1、淺談中國測井技術的發展方向隨著石油勘探開發的需要，測井技術發展已愈來愈迅速，高分辨陣列感應、三分量感應和正交偶極聲波等新型成像測井儀為研究地層各向異性提供了強有力的手段;新的過套管井測井儀器，如電阻率、新型脈沖中子類測井儀、電纜地層測試及永久監測等現代測井技術可以在套管井中確定地層參數，精細描述油藏動態變化；隨鉆測井系列也不斷增加。通過介紹國外如斯倫貝謝、哈里伯頓、阿特拉斯、康普樂、俄羅斯等測井新技術的測量原理和部分儀器結構，尋求我國測井技術的差距和不足，這對于我國當前的科研和生產具有指導和借鑒作用。1測井新技術油田勘探與開發過程中，測井是確定和評價油、氣層的重要手段，也是解決一系列地質問題的

2、重要手段。國外測井技術領先者是斯倫貝謝、貝克阿特拉斯、哈里伯頓公司三大測井公司。1.1電阻率測井技術1.1.1高分辨率陣列感應測井哈里伯頓的HRAI-X由1個發射器和6個子陣列接收器組成，每個子陣列有1對接收器(主接收器和補償接收器)。線圈間距選擇上確保子陣列接收器的固有探測深度接近設計的徑向探測深度，所有子陣列接收器均位于一側，具有5個徑向探測深度和3個工作頻率。除了感應測量外，還采集自然電位、泥漿電阻率和探頭溫度。1.1.2電阻率成像測井把由巖性、物性變化以及裂縫、孔洞、層理等引起的電阻率的變化轉化為偽色度，直觀看到地層的巖性及幾何界面的變化，識別巖性、孔洞、裂縫等。電阻率成像有FMI、A

3、IT及ARI等。斯倫貝謝的FMI有四個臂，每個臂上有一個主極板和一個折頁極板，主極板與折頁極板陣列電極間的垂直距離為5.7in，8個極板上共有192個傳感器，都是由直徑為0.16in的金屬紐扣外加0.24in的絕緣環組成，有利于信號聚焦，使得鈕扣電極的分辨率達0.2in，測量時極板被推靠在井壁巖石上，小電極主要反映井壁附近地層的微電阻率。斯倫貝謝或阿特拉斯的AIT是基于DOLL幾何因子的電磁感應原理，通過對單一發射線圈供三種不同頻率交流使其在周圍的介質中產生電磁場，用共用一個發射線圈的8對接收線圈檢測感應電流，從而可以求出介質的電導率。ARI是斯倫貝謝基于側向測井技術推出的，可以有效的進行薄層

4、、裂縫、儲層飽和度等地層評價。1.1.3三分量感應測井三分量感應用于電性各向異性地層測井，Bak-erAtlas的三維探路者3DEX，用三對相互正交的發射-接收線圈對，采集5個磁場分量Hxx、Hyy、Hzz、Hxy、Hxz。這些信息可導出地層的水平電阻率(Rh)和垂直電阻率(Rv)，從而可描述地層電阻率各向異性。斯倫貝謝的多分量感應測井儀有一個三軸發射器和兩個三軸接收器，每個線圈系都含有一個常規的z軸線圈和兩個橫向線圈，形成正交線圈系。1.2聲波測井技術聲波測量能揭示許多儲層與井眼特性，可以用來推導原始和次生孔隙度、滲透率、巖性、孔隙壓力、各向異性、流體類型、應力與裂縫的方位等。聲成像測井是換

5、能器發射超聲窄脈沖，掃描井壁并接收回波信號，采用計算圖像處理技術，將換能器接受的信號數字化、預處理及圖像處理轉換成像。斯倫貝謝的SonicScanner將長源距與井眼補償短源距相結合，在6英尺的接收器陣列上有13個軸向接收點，每個接收點有個以45°間隔繞儀器放置的8個接收器，儀器總計有104個傳感器，在接收器陣列的兩端各有一個單極發射器，另一個單極發射器和兩個正交定向偶極發射器位于儀器下部較遠處，可接收在徑向、周向和軸向上縱波和橫波慢度。1.3核磁測井技術核磁共振是磁場中的原子核對電磁波的一種響應，處于熱平衡的自旋系統，在外磁場的作用下磁化矢量偏離靜磁場方向，外磁場作用完后，

6、磁化矢量試圖從非平衡狀態恢復到平衡狀態，恢復到平衡態的過程叫做馳豫。核磁共振NMR信號的馳豫時間與氫核所處的周圍環境密切相關，水的縱向恢復時間比烴快得多。根據核磁共振特性間的差異指示含氫密度的高低來識別油層。共振測井儀主要有哈里伯頓和阿特拉斯采用NUMAR專利技術推出的MRIL、斯倫貝謝的CMR及俄羅斯的大地磁場型MK923。1.4電纜地層測試技術斯倫貝謝的RFT及MDT在油氣鉆探過程中對地層壓力及流體進行測試，RFT每次下井只獲取2個樣品，但不知道是什么樣的樣品。只是取樣前，儀器中設有預測試功能，取樣能力很有限。MDT具有流體動態實時監測功能、地層壓力測量、地層流體性質分析、地層流體取樣及地

7、層滲透率估算等，通過流體壓力剖面的預測，可以在勘探初期確定氣、油、水界面，研究油藏類型及其油藏性質，結合其他測井資料進行儲層產能預測。1.5隨鉆測井技術隨鉆測井儀幫助作業者進行重要的鉆井決策以及用于確定井眼周圍的應力狀態，提供地質導向，在完井和增產作業中用于地層評價。隨鉆測井數據傳輸有泥漿脈沖遙測、電磁傳輸速率、鉆桿傳輸及光纖遙測技術，泥漿脈沖遙測是普遍使用的一種數據傳輸方式為416bit/s;電磁傳輸與泥漿脈沖傳輸速率相當是雙向傳輸的，不需要泥漿循環，有精確鉆井康譜樂公司的EMMWD系統、斯倫貝謝的E脈沖電磁傳輸系統，通過鉆桿來傳輸聲波或地震信號達到100bit/s，不需要泥漿循環;光纖遙測

8、技術傳輸速率1Mbit/s。1.6過套管測井技術現代測井技術的發展可以在套管井中確定地層參數，在油藏動態描述中，國外近幾年主要采用脈沖中子儀、過套管地層測試器、過套管地層電阻率及永久監測技術。過套管電阻率測井、偶極橫波成像測井、過套管地層測試器和脈沖中子可以提供下套管后的地層孔隙度、體積密度、巖性、含水飽和度、聲波特性、滲透率估算值、地層壓力和地層流體采樣。其更有效地評價無裸眼井測井資料或裸眼井測井資料有限的井、對老井重新評價尋找遺漏的或新增的油氣層、監測流體界面與飽和度及壓力變化及優化完井設計和射孔作業、漏失油氣層的評價、流體界面的移動、飽和度與壓力的變化和衰竭及注入剖面等。斯倫貝謝的過套管

9、油藏評價儀有C/O、RST、DSI及CHDT。1.7井下永久傳感器永久井下監測可以為生產決策實時提供有價值的信息，無須井下作業，還可用于井間成像，有井間電阻率成像及井間地震成像兩類，可以監測地下流體(油氣、蒸汽、水)的分布，井下永久傳感器測得的資料來控制井下的一些閥，以封閉出水層位，調整各層的產出量或是注水量，達到智能化。光纖傳感器可以在高溫下工作，可以不用井下電子線路，不受干擾，其信息可以通過光纖快速傳送到地面等，美國CIDRA公司在光纖壓力監測研究方面處于前沿，光纖溫度傳感器準確度1，分辨率0.1。永久井下光纖3分量地震測量具有高靈敏度和方向性，能產生高精度空間圖象，不僅能提供近井眼圖象，

10、而且能提供井眼周圍地層圖象，能經受惡劣的環境條件(溫度175，壓力100MPa)，分布式光纖溫度傳感器(DTS)可以很高精度和分辨率獲得井眼中溫度分布，用于生產和注入剖面監測，為生產決策提供有價值的數據。2認識國外裸眼井測井、隨鉆測井、油藏評價、在水平井、斜井、高產液井產出剖面測井技術方面發展迅速，儀器的耐溫、耐壓指標較高，可靠性高，技術的系列化、組合化、標準化和配套化水平較高。流體成像測井和傳感器陣列設計是產出剖面測井新技術發展的主要趨勢，永久監測技術是油田動態監測技術的非常重要的發展方向。在“十一五”863計劃“先進測井技術與設備”重點項目實施方案論證會上專家組一致認為“先進測井技術與設備

11、”重點項目應瞄準世界測井技術發展方向,研發的先進測井技術與裝備為解決我國復雜巖性、復雜儲集空間的油氣藏地質評價難題和油田中后期剩余油分析和油藏動態監測、油井技術狀況監測提供先進有效的測量手段,滿足我國石油天然氣生產的需要和參與國際競爭的需求。2.1測井技術的發展趨勢井下集成化、系列化、組合測井儀器的研發成為測井技術發展的一大趨勢，日本的Tohoku大學開發了利用井眼雷達的直接耦合進行電磁波測井，新儀器可以獲得雷達圖像、電導率和相對介電常數。儀器分辨率為1m，理想情況下探測深度為10m。Proneta開發了可以透過原油對目標進行高分辨率光成像的成像技術，已經申請并獲得了專利。目前電纜測井占主要地

12、位，隨鉆測井發展比較迅速，由于數據傳輸等技術不足在相當一段時間內還是以電纜測井為主，套管鉆井測井是未來測井發展的方向，套管鉆井測井是在套管鉆井技術誕生后出現的新的測井模式，用套管作為鉆桿，井眼鉆成功時，一口井的鉆井和下套管同時完成。套管鉆井測井有鉆后測井模式或隨鉆測井模式，鉆后測井模式是在完成套管鉆井作業后，用電纜將測井儀器在套管內下到要測量的目的層段，進行測井。隨鉆測井模式是測井儀器安裝在與最下面一根套管連接的底部鉆具組合內，在套管鉆井進行的過程中，在需要測井的層段一邊鉆井，一邊測井。2.2我國測井技術的不足: 油藏評價測井技術起步較晚，技術落后，沒有開發出與國外技術水平相當的井下儀器、國產

13、開發的小直徑脈沖中子儀功能單一，碳氧比等測井精度偏低，中子發生器沒有自主的知識產權。高分辨陣列感應電阻率、微掃等聲電成像儀等研究水平低，儀器精度、分辨率、耐溫等與先進儀器相差較大。三維感應電阻率、交叉偶極聲波、核磁共振測井儀、電纜地層測試器等研究剛開始。井壁取心技術成功率和效率較低。隨鉆測井儀器及傳輸方式研究遠遠落后，從事基礎研究較少，儀器仿造能力低下。高含水情況下，沒有很好的持率測量方法，氧活化、流動成像儀器沒有。永久傳感器應用以引進為主，自研發能力認識不足。國內光纖技術研究滯后，國內開發的光纖傳感器尚未應用。國內光學電視成像測井儀功能不佳，應用條件苛刻。國內的過套管井地層電阻率、套管井地層

14、測試器、過套管密度儀及水流儀研究空白。新型的生產測井儀傳感器、編碼及傳輸方式的仿造水平較低。套管井損毀測井成像儀落后國外，仿造能力不足。水泥膠結評價測井還是以CBL/VDL及國外引進為主，自主研發落后于國外先進理念。大斜度、水平井測井方法、儀器及解釋模型研究力量較弱。3結論70%的原油產量來源于老油田，老油田的剩余油評價等測井技術成為挖潛增效的主要手段，新的測井評價儀器功能和性能不斷進步促進了老油田的堵水增油開采方案的調整和二次開發。新油田的勘探難度越來越大，油田工作者正在從更復雜的條件下尋找石油，測井面臨的環境更加苛刻。隨鉆測井發展迅速，水平井大斜度井的數量會繼續增加，目前國際測井市場上，套

15、管井測井占總測井將近一半。井下儀器的集成化、陣列化、功能多樣化及組合化是發展的需要，一只組合了多個傳感器的儀器能確定多種巖石物理性質，可使儲量估算更準確、油藏監測得以優化、作業方式得到改進。一段時間內，裸眼測井、套管測井、隨鉆測井及井下永久傳感器監測技術將共存，但隨著技術的進步隨鉆測井將逐步取代電纜式裸眼測井，永久傳感器監測取代套管井測井。參考文獻：1張向林，陶果，劉新茹.油氣地球物理勘探技術進展.地球物理學進展J.2006.2鄧瑞，郭海敏，戴家才.國外生產測井技術新進展J.科技經濟市場.2006.3.4http:/www.BakerH.5.6.7 J ezLofts,et a.l A New

16、Microresistivity ImagingDevice for use in Non-Conductive and Oil-BasedMudsJ . Pet rophysics.2002.8 Philip Cheung,et a.l.Microresistivity ToolOperation In OBMJ. TheAmerican Oil& GasReporter.2001.Discussion on the development direction of Chinese well logging technologyWith the needs of petroleum

17、exploration and development, the development of well logging technology has become more and more quickly, the high resolution array induction, three component induction and cross dipole acoustic model imaging logging tool for the study of stratigraphic anisotropy provides powerful means; new cased h

18、ole logging instruments, such as electrical resistivity, new pulse neutron class logging and wireline formation testing and permanent monitoring of modern well logging technology in cased hole formation parameter determination, dynamic changes of reservoir fine description; with the drilling and log

19、ging series is also increasing. Through introducing foreign such as Schlumberger, Halliburton, Atlas, Kang Pule, Russia's new logging technology and measuring principle of instrument node The gap and the shortage of the logging technology in our country is a guide and reference for China's c

20、urrent research and production.1 new logging technologyIn the process of oil exploration and development, logging is to identify and evaluate oil and gas reservoir is an important means, but also to solve a series of geological problems is the important means of. Foreign logging technology leader is

21、 Schlumberger, Baker - Atlas, Halliburton three large logging companies.1.1 resistivity logging technology1.1.1 high resolution array induction logging Halliburton HRAI-X consists of a transmitter and six sub array receiver, each sub array is 1 of the receiver (primary receiver and compensate the re

22、ceiver). Coil spacing selection to ensure that sub array receiver inherent probing depth close to the design of the radial depth of investigation, all the sub array receivers are located on one side, with 5 radial investigation depth and three different operating frequencies. In addition to the meas

23、urement of induction, but also collects the natural potential, mud resistivity and temperature probe.1.1.2 resistivity imaging logging to resistivity caused by the lithology, physical property changes and cracks, holes, bedding change into pseudo color and visually see the stratigraphic lithology an

24、d geometric interface changes, lithology identification, holes, cracks, etc. Resistivity imaging of FMI, AIT and ARI. Schlumberger FMI has four arms, each arm has a main plate and a folding plate, the vertical distance between the main plate and the hinge plate electrode array for 5.7 in, eight plat

25、e total 192 sensor, with diameter of 0.16in metal buttons plus 0.24in insulating ring composition. Is conducive to the focus signal, the button electrode of the resolution of 0.2in, measuring plate is pushed on in wall rock, the small electrode mainly reflects the near wellbore formation micro resis

26、tivity. Schlumberger or atlas of AIT is based on geometric factors of the doll electromagnetic induction principle, through to send a single coil for three different AC frequency to generate electromagnetic fields in the surrounding medium, with share a transmitter coil of 8 receiving coil to detect

27、 the induced current, which can be used to calculate the Schlumberger based on lateral logging technology introduced, in order to effectively thin is the conductivity of the medium.ARI, fracture, reservoir saturation to Layer evaluation.1.1.3 three component induction logging three component inducti

28、on for electrically anisotropic formation logging, Bak-erAtlas 3D Pathfinder 3DEX, of three mutually orthogonal transmitter receiver coil, collection 5 magnetic component Hxx, Hyy, Hzz, Hxy, Hxz. these information can be derived strata horizontal electric resistance rate (RH) and vertical resistivit

29、y (RV), which can be used to describe the resistivity anisotropy. Schlumberger multi-component induction logging tool has a triaxial transmitter and two triaxial receivers, each coil system contain a conventional Z axis coil and two transverse coils to form positive .1.2 acoustic acoustic well loggi

30、ng technology measurement can reveal many reservoir and wellbore characteristics, can be used in the original derivation and secondary porosity, permeability, lithology, pore pressure, anisotropy, fluid type should be force and fracture orientation. Acoustic imaging logging is narrow pulse ultrasoni

31、c transducer launch, scanning sidewall and the echo signals are received and calculated by using image processing technology, the transducer signal digitization, image preprocessing and processing conversion imaging. Schlumberger SonicScanner will long spacing and borehole compensated short source d

32、istance combination, in six feet of the receiver array has 13 axial receiving point, each receiving point a A total of 8 receivers, with 45 degrees of two, have a total of 104 sensors, each of which has a single pole at each end of the receiver array, and the other one is located in the lower part o

33、f the instrument, and can be received in the radial, circumferential and axial longitudinal and transverse waves.1.3 NMR nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology is atomic magnetic field check electromagnetic wave of a response, spin system in thermal equilibrium, in under the action of external

34、magnetic field magnetization vector from static magnetic field direction, external magnetic field after, the magnetization vector to from the non-equilibrium state return to the equilibrium state, return to the equilibrium state of the process is called relaxation. NMR signals of Chi relaxation time

35、 and hydrogen nuclei in the surrounding environment is closely related to, water vertical recovery time than hydrocarbon much faster. According to the differences between nuclear magnetic resonance of instructions containing hydrogen density level to identify reservoir. Resonance logging instrument

36、mainly Halliburton and Atlas uses NUMAR patent The launch of the MRIL technology, Schlumberger's CMR and Russia earth magnetic field MK923.1.4 cable formation testing technology of Schlumberger RFT and MDT in oil and gas drilling process of formation pressure and fluid test, RFT, each well get o

37、nly two samples, but do not know is what kind of samples. Just before sampling, the instrument is provided with a pre test function, sampling capacity very fluid dynamic real-time monitoring function limit.MDT, measure formation pressure analysis, formation fluid property, formation fluid sampling a

38、nd formation permeability estimation. Through the fluid pressure profile prediction, can be in the initial stage of exploration to determine the gas, oil, water interface, reservoir types and reservoir properties, combined with other log data storage layer capacity .1.5 LWD logging logging while dri

39、lling to help operators are important drilling decisions as well as for determine the state of stress in surrounding the wellbore, geosteering, in completion and stimulation operations for formation evaluation. While drilling logging data transmission of mud pulse telemetry and electromagnetic trans

40、mission rate, drill pipe transmission and optical fiber sensing and the mud pulse telemetry is commonly used a kind of data transmission 416bit/s; electromagnetic transmission and mud pulse transmission rate quite is a two-way transmission, there is no circulation in drilling, precise drilling Kang

41、spectrum music company EMMWD, Schlumberger e electromagnetic pulse transmission system by drilling Rod to transmit acoustic or seismic signal to reach 100bit/s, do not need mud cycle; fiber optic telemetry technology transfer rate 1Mbit/s.Development of 1.6 through casing resistivity logging technol

42、ogy of modern well logging technology in cased hole formation parameter determination, in dynamic reservoir description, abroad in recent years mainly by pulsed neutron instrument, cased hole formation tester, through casing resistivity and permanent monitoring technology. Through casing resistivity

43、 logging, dipole shear imaging logging, a casing formation tester and pulsed neutron can provide casing after the formation porosity, bulk density, lithology, water saturation, the acoustic characteristics of the permeability estimates, formation pressure and formation fluid sampling. The more effec

44、tive evaluation without openhole logging data or bare hole well logging data, the limited well, of old wells to re evaluate the Price for missed or new oil and gas, monitoring fluid interface and saturation and pressure changes and completion optimization design and perforating, the leakage loss of

45、oil and gas reservoir evaluation, the movement of the fluid interface, saturation and pressure changes and failure and injection profile. Schlumberger a tube of reservoir evaluation instrument C / O, RST, DSi and CHDT.Two downhole permanent sensor can provide valuable information for real-time monit

46、oring, and can be used to detect underground fluid (oil, steam, water). It can be used to control underground fluid (oil, steam, water). It can be used to control the valve. It can be used to control the valve. It can adjust the output quantity or water injection. The optical fiber temperature senso

47、r has high sensitivity and direction, and can produce high precision spatial image, which can provide near borehole images, and can provide a high accuracy and resolution of the DTS (100MPa), and can provide valuable data for the production and injection profile monitoring.2 understandingForeign ope

48、nhole logging and logging while drilling, reservoir evaluation, in horizontal wells, inclined shaft, high liquid well production profile logging technology rapid development, instrument temperature, higher pressure index, high reliability, series, combination, standard and supporting high level. Flu

49、id imaging logging and array sensor design is the main trend of production profile logging NEW technology development and permanent monitoring technology is a very important development direction of the dynamic monitoring techniques in the oilfield. In the "Eleventh Five Year" Plan 863 &qu

50、ot;advanced logging technology and equipment" key projects implementation scheme will be demonstrated on the group of experts agreed that "advanced logging technology and equipment" key projects The advanced logging technology and equipment should be aimed at solving the problems of c

51、omplex lithology, complex reservoir space and oil gas analysis and reservoir dynamic monitoring in the oil field, and provide an advanced and effective method to meet the needs of oil and natural gas production in our country and to participate in international competition.2.1 the development trend

52、of logging technology is integrated, and the development of combination logging tool has become a major trend of development of logging technology. The new instrument can obtain radar image, electric conductivity and relative permittivity. The instrument resolution is 1m, and the ideal detection dep

53、th is 10m.Proneta. It has been applied and obtained the patent. For a long time, it is a new logging tool, which can be used to drill hole, drill hole, drill hole, drill hole, drill hole, drill hole, drill hole, drill hole, drill hole, drill hole, drill hole, drill hole, drill hole, drill hole, dril

54、l hole, drill pipe, drill hole. In the process, the need to log the layer section while drilling, while logging.2.2 China's logging technology: in reservoir evaluation logging technology started late, backward technology, did not develop a downhole instrument and the level of foreign technology,

55、 domestic development of small diameter pulsed neutron instrument of single function, low carbon oxygen ratio logging accuracy, neutron generator has no independent intellectual property rights. The high resolution array induction resistivity and micro scan acoustic and electric imaging instrument r

56、esearch level low, precision instrument, resolution, heat resistance and advanced instruments difference larger. The three-dimensional induction resistivity, cross dipole acoustic logging, nuclear magnetic resonance logging instrument, cable formation tester research started. Technical success rate

57、and efficiency of the sidewall coring is low. The LWD logging instrument and transmission modes of far behind, engaged in basic research less, instrument imitation ability is low. Under the condition of high water content, no good to rate measurement method, activated oxygen, no flow imaging instrum

58、ent., permanent sensor application give priority to introducing self-study ability insufficient understanding. (domestic optical fiber technology research lag, domestic development of optical fiber sensors have not yet applied. Poor domestic TV imaging logging instrument of optical function, application under harsh conditions. BBP and domestic of cased hole formation resistivity, cased hole formation tester, casing density meter and flow meter research gaps. CRFs model of production logging sensor, cod