1、萼片 sepal花瓣 petal雄蕊 stamen心皮 carpel轉化 transform突變體 mutant花的 floral繁殖的 reproductive草坪dormant 休眠turfgrass 草坪草lawn 草坪草mower 割草機mulch 覆蓋，覆蓋物(n);覆蓋樹根( (vt)mulch applicator 覆膜機Lolium 黑麥草屬tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) 高羊茅perennial 多年生的annual 一年生植物( n) ；一年生的( adj)ryegrass (Lolium perenne) 黑麥草prod

2、uctive 高產的productivity 生產力cultivate 栽培，耕作cultivar 品種cultivation under cover 保護地栽培cultural practice 栽培措施，栽培技術，栽培實踐culture system 栽培系統forage 草料翻譯Tall fescue(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) is widely planted in many regions of theworld and is closely related to a lot ofLoliumspeciesincludingperennialryegr

3、ass(Lolium perenne) and annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum). The Festuca-Lolium complexpossesses well-adapted, highlyproductivegrass species. These cultivatedforagegrassesprovide invaluable economic and social benefits as forage and turf grasses per year.tiller n. 耕種者 , 分蘗 vi. 分蘗apical dominance 頂端

4、優勢agronomic traits 農藝性狀agronomist 農藝學家，農學家density 密度plant stature ( height) 株高mow 用鐮刀或割草機割草Increasing tiller number and reducing the apical dominance in turfgrass are one of the mostimportant agronomic traits for turfgrass industry because tiller number per plant determineslawn density and plant sta

5、ture reduced lessens the mowing, which could make a significantcontribution to future improvement of turfgrass quality cytokinin 細胞分裂素 auxin 生長素bud 芽（n）;發芽，萌芽（vi）axil 葉腋axillary 腋窩的，葉腋的，腋生的deterioration 腐爛，變壞，退化，墮落Cytokinin and auxin contribute to apical dominance through an antagonistic mechanism.鏗

6、 Auxin from the terminal bud restrains axillary bud growth causing the shoot to lengthen.粥 Cytokinin （from the roots） stimulates axillary bud growth.鹽 Auxin cannot suppress axillary bud growth once it has begun.fungicide 殺真菌劑 photosynthesis 光合作用 photosynthate 光合產物 senescence 衰老 mass 質量，大量green up in

7、 the spring 春季返青tolerant to drought（salinity/ heat）耐旱（鹽、熱）resistant to drought（salinity/ heat）抗旱（鹽、熱） Benzyladenine （芐基腺嘌呤）（synthetic cytokinin） and triazole （三唑）fungicidesstimulatethe growth of turfgrasses. Various studies with cool season turfgrass have shown that auxin canimprove photosynthesis,

8、reduce senescence, increase leaf and shoot numbers, and enhanceshoot and root mass.creep 爬行，蔓延habit 習性stolon 匍匐枝indeterminate 不確定的，無限的 determinate 確定的，有限的Japanese lawn grass shows quite uncommon creeping habits; the development and expansionof its stolon is unusually vigorous and entirely indetermin

9、ate.wilting; wilt（使） 萎蔫， （使）枯萎； 枯萎（n）withering 使干枯的， 進行干燥處理的（ adj）adversity;adverse situation;unfavorable conditions 逆境brown patch 褐斑病Kentucky bluegrass 草地早熟禾pathogen 病原，病原體，致病菌This paper mainly introduces the host, symptoms, harmfulness and pathogen of brown patchdisease of Kentucky bluegrass.sprin

10、kler irrigation 噴灌drip irrigation 滴灌furrow irrigation 溝灌，畦灌osmotic 滲透的，滲透性的osmotic adjustment 滲透調節osmotic potential 滲透勢 osmotic pressure 滲透壓 dehydrin 脫水素 dehydration 脫水 abscisic acid脫落酸stomatal 氣孔的stomata 氣孔carbohydrate 碳水化合物，糖類antioxidant 抗氧化劑heat shock 熱激It has been identified that among various m

11、echanisms, osmotic adjustment and dehydrinproteins induced may confer drought tolerance, while abscisic acid may contribute to droughtavoidance by closing the stomata in turfgrass. Alternation of carbonhydrate and antioxidantmetabolism, induction of heat shock proteins, and cytokinin synthesis are i

12、nvolved in protectingcool-season turfgrasses from heat stress injuries.Flower differentiation, pollination and fruit setexternal 外部的，客觀的，醫外用的，外國的，表面的 n.外部，外面internal 內在的 , 國內的hormonal 荷爾蒙的，激素的inflorescence 花序Both external and internal requirements for floral initiation vary with species. The first s

13、tep isfloral induction，involving hormonal and possibly other biochemical changes that cause cellswithin a bud to begin organizing a flower or inflorescence.deciduous 每年落葉的、脫落的perennial 多年生的annual 一年生植物，一季生植物Deciduous perennials usually initiate flowers just after shoot growth ceases and when leaves

14、aremature. Presumably the interaction of specific physiologic and environmental factors providesthe proper balance of endogenous hormones to cause initiation.endogenous 內生的，內源的graft 嫁接（ v/n）girdling 環剝prune 剪除florigen 成花（激）素phloem 韌皮部defoliate 除葉，使落葉herbaceous 草本的fig 無花果cherry 櫻桃，櫻桃樹apricot 杏，杏樹Most

15、 deciduous fruits start to initiate flowers at the end of the grand growth period for shoots,when the leaves near the buds are mature. Exceptions are the nonwoody strawberry, the fig （無花果 ）, and to some degree the peach, which continue shoot growth late in the summer.primordia 原基 differentiate 分化 po

16、llen 花粉；傳花粉給 pollinate 對授粉 pollination 授粉anthesis 開花，開花期deficiency 缺乏，不足deficientdeficency symptom 缺素癥boron 硼reproduction 繁殖（a）sexual reproduction （無）有性繁殖nut 堅果 stigma 柱頭 style 花柱 embryo sac 胚囊 Sexual reproduction and seed development infruits and nuts hinge on pollination. After reaching the stigma

17、, the pollen grain germinates andthe pollen tube grows down the style and into the embryo sac, where fertilization takes place.After this, a seed may develop along with the fruit. embryo 胚 endosperm 胚乳 xenia 種子直感，異粉性 metaxenia 果實直感astringent 收斂性的，嚴酷的，澀的fruit set 坐果 plum 李樹 almond 扁桃樹 malus 蘋果屬 parth

18、enocarpy 單性結實 gibberellin 赤霉素raspberry 懸鉤子 blackberry 黑莓 currant 黑醋栗 gooseberry 醋栗 kiwi 獼猴桃 blueberry 越橘cranberry 大果酸果蔓，蔓越橘Fruit set 坐果micropyle （ 珠孔，卵孔 ） ovary 子房 synergid 助細胞 anther 花粉囊 dioecious 雌雄異株的 calyx花萼Pruning Fruit Treespruning 修枝，剪枝，修剪 cultural practice 栽培措施，栽培技術，栽培實踐 sprout 長出來， 出現，發芽，萌芽；苗，芽，嫩枝，徒長枝 branch 分枝Pruning is an important cultural practice used to maintain the size of fruit trees. It involves theremoval of plant parts, which stimulates vegetative growth, and reduces fruitfulness.heading-back cut 短截 thinning-out cut 疏剪 training 整