1、語法指南二三一四五六復習動詞-ing形式的用法一、動詞-ing形式做主語動詞-ing形式做主語,指抽象的概念,表示泛指,不涉及具體哪一次的動作,通常也不涉及特定的動作執行者。Doing is better than wishing.實踐比空想好。1.動詞-ing形式短語做主語,可用于“主+系+表”結構中,有時可用it做形式主語,但做表語的詞通常有所限制,常常是下列詞或詞組:no good,no use,interesting,a waste,fun,worthwhile,useless,dangerous,foolish,better,hard,nice等。It is no good lear

2、ning without practice.只學而不實踐是沒用的。語法指南二三一四五六2.動詞-ing形式做主語也可用在“主+謂+賓/狀”結構中。Burning cannot take place without oxygen.沒有氧氣,燃燒就不能進行。3.動詞-ing形式也可用在“There is+(no)+動詞-ing”結構中,往往用于說明“不允許、禁止某種活動或是某件事情的發生或存在”。類似一種建議、命令等。在這一結構中,不可用不定式代替動詞-ing形式。There is no joking about such matters.這種事開不得玩笑。4.當謂語表示沒有時間性的概念時,也可以

3、用動詞-ing形式做主語。Moving an object doesnt mean doing work.移動物體并不意味著做功。5.“No+動詞-ing”的公告語可看作是省略了“There is”。No spitting!禁止隨地吐痰!語法指南二三一四五六二、動詞-ing形式做賓語1.只能以動詞-ing形式做賓語的動詞有:suggest,avoid,cant help,mind,admit,enjoy,practice等。2.還有些動詞既可以跟動詞-ing形式,也可以跟不定式做賓語。例如:love,like,hate,dislike,begin,start,continue,intend,w

4、ant,need,remember,forget,regret,try等。語法指南二三一四五六三、動詞-ing形式做表語Our job is playing all kinds of music.我們的工作就是演奏各種音樂。The music they are playing sounds so exciting.他們演奏的音樂聽起來如此令人興奮。語法指南二三一四五六四、動詞-ing形式做定語動詞-ing形式做定語可以表示:(1)所修飾詞的用途a waiting room(=a room for waiting)候車室(2)所修飾的詞正在進行的動作,可以換成定語從句形式。a waiting m

5、an(=a man who is waiting)正在等待的男子語法指南二三一四五六五、動詞-ing形式做賓語補足語動詞-ing形式做賓語補足語,主要用在某些動詞如see,hear,notice,watch,keep,find,get,have,feel等后,與一個名詞(或代詞)構成復合賓語。這時動詞-ing形式和句子的賓語之間存在著邏輯上的主謂關系,并且動詞-ing形式表示賓語正在進行的動作。He saw a girl getting on the tractor.(=He saw a girl and she was getting on the tractor.)他看見一個女孩正往拖拉機

6、上爬。語法指南二三一四五六六、動詞-ing形式做狀語動詞-ing形式做狀語時表示的動作是主語動作的一部分,與謂語表示的動作或狀態同時或幾乎同時發生,或是先于謂語動詞動作發生,它的邏輯主語與句子的主語一致。(一)動詞-ing形式作狀語所表示的意義語法指南二三一四五六(二)動詞-ing形式做狀語的句法功能動詞-ing形式做狀語時表示時間、條件、原因、方式、伴隨、讓步、結果,多用逗號同句子其他成分隔開。1.做時間狀語。強調與謂語動詞的動作同時發生時,動詞-ing形式之前可用連詞while或when等。如:Hearing the bad news,they couldnt help crying.=W

7、hen they heard the bad news,they couldnt help crying.聽到這個壞消息時,他們情不自禁地哭了起來。While playing the piano,she got very excited.=While she was playing the piano,she got very excited.彈鋼琴時(過程中),她變得十分激動。語法指南二三一四五六Having finished their homework,they all went out to play.=After they had finished their homework,th

8、ey all went out to play.完成作業后,他們都出去玩了。2.做原因狀語。相當于原因狀語從句。如:Not recognizing the voice,he refused to give the person his address.=As he didnt recognize the voice,he refused to give the person his address.因為沒聽出那個人是誰,所以他拒絕把自己的地址給他。Being so angry,he couldnt go to sleep.=As he was so angry,he couldnt go to

9、 sleep.因為太生氣了,他睡不著。語法指南二三一四五六3.做讓步狀語。相當于一個讓步狀語從句。有時動詞-ing 形式前可帶有連詞although,even if,even though等。如:Although working hard from morning till night,he didnt get enough food.=Although he worked hard from morning till night,he didnt get enough food.雖然他從早到晚拼命干,但掙的還是不夠吃。Having been told many times,he still

10、repeated the same mistake.=Though he had been told many times,he still repeated the same mistake.盡管被告知許多次了,他仍然犯同樣的錯誤。語法指南二三一四五六4.做結果狀語。做結果狀語時,通常放在句末,用逗號與前面的部分隔開;有時為了突出結果,其前可帶thus。如:She was so angry that she threw the plates on the floor,breaking them into pieces.她是如此生氣以至于把盤子扔在地上,摔得粉碎。The bus was hel

11、d up by the snowstorm,thus causing the delay.公共汽車被風雪所阻,因而耽擱了。5.做條件狀語。做條件狀語時,相當于if引導的條件狀語從句。如:Taking(=If you take)the path that leads out of the town,you will come to a dense wood.如果你沿著通向郊外的小道前進,就會走到一片密林處。語法指南二三一四五六6.表示方式或伴隨情況。這種用法可以用并列復合句或兩個簡單句代替。如:They came into the classroom singing and laughing.=

12、They sang and laughed,and came into the classroom.他們又唱又笑地走進了教室。He stood leaning against the wall.=He stood and leaned against the wall.他靠墻站著。(三)動詞-ing形式做狀語的基本原則1.動詞-ing形式有一般式和完成式。動詞-ing形式的完成式表示的動作在謂語動詞表示的動作之前已經完成。Having found the answer,he felt relieved.找到答案后,他如釋重負。語法指南二三一四五六2.動詞-ing形式被動語態的一般式表示一個被動

13、動作正在進行,或與謂語動詞表示的動作同時進行;動詞-ing形式被動語態的完成式表示一個被動動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前已經完成。Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere.你會發現到處都在討論這個話題。Having been taught hundreds of words,the students can make up simple dialogues.被教會幾百個單詞后,這些學生能組織簡單對話了。3.動詞-ing形式的否定結構是在分詞前加not,注意不要受謂語動詞否定形式的影響。動詞-ing形式完成式的否定結構通常不把not置于having和過去分詞之間。Not knowing how to do it,he had to ask for help.因為不知道該怎樣做,他不得不尋求幫助。語法指南二三一四五六Not having received any reply,he decided to write another letter.由于沒收到任何答復,他決定再寫一封信。4.一般情況下,當動詞-ing形式做狀語時,其邏輯主語就是句子主語。如果動詞-ing形式邏輯主語和句子主語不一致,即為錯句。另外,動詞-ing形式或動詞-ing短語也可以有自己的邏輯主語,它們之間有邏輯上的主謂關系,稱之為獨立主