rec

44、eiving an intrinsic reward.10.Scientific management is an example of the traditional approach to motivation.Short Answer Questions1._ are motivation theories that emphasize the needs that motivate people.Answer: Content theories2._ refers to the forces either within or external to a person that ener

45、gize, direct, and maintain behavior.Answer: Motivation3._ are the satisfactions a person receives while performing a particular action.Answer: Intrinsic rewards4._ are given by another person as a result of the employees performing a particular action such as completion of a task.Answer: Extrinsic r

46、ewards5.The _ to motivation emphasizes increasing the efficiency of an employees job and providing economic rewards for high performance.Answer: Traditional approach6.The _ to motivation emphasizes that noneconomic rewards are more important than money as a motivator of work behavior.Answer: Human r

47、elations approach7.The _ to motivation suggests that employees are complex and motivated by many factors.Answer: Human resources approach8._ are a contemporary approach to motivation and stress the analysis of underlying human needs.Answer: Content theories9.A motivation theory that proposes that hu

48、mans are motivated by multiple needs and that these needs vary in importance is the _.Answer: Hierarchy of needs10._ needs are the most basic human needs including food water and sex.Answer: PhysiologicalEssay Questions1.Identify and explain the four foundations of motivation.Answer:Traditional appr

49、oachemphasizes external factors on motivation where people work for the money; also known as the economic man.Human relations approachemphasizes the noneconomic rewards over money; the idea of the social man.Human resource approachcombines the economic and social man and views the person as a whole.

50、Contemporary approachfocus is on the three different theories of motivation: content (satisfy underlying needs), process (thought processes that influence behavior) and reinforcement theories.2.Describe Maslows hierarchy of needs and the ERG theory. How are these two theories similar and how are the

51、y different?Answer:Maslow has five needs that motivate individuals. Those five in order of lowest to highest are: physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization. ERG has three categories: existence, relatedness, growth.Maslow and ERG are similar in that an unsatisfied need motivates,

52、existence is the combination of physiological and safety and growth are the combination of esteem and self-actualization.Maslow and ERG differ in that with Maslow the movement on the hierarchy is more rigid than the ERG.3.What is the acquired needs theory? Which need appears to predict entrepreneurs

53、?Answer: Acquired needs theory proposes that certain types of needs are acquired during an individuals lifetime. As with all content theories, an unsatisfied need motivates.Need for achievementthe desire to accomplish something difficult, attain a high standard of success, master complex tasks, and

54、surpass others.Need for affiliationthe desire to form close personal relationships.Need for powerthe desire to influence or control others.High need for achievement appears to predict entrepreneurs.4.What is the two-factor theory? How does it differ from Maslows hierarchy of needs?Answer:The work ch

55、aracteristics associated with dissatisfaction (hygiene factors) are very different from those pertaining to satisfaction (motivators). In other words, once hygiene factors are no longer a source of dissatisfaction, the employee is still not motivated. To motivate, motivators must be added once the employee is neither dissatisfied nor satisfied. Hygiene factors are job context factors like working conditions, pa