1、牛津高中英語語法復習（模塊1-4）語法復習一：定語從句（一）定義1)在復合句中（一個句子的某一成分由句子承當），修飾某一名詞或代詞從句叫定語從句或形容詞從句；在句中起定語的作用.2)被定語從句修飾的詞叫做先行詞antecedent1) The man who lives next to us is a policeman.先行詞 關系代詞 定語從句2) You must do everything that I do.先行詞 關系代詞 定語從句(二)：關系代詞的作用; 1.連接主句和從句。2.代表被修飾的先行詞。3.在定語從句做一個句子成分。eg. This is the room which

2、 I lived in last year.先行詞 關系代詞 定語從句(三)：定語從句中有 關系代詞 who, whom, whose, which, that, as.關系副詞 when, where, why 等引導定語從句。（四）：用關系代詞還是用關系副詞關系代詞起代詞的作用，關系副詞起副詞的作用，因此同樣的先行詞，選用什么樣的關系詞，要由它在定語從句中擔任的邏輯作用(成分)來決定。關系代詞詞行先行詞充當成分who人主、賓、表Whom人賓That人&物主、賓、表Which物主、賓、表As物主、賓Whose=of whomof which人&物定語關系副詞When=atin

3、onduring. which時間狀Where=atinto. which地點狀Why=for which原因狀that 在口語中可以代替關系副詞以上三者狀This is the place where we work.（vi.） (關系詞所做的成分關鍵是有從句中的動詞來決定的)This is the place which we visited. (vt. ) 種類先行詞關聯詞例句說明定   語  從   句（人）在從句中做主語或賓語   物在從句中做主語或賓語 

4、  who     which This is the doctor who saved the boys life .這就是救了孩子生命的醫生。She is the new student whom I want to introduce to you .她就是我要介紹給你的新學生Please pass me the book which is lying on the table.請遞給我擺在桌上的那本書。The novel which Tom bought is very interesting.湯姆買的小說

5、很有意思。Can you lend me the magazine about which you talked yesterday?你能把昨天談到的那本雜志借給我嗎？who在從句中做主語whom在從句中做賓語，口語中who可以代替whom，也可以被省去，但做介詞賓語時只能用whom  which在從句中做主語。which充當賓語時可以省去。  which做介詞賓語不可省    定語從句   人或物的whoseThe professor whose daughter teaches y

6、ou English is Dr. Williams那位教授是威廉斯他的女兒教你英語。The professor, the daughter of whom teaches you English is Dr. Williams. The bike whose brake was damaged has now been repaired.那輛壞了閘的自行車現在已經修好了。=The bike, the brake of which was damaged, has now been repaired whose在從句中做定語指某人的也可以用of whom代替whose 指物

7、時也可以用of which 代替 whose   人 或thatThe woman that is playing the piano is Miss Zhang.正在彈鋼琴的那位婦女是張小姐。Id like to see the films that are just on show.我想看那些剛上映的電影。that指人做主語  that指物做主語種類先行詞關聯詞例        句說   明 定 語 從 

8、;句 物 all, little much和some, any every ,no 構成的合成代詞 人或物    that       that  They talked for about an hour of things and  persons that they remember in the school. 他們談起他們所記得起的學校里的人和事，談了大約有半個小時。Ill tell you all(tha

9、t )I know about it .我要告訴你我所知道這件事的一切情況。Is there anything (that) I can do for you?有什么我可以幫助做的事嗎？Ive brought everything (that )you need.我把你需要的東西都拿來了。  This is the best film that I have seen .這是我看過的最好的一部電影。The first place that well visit is Beijing Library.我們要參觀的第一個地方是北京圖書館先行詞分別表示人和物，關系代詞要用that

10、，不用who或which先行詞表示物，關系代詞用that不用which, 在從句中做賓語可省去 。如果先行詞是人時，關系代詞不受制約，用that或who (whom)均可  先行詞被形容詞最高級或序數詞修飾時定語從句用that引導。 定 語 從 句   人   或  物thatHe is the only person that is believable.他是唯一可靠的人。John is the very person that she wants to

11、 see.約翰正是她要見的人。Who is the man that is talking with Tom ?正在和湯姆談話的人是誰？Which of the books that you bought is easy to read?你買的那些書中哪一本容易讀。先行詞被the only, the very,the same 等修飾時用關系代詞that.  當主句以who、which開頭的特殊疑問句時，定語從句要用that 時 間whenHe came at a time when we. needed him most.他在我們最需要的時候來了。We

12、ll never forget the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded.我們永遠不會忘記中華人民共和國成立的那一天。在定語從句中作時間狀語        地點whereThis is the room where he put up for the night.這就是他渡過夜晚的那房子。在定語從句中作地點狀語原因理由whyI know the reason why she studies so well .我知道她學習好的原因。在定語從句中作原因狀語Thi

13、s is the place where I work.（vi.） (關系詞所做的成分關鍵是有從句中的動詞來決定的)This is the place which we visited. (vt. )（五）：限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區別  限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句從句與先行詞的關系從句是先行詞不可缺少的定語，如果省去，主句的意思就會不完整或不明確。從句只是對先行詞的附加說明，如果省去,主句的意思仍然清楚或完整標  點從句和主句之間不用逗號分開從句和主句之間通常用逗號分開關系代詞指人who (that) whom指物which (that)人和物wh

14、ose關系代詞在從句中作賓語時可以省去指人who（作主語）whom（做賓語）指物which人和物的whose關系代詞一般不可省修飾從句只修飾一個名詞或代詞可以修飾一個名詞或代詞也可修飾整個主句翻譯定語從句譯在被修飾詞的前面定語從句通常被譯成另一個獨立的句子限制性非限制性形式上無逗號有逗號內容上先行詞不是唯一的先行詞是唯一的，定語從句可有可無。關系詞可用that ,why.作賓語可以省略不可用that ,why。關系詞一律不省。先行詞名詞或代詞名詞或代詞，也可以是整個句子漢語翻譯譯作定語譯成并列句  1二者差異比較限制定語從句緊跟先行詞，同先行詞之間一般不加逗號，僅修飾先行詞，可以由關

15、系代詞關系副詞或that來引導。非限制性定語從句僅作補充或說明，用逗號與主句隔開，既可修飾先行詞，又可修飾整個主句，不可用that引導。He has a brother who is a physicist.He has a brother, who is a physicist. (只有一個)He returned all the books which are written in English.He returned all the books, which are written in English.I will wear no clothes which will be out

16、of ordinary.I will wear no clothes, which will be out of ordinary.The man who lives next door is a doctor.My sister, who lives next door, is a doctor.Im sure I know the person who served me.Tom, who served us, is the owner of the restaurant.A student who studies hard will make good progress.The stud

17、ent, who lives far from school, is the leader of their football match.（六） 關系代詞that和 which的區別<1> 只能用that的情況 (1) 如果先行詞是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none ，few.等不定代詞，關系代詞一般只用that，不用which。例如：All the people that are present burst into tears.Everything that we saw was

18、interesting.Im interested in everything that I dont know.All that is needed is a supply of oil.(2) 如果先等詞被 all ,little none any, only, few, much, no, some, very等詞修飾，關系代詞常用that,不用which.例如：I read all the books that you gave to me. This is the only money that I have in my pocket.All the money that was c

19、ollected was given to the Hope Project. (3) 如果先行詞被序數詞、形容詞最高級修飾或者先行詞是最高級時，關系代詞常用that,不用which。This is the first book that was written in English. This is the last factory that I visited.This is the best film that I have ever seen.This is the funniest thing that I ever heard.(4) 如果先等詞被the only ,the ver

20、y , the same ,the last修飾，關系代詞常用that,不用which.This is the only book that I really like.He was the only person in the office that was invited to the ball.(5) 先行詞有兩個，一個指人，一個指物，關系代詞應該用that。而不用who, which.例如： The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely. He talked about the teachers and scho

21、ols that he had visited.(6)who ,which開頭的特殊疑問句中，關系代詞用that.Who is the person that is standing there?Which of us that knows English doesnt know this?which of the novel do you like best?(7) 關系代詞作表語時，關系代詞用that.It took us many years to make the city that it is today.He is not the man that he used to be.Ch

22、ina isnt the country it used to be.(8) 先行詞是奇數詞或是序數詞時，關系代詞用that .Yesterday I caught two fish. Now you can see the two that are still alive in the basin of water. (9) 當主句 “ there be “開頭時，關系代詞要用that 引導的定語從句修飾該句型的主語。There are four desks in the middle of the office that are used for the teachers.(10) 當先行

23、詞是 “ to be “ 后面的表語時關系代詞用that . This is the dictionary that was bought in the bookstore yesterday.<2>只能用which的情況 1) 非限制性定語從句中，不能用關系代詞that,作賓語用的關系代詞也不能省略。如：There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated.Bei jing , which is chinas capital, is rich

24、 in culture.2)those/that +名詞后的定語從句用which引導。不能用關系代詞that。That pen which he took is mine.A shop should keep those goods which sells well.3) 介詞后只用which This is the room in which he lived. I dont know the man to whom you talked. The chair on which he is sitting is made of wood.(4) which還有一種特殊用法，它可以引導從句修飾

25、前面的整個主句，代替主句所表示的整體概念或部分概念。在這種從句中，which可以作主語，也可以作賓語或表語， 不用that.例如：He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.(5)先行詞是that時，關系代詞要用which.Whats that which flashed in the sky just now?(6) 關系代詞后面有插入語時，益用關系代詞 which.Here is the English grammar book which, as I have told you, will help

26、 to improve your English.<3>只用who, whom.而不用that的情況 (1) 如果先行詞是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, those, ones等時，關系代詞應該用 who 或whom，不用 which .that。例如：Is there anyone here who will go with you?People all like those who have good manners.（2） 當先行詞是指人的集合名詞時，如果作這個名詞著眼于集體的整體，關系代詞用w

27、hich;若是指集體中的各個成員，則用who。 Mr. Smith came to visit my family, who were watching TV then. Our class, which is a very good one, was praised again at the meeting. (3)當先行詞有較長的 后置定語或者在被分割的定語從句中，宜用關系代詞 who Pro. Wang is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learn English.(4) 當先行詞用-body 或-one 構成的復合不定代詞

28、時，關系代詞用who Wed better not believe in anyone who we dont know.(5) 當先行詞是一個限定性的表示人的特定名詞時，常用who The aunt/uncle who came to see us last week is my brothers sister.（七）“介詞關系代詞“是一個普遍使用的結構(1)“介詞關系代詞“可以引導限制性定語從句，也可以引導非限制性定語從句。“介詞關系代詞“結構中的介詞可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，關系代詞只可用whom或

29、which,不可用 that 。其中whom代表人，which代表物Who is the comrade with whom you shook hands?He works in a factory, in front of which there is a riverGive me the book the cover of which is red (the cover of which=whose cover)He is the man whose father is a teacher.=He is the man the father of whom is a teacher.Th

30、is is the neighborhood from whom I borrowed the bicycle. (2) from where為“介詞關系副詞“結構，但也可以引導定語從句（不常用）。例如： We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.（3）*關系代詞前的介詞如何確定？A.依據定語從句中動詞的某種習慣搭配 Mr. Smith bought a new house on which he spent all his money.B.依據先行詞的某種習慣搭配確定 There was no way in

31、 which it could be bought back to the earth. ( in this way)C.根據所表達的意思確定The gas with which doctors can save the patients is called oxygen.The gas without which we can not live is called oxygen.(4)*注意關系代詞的位置 介詞在關系代詞前時，只能用which 和whom不能用that 代替，也不可省略；介詞在句尾時，關系代詞可which ,that ,whom, who,都行，而且還可以省略。 This i

32、s the drawer in which I put my letters. = This is the drawer (which/that )I put my letters in.Have you seen the pen with which I wrote letters this morning?= Have you seen the pen (which/that) I wrote letters with this morning?所以一個句子有時有多種用法如：那就是他工作的大學This is the college at which he works.This is the

33、 college that/which he works at. This is the college where he works. 但像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短語動詞，在定語從句中一般不宜將介詞與動詞分開。例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of.This is the book which /that I am looking for.This is the girl I have been looking for the whol

34、e afternoon.（八） whose 引導從句的意義1）指人=of whom 表示所修飾的“某（些）人的用做所修飾的先行詞的所有格。A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.2) 指物=of which 表所修飾的“某物的“I live in the room whose window faces south.I live in the room, the window of which faces south( whose +從句 可以用“of which +從句”代替)（九）As 與which 是有區別的A) 相同之處： 都

35、可以用來引導非限制性定語從句，指代前面的主句所表達的內容。which 可做賓語或表語He failed once more in the match, which was a great pity.He succeeded in the composition, which made his parents very happy.B) 區別：1）as引導的非限制性定語從句位置較靈活，可以位于主句前面中間或后面，一般用逗號與主句隔開，但which所引導的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。例如：1) As we all know, Galileos theory of falling object

36、s is right.= Galileos theory of falling objects, as we all know, is right= Galileos theory of falling objects is right, as we all know.2) He was thrown into prison, which got round throughout our village3) As is expected, the England team won the football match.4) The earth runs around the sun, as i

37、s known by everyone.5) He was late again, which made me unhappy6) As you know, he is good at English.2.） as有“如” 、“正如”、“像”、“正像”的含義，which 沒有。后面的謂語動詞多是see, know, expect, say, mention, report等。 Bob did an excellent job, as we had expected.Our team won the game, which made us happy.As is known to all, Ta

38、iwan is part of China.We are facing the same problems as we did years ago.We are facing the problems which we faced years ago.We hope to get such a tool as he is using. We hope to get the tool which he is using.3.) as 在引導限制性定語從句多與such 或the same連用，可以代替先行詞是人或物的名詞。the sameas such.asThis is the same sto

39、ry as he told me.I hope to get such a book as he is using4).as 也可單獨使用，引導非限制性定語從句，作用相當于which。可代表一個句子。例如：The elephants nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.5).as做主語時， 其后必跟系動詞，而which 無此限制The meeting was put off, as was what we wanted.He was murdered, as seemed true.6)as引導從句時，從句語義必須和主句一致She was marr

40、ied again, which was unexpectedShe was married again, as was unexpected 77）the same as 與the same .that 的區別： 前者修飾的是原物同樣的而后者修飾的就是先行詞 This is the same watch as I lost.這和我丟的那一只手表是一樣的。This is the dame watch that I lost.著就是我丟的那一只手表。（十）什么時候that 可以省略？1) 引導同位語從句，主語從句，表語從句不能省略，且不做成分。The name “ whitewater ”com

41、es from the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly.Its known to all that light travels in straight lines. ( that 置后可一省略)The reason for his absence was that he was ill. ( 有時可省，一般不省)2）賓語從句中可以省略I dont think (that) you are right.3）that 只有在定語從句中做成分，可做主、賓、表語。（十一）

42、關系代詞做主語，謂語動詞的單復數取決于先行詞而不是關系代詞。I want to see the film that is on show.The students who dont study hard will not pas the exam.(十二)one of the 與the one of the 做先行詞時謂語不一致。Li Bai is one of the greatest poets that have lived in China.Li Bai is the one of the greatest poets that has lived in China.This is o

43、ne of the books that I have been written in Chinese.This is the only one of the books that has been written in Chinese.He is one of the boys who are willing to do it.He is the only one of the boys who is willing to do it.（十三）關系副詞引導的定語從句 1關系副詞也可以引導定語從句 關系副詞在從句中分別表示時間地點或原因。關系副詞when在從句中充當時間狀語，where 充當地

44、點狀語，why充當原因狀語。 1)when 表示時間, 充當時間狀語 when=on/ in/ of /at+which I still remember the day when I join the party I will never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.但注意：1.當先行詞是表地點：place ,room, mountain, airport等時間：time, day, year, month, week,等原因：reason 等名詞時,并且分別在句中做地點、時間、原因狀語時，應用where ,when ,why引導。

45、但是如果如果表示時間地點原因的名詞不做狀語，而是做主語，賓語，或者表語時，必須用關系代詞that /which來引導而不是用where等。I still remember the day that we spent together。May 1 is the day that I will never forget。The Yangtze Gorges is a beautiful place (that /which) people all over the world look forward to visiting.長江三峽是個美麗的地方，全世界的人都渴望來參觀。The moment (

46、that /which) I turned around, she had left and disappeared in the crowd.Is this the reason that he gave us for being late? This is the factory that we visitedThat is the house that he lived in.The place that we had been to was far.The shop that /which we saw is beautiful.2.當先行詞為 by the time ,any tim

47、e , the way, every time, the first time ,the last time 時，關系詞不用when而用that.或省略This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.The first time I saw him was in 1980By the time he was 14 he had learned advanced mathematics但如果time前無修飾語,關系詞用that when 均可 I will never forgot the time when (that) we met

48、for the first time.3. 當先行詞為way 時，關系詞用in which ,that, 或省略.This is the way that/ in which / 不加 he smiles.但注意： 4.why 表示原因（現行詞只有一個 reason），做原因狀語。 Why= for which That is the reason why he was late.（十四）學生容易出現的問題。1. 在定語從句中多加了賓語，如：Some of the boys I invited them didnt come. （×）Some of the boys I invite

49、d didnt come. （） Is this the horse you drew it yesterday?（×）Is this the horse you drew yesterday?（）2. 把定語從句的動詞的單復數弄錯。Those who has finished may leave the classroom now.（×）Those who have finished may leave the classroom now.（）This is one of the rivers in China which flows northward.（×）

50、This is one of the rivers in China which flows northward. （）3. 省略了定語從句中做主語的關系代詞。Children eat a lot of sugar often get bad teeth. （×）Children who eat a lot of sugar often get bad teeth.（）They key opens the room is missing. （×）They key which/that opens the room is missing.（）4. 定語從句中加了多余的關系副詞

51、或者是介詞。The house where he lives in needs repairing.（×）The house where he lives needs repairing. （）The house which/that he lives in needs repairing.（）This is the time at when hes more likely to be in. （×）This is the time when hes more likely to be in. （）This is the time at which hes more lik

52、ely to be in.（）（十五）代有插入語的定語從句who 與whom 的選用。擔主語成分時用who ,擔 賓格成分時用whom方法：要區分是定語從句中的插入語還是主謂結構。Jason is a man who (I believed) is honest.(去掉仍成立)Jason is a man whom I believe to be honest. 做賓語The girl who we supposed was drowned came back.The girl who we supposed to be drowned came back.（十六）什么時候宜用非限制性定語從句

53、1） 當先行詞是專有名詞時，通常用非限制性定語從句，它本身就具有特殊性，無需在加限定。 Shenzhen, which is in South China, is developing rapidly. My house, which I bought last year, has got a garden . Mr. Smith bought a new house on which he spent all his money.2) 當先行詞是具有某一特征的人或者物中的一個，但跟非限制從句時則表示唯一的一個，compare:Her room has a window which faces

54、 south.Her room has a window, which faces south.I have a brother who is working in Beijing.I have a brother, who is working in Beijing.3.當先行詞表示類屬意義，即表示某類動物，事物或人時，其后所跟的定語從句一般是非限制性的。A sleep is a useful animal, whose wool has many uses.Football, which is a very interesting game, is now played all over

55、the world.語法經典練習：1.He paid the boy $ 10 for washing ten windows ,most of_  hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.  A. these   B. those   C. that   D. which 2.Alice received an invitation from her boss, _  came as a surprise. A. it   

56、      B. that       C. which        D. he3.She heard a terrible noise , _ brought her heart into her mouth.A. it B. which C. this D. that4.In the dark street, there wasn't a single person _  she could turn for help.

57、 A. that     B. who   C. from whom   D. to whom 5.Toms mother kept telling him that he should work hard , but _ didnt help.A. he B. which C. she D. it6. The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. what   

58、60;        B. which C. that               D. it7. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town he grew up as a child. A. which B. where C. that D. when8. Carol said the work would be done by October, _ personally I doubt very much. A. it             B. that