1、第一章 Prokaryote Eukaryote fractionation biomolecule organism membrane nucleus cocci bacilli spirilla原核生物真核生物分級、分儲生物分子生物體、有機體膜細胞核球菌桿菌螺旋菌真細菌原細菌革蘭氏陽性菌革蘭氏陰性菌藍細菌細胞漿間體擬核細胞質、原生質雙分子層（膜）蛋白質單詞表EubacteriaArchaebacteriaGram-positiveGramnegativebacteriaCyanobacteriaPlasmaMesosomeNuleoidSytosoIBilayerProteinLipidC

2、arbohydrateosmoticpressurePeptidoglycanSubcellularGanelleGeneticChromosome脂類糖類、碳水化合物滲透壓肽聚糖亞細胞的細胞器遺傳的染色體ribosomalribonucleicacidrRNAEndoplasmicreticulum內質網Phospholipid磷脂Detoxification解毒Golgiapparatus高爾基體Refresh更新線粒體氧化磷酸化脂肪酸降解葉綠體類囊體光合作用溶酶體大分子酶細胞支架新陳代謝的Mitochondriaoxidativephosphorylationfattyaciddegra

3、dationChloroplaststhylakoidvesiclesphotosynthesisLysosomesMacromoleculeEnzymeCytoskeletonMetabolicCentrifugationIsolateEquilibriumDensityFrictionVelocitySupernatantPellet第二章AminoacidEnantiomersTetrahedralHydrophobic離心分離平衡密度摩擦力速率上清夜沉淀氨基酸對映體正四面體的疏水的、憎水的Aliphatic脂肪族的Aromatic芳香族的Polar極性的Charged帶電荷的Glyci

4、neGly,甘氨酸alanineAla,丙氨酸valineVai,繳氨酸leucineLeu,亮氨酸isoleucineHe,異亮氨酸methionineMet,甲硫氨酸prolinePro,脯氨酸cystineCys,半胱氨酸PhenylalaninePhe,苯丙氨酸TyrosineTyr,酪氨酸TryptophanTrp,色氨酸AsparaginesAsn,天冬酰胺GlutamineGin,谷氨酰胺SerineSer,絲氨酸ThreonineThr,蘇氨酸VarginineArg,精氨酸LysineLys,賴氨酸HistidineHis,組氨酸asparticacidAsp,天冬氨酸glu

5、tamicacidGlu,谷氨酸base堿carboxyl竣基isoelectricpointpositivenegativebufferingphysiologicalPrimarystructureSecondarystructureTertiarystructureQuaternarystructurepeptidebondsequencecovalentBondpolypeptide等電點正的、陽性的負的、陰性的緩沖生理的一級結構二級結構三級結構四級結構肽鍵順序、序列共價鍵多肽末端琰基 共振結構 剛性的 旋轉順式構象 二硫鍵 “落選 氫鍵B -折疊片 平行的 反平行的 無規卷曲term

6、inalcarbonylresonancestructuresrigidrotatetransconfigurationdisulfidebondsa-helixhydrogenbondB-pleatedsheetparallelantiparallelrandomcoil唯一的空間的排列、安排線性序列殘基疏水相互作用內部的靜電力鹽橋、鹽鍵范德華力亞基變構效應非共價相互作用uniquespatialarrangementlinearsequenceresidueHydrophobicinteractionInteriorElectrostaticforcesaltbridgevanderWaa

7、lsforcesubunitallostericeffectNoncovalentinteractions蛋白質的穩定 空間的、維的 質子供體、贈與者 孤對電子在同一直線上 疏水力 非極性最小化蛋白質折疊 輔助蛋白質分子伴侶肌紅蛋白proteinstabilitydimensionalprotondonorlonepairofelectronscollinearHydrophobicforceNonpolarMinimizeproteinfoldingAccessoryproteinmolecularchaperonesMyoglobin血紅蛋白輔基必需的血紅素縫隙原嚇咻口卜咻含鐵的最接近的協

8、同的非協同的解離曲線形曲線Hemoglobinprostheticgroupessentialhemecreviceprotoporphyrinporphyrinferrousproximalcooperativenoncooperativedissociationcurvesigmoidalhyperbolic雙曲線affinity親和性bloodcap川aries血管Bohreffect波爾效應2,3-biphosphoglycerate2,3-二磷酸甘油酸MechanismRelaxedstatetensestatehemoglobinopathiesSickle-cellanemiaE

9、rythrocytestickypatchtherapeutic機制松弛狀態緊張狀態血紅蛋白分子病鐮刀形細胞貧血癥紅血球粘性小區治療的Collagen Skin Bone Tendon Cartilage blood vessel mammal fibrous tripeptide triple-helical cross-linke Allysine Antibodie膠原蛋白皮膚骨骼腱軟骨血管哺乳動物纖維狀的三肽的三股螺旋的交聯醛基賴氨酸抗體ImmunolocalizationAntibodyEnzyme-linked immunosorbent assay吸附測定purification

10、ELISA酶聯免疫提純、純化immunesystempathogentriggerresponseantigenantigenicdetermineepitope免疫系統病原體引發、觸發響應、應答抗原抗原決定簇抗原決定簇免疫定位抗體Homogenization勻漿solubilization溶解Ammoniumsulfate硫酸鏤Precipitation沉淀Dialysis透析Chromatographictechniques層析技術gelfiltration凝膠過濾affinitychromatography親和層析Electrophoretictechniques電泳技術isoelect

11、ricfocusing等電聚焦SDSpolyacrylamidegeleletrophoresisSDS聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳半透性配基惰性的基質洗由、流出外源凝集素糖蛋白分子篩 聚兩性電解質梯度遷移、移動胰凝乳蛋白酶測序semi-permeableligandinertmatrixelutelectinglycoproteinmolecularsievepolyampholytesgradientmigratechymotrypsinsequencing2-mercaptoethanolninhydrinfluorescaminefluorodinitrobenzenedansyl chlori

12、dephenyl isothiocyanate酯fragmentencodingdecipheranchor第三章biocatalyst2一端基乙醇前三酮熒光胺二硝基氟苯丹磺酰氯PITC苯異硫匐酸片斷、碎片編碼解讀、破譯錨定生物催化劑activesite活性中心substrateTheinduced-fitmodelStereospecificitySpecificityTrypsinElastaseOxidoreductaseTransferase底物誘導契合學說立體異構專一性專一性胰蛋白酶彈性蛋白酶氧化還原酶轉移酶HydrolaseLyaseIsomeraseLigase水解酶裂合酶異構酶

13、連接酶核酶抗體酶抗體酶類似物化驗、測定最佳的輔酶輔因子脫輔酶全酶乙酰膽堿酯酶煙酰胺腺喋吟RibozymeAbzymecatalyticantibodyanalogassayoptimalCoenzymeCofactorapoenzymeholoenzymeacetylcholinesteraseNicotinamideAdenineDinucleotidePhosphateOxidationreductionFlavinMononucleotideAcylthiaminepyrophosphatedecarboxylasePyridoxalPyridoxaminePyridoxine二核昔酸磷

14、酸氧化還原單核昔酸酰基焦磷酸硫胺素脫竣酶叱哆醛叱哆胺叱哆醇泛醍Ubiquinone同功酶動力學乳酸脫氫酶成比例的使飽和熱的變性最適宜的多樣性米氏方程雙倒數作圖法抑制抑制劑IsoenzymesKineticlactatedehydrogenaseproportionalsaturatethermaldenaturationoptimumdiversityMichaelis-Mentenequationdouble-reciprocalplotinhibitionInhibitor代謝物不可逆的可逆的競爭性的非競爭性的探測臨床上調節關鍵步驟激活劑調節反饋連續的MetaboliteIrreversi

15、bleReversibleCompetitiveNoncompetitiveProbeClinicallyRegulationcommittedstepactivatorAdjustFeedbackSequentialBranchedConformationalhomotropiceffectheterotropiceffectPhosphofructokinaseCitrateFructose2,6bisphosphate2,6-phosphorylationdephosphorylationhydroxylhormoneGlycogenphosphorylase分支的構象的同促效應異促效應

16、磷酸果糖激酶檸檬酸鹽二磷酸果糖磷酸化去磷酸化羥基激素糖原磷酸化酶使磷酸化Phosphorylate糖原合酶使去磷酸化蛋白質水解的酶原酶原水解胰腺的胰腺小腸血液凝固擴大級聯glycogensynthaseunphosphorylateproteolyticproenzymeszymogenhydrolysispancreaticpancreassmallintestinebloodclottingamplificationcascade第四章boundary邊界compartments小室Mechanical機械的signaling發信號insoluble不可溶的glycerophospholi

17、pids甘油磷月旨類sphingolipids鞘脂類sterols固醇類glycerol甘油sphingosine鞘氨醇sphingomyelins鞘磷脂cholesterol膽固醇steroid類固醇Amphipathic Hydrophilic Bulky self-assemble fluidityrotationallateralFluid mosaic modelIntegralFlipintegral membrane proteinsperipheral membrane proteins兩性的親水的體積大的自組裝的流動性轉動的側向的流體鑲嵌模型整體的、內在的翻跟頭內在膜蛋白外周

18、膜蛋白不對稱 不對稱地 跨膜蛋白 多重的脂錨定蛋白 異核體融合重建重新合并 細胞外的 細胞內的被動運輸 主動運輸asymmetryasymmetricallymembrane-spaningproteinMultipleLipid-anchoredproteinsHeterokaryonFusionReconstitutionReincorporatedExtracellularIntercellularPassivetransportactivetransportconcentration diffusion saturable facilitated symport antiport ep

19、ithelial cells exocytosis endocytosis phagocytosis pinocytosis濃度擴散可飽和的協助的、推動的同向運送逆向運送上皮細胞分泌作用內吞作用吞噬作用胞飲作用Receptormediatedendocytosisfusion受體介導的內吞作用debris碎片transduction轉導Lipophilic親脂性的Receptors受體secondmessengers第二信使第五章Nucleicacid核酸Replication復制Nucleotide核昔酸Pyrimidine喀陡Guanine鳥喋吟胸腺喀陡胞喀陡核昔脫氧核糖核昔核糖核昔脫氧核

20、糖核甘酸基因互補地核小體突環玫瑰花結半保留的聚合酶ThymineCytosineNucleosideDeoxyribonucleosideribonucleosidedeoxyribonucleotidegenescomplementarilynucleosomelooprosettesemi-conservativepolymerase模板 引物叉雙向的岡崎片段 半不連續的鏈、一股雜交熔融溫度 復性 標記的 熒光的 標記、標簽templateprimerforkBidirectionalOkazakifragmentssemi-discontinuousstrandhybridization

21、meltingtemperaturerenaturationlabeledfluorescenttag退火增強、擴大中心法則轉錄起始延伸終止啟動子回文結構加工拼接逆轉錄annealingamplifyThecentraldogmaTranscriptioninitiationElongationterminationpromoterspalindromeprocessingsplicingreversetranscription第六章遺傳密碼中間的、媒介密碼子明確的相應、符合簡并的變異合并不相重疊的閱讀框氨酰-tRNA肽酰-tRNA莖、干、臂geneticcodeintermediatecod

22、onsunambiguouscorresponddegeneratemutationincorporationnonoverlappingreadingframesaminoacyl-tRNApeptidyl-tRNAstem反密碼子 移位代謝糖類單糖醛基酮基立體異構體寡糖 糖昔鍵多糖 淀粉anticodontranslocation第七章metabolismSaccharidesmonosaccharidesaldehydegroupketonegroupStereoisomersOligosaccharidesGlycosidicbondPolysaccharidesStarch纖維素 葡

23、聚糖 直鏈淀粉 支鏈淀粉 糖醉解 細胞質 葡萄糖 半乳糖 甘露糖 蔗糖 海藻糖 乳糖己糖激酶CelluloseDextranAmyloseamylopectinGlycolysisCytoplasmGlucoseGalactoseMannoseSucroseTrehaloseLactoseHexokinaseFructosePhosphoglucoisomeraseBisphosphateglyceraldehydesdihydroxyacetonealdolasetriose果糖磷酸葡萄糖變位酶二磷酸甘油醛二羥丙酮醛縮酶丙糖二磷酸甘油酸脫氫酶磷酸甘油酸激酶1,3-bisphosphoglyc

24、erate'dehydrogenase3-phosphoglycerate3-kinasemutasephosphoenolpyruvate變位酶磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸enolasepyruvateGluconeogenesisNoncarbhydrateLiverskeletalmusclephosphorylasePhosphorolysispyrophosphorylaseglucosylnonreducingendEpinephrineglucagon烯醇化酶丙酮酸糖異生非糖的肝臟骨骼肌磷酸化酶磷酸化焦磷酸化酶葡萄糖基非還原端腎上腺素胰高血糖素Insulin胰島素第八章fattyacidhydrocarboncarboxylicacidUnsaturatedTriacylglycerolAcetylThioesterCa