1、學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載句子成分，句子結(jié)構(gòu)，基本句型，錯誤分析*句子成分學(xué)習(xí)英語寫作，首先要掌握英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，而要掌握句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)， 必須從句子成分入手。句子成分指的是句子的各個組成成分。在英語中，一個典 型的句子，其基本成分可以分為主語部分和謂語部分。 主語部分可以包括句子的 主語及其限定成分，如定語；謂語部分中最基本也是最重要的成分是謂語動詞， 其他次要成分有表語、狀語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、主語補(bǔ)足語和同位語。*句子結(jié)構(gòu)分類英語句子按其結(jié)構(gòu)可分為簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句，現(xiàn)分述如下:§ 1.簡單句只有一個主語（或并列主語）和一個謂語動詞（或并列謂語動詞）的句子稱 為簡單句（simple

2、sentence ）。例如：Successful lear ners are lear ners with a purpose.§ 2.并列句兩個或兩個以上的簡單句用等立連詞（或用分號“；”、冒號“：”、逗號 “，”等）連在一起構(gòu)成的句子叫并列句（compound sentenee）。常用的等立 連詞有：and （和），so （因此，所以），not only.but also （不僅 而且）， neither.nor（既不 也不），or（或者，否則）otherwise （否則），either.or（不是就是），but （但是），yet （然而），still（仍然），however （

3、然而），while （而），whereas（而，反過來），for （因?yàn)椋捎冢┑取＠纾篐urry up or you may be late for the meet ing.The light was red, so I had to stop my car.§ 3 .復(fù)合句有一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句所構(gòu)成的句子結(jié)構(gòu)叫復(fù)合句（ complex sentenee ），也叫主從復(fù)合句。從句有關(guān)聯(lián)詞（connective ）引導(dǎo)，關(guān)聯(lián)詞將從 句與主句聯(lián)系在一起。根據(jù)其在復(fù)合句中的作用，從句可分為主語從句、賓語從 句、表語從句、同位語從句、定語從句和狀語從句。例如：We move

4、 our heads from side to side whe n we want to say "no".我們想說“不”的時(shí)候就左右搖頭。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞 when引導(dǎo)狀語從句）The purp ose of a test is to show what you have lear ned about a subject.測試的目的是了解你對某門課程學(xué)習(xí)的情況。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞what引導(dǎo)賓語從句）Most adults who are lear ning a foreig n Ian guage would disagree with the stateme nt.多數(shù)正在學(xué)習(xí)外語的

5、成年人不會同意這種說法。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞who引導(dǎo)定語從句）The reas on for their success is that they can lear n from their mistakes.他們成功的原因在于他們從錯誤中學(xué)到東西。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞that引導(dǎo)表語從句）Who will chair the meet ing is of in terest to many of them.誰來主持這個會議，他們許多人對此很感興趣。（關(guān)聯(lián)詞who引導(dǎo)主語從句）*基本句型句子的主要成分是主語和謂語。構(gòu)成主語的有名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞作用的其他 詞、詞組或從句。謂語的構(gòu)成比較復(fù)雜，有時(shí)可以由謂語動詞獨(dú)立擔(dān)當(dāng)

6、謂語，有 時(shí)謂語動詞需帶賓語或表語，還有的謂語動詞可帶兩個賓語或帶賓語后再加補(bǔ)足語等。謂語動詞類別的不同決定著謂語結(jié)構(gòu)的不同，而不同的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)又決定著不同的句型。所謂基本句型(basic sentenee pattern )就是幾種基本的謂語結(jié) 構(gòu)的格局；千變?nèi)f化的句型都是由它們演變而來的。英語的基本句型有五種，即:1主一系一表2主一動3主一動一賓4主一動一賓一賓 5主一動一賓一賓補(bǔ)*常見錯誤我們在造英語句子時(shí)，經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)一些錯誤，常見的主要有以下幾種:§ 1.非完整句錯誤前面說過，一個意思和結(jié)構(gòu)都完整的句子至少有主語和謂語兩個部分，當(dāng)然 祈使句除外。若有句子中的某一部分被當(dāng)作一個句

7、子，就會導(dǎo)致非完整句的錯誤。 非完整句錯誤通常有以下幾種情況：1. 將從句當(dāng)成句子例 1 原句： He failed to p ass the exam in ati on. Which disa ppoin ted his paren ts.修改句： He failed to p ass the exam in ati on. That disa ppoin ted his paren ts.例 2 原句：I think this film is poor. Even though so many people enjoying seeing it. 修改句：I think this fil

8、m is poor , even though so many people enjoying seeing it.通常糾正非完整句可以有兩種方法：1. 將非完整句與前面或后面的句子合并起來，連成一個句子;2. 給非完整句加上主語，使之成為一個完整的句子。§ 2.斷句錯誤我們在前面提到，并列句之間要要用并列詞連接，或用分號斷開，主句和從 句之間要用從屬連詞連接。但是有的學(xué)生在寫句子時(shí)，不管句子各部分之間的關(guān) 系如何，一概用逗號連接。這種錯誤被稱為斷句錯誤。斷句錯誤時(shí)中國學(xué)生常犯 的錯誤，因?yàn)樵跐h語中，兩個完整的句子可以直通過逗號連接，所以中國學(xué)生有時(shí)會忘記，在英語中，如果句子中沒有分

9、號，冒號或者破折號，那么除了逗號外, 還必須有連詞。例 1 原句：The food was fine except the cake, I did'like it.修改句： The food was fine except the cake, which I did'like.例 2 原句：Some people like an ocea n voyage in win ter, they want to esca pe the frost and snow at home.修改句： Some people like an ocea n voyage in win ter, b

10、ecause they want to esca pe the frost and snow at home.例 3 原句：It was raining hard, they could not work in the fields. 修改句：It was rai ning hard; they could not work in the fields. Or: It was rai ning hard. They could not work in the fields. Or: It was rai ning so hard that they could not work in the

11、fields.學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載Or: It was raining hard. So they could not work in the fields.Or: As it was raining hard, they could not work in the fields.例 4 原句：Foreig n foods have new feature and desig ns. The same domestically p roduced goods have not got.修改句：Foreig n foods have new feature and desig ns which t

12、he same domestically p roduced goods have not got.從上面的例句可以看出，糾正這類錯誤的方法必須根據(jù)有關(guān)分句或者主從句之間 的邏輯關(guān)系而定。§ 3.非連接成分錯誤一般情況下，當(dāng)動詞的非謂語形式做狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語必須和句子的主語 保持一致，否則，該狀語即為連接成分。例原句：1. Look ing out of the win dow, the grassla nd stretches as far as the eye can reach.2. Rotte n in the cellar, he had to throw away th

13、e po tatoes.3. To swim prop erly, a course of in structi ons is n ecessary.4. Retu rning home in a taxi, the music of the opera still seemed to sing in our ears.5. I had a summer job that year, therefore, en abli ng me to stay in school for ano ther term.糾正這類錯誤，可以有三種方法：1. 對這類句子的結(jié)構(gòu)做出必要的改動，使?fàn)钫Z的邏輯主語與句子

14、的主語一致；2. 給狀語加上一個適當(dāng)?shù)倪壿嬛髡Z，使之成為一個獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)；3. 將狀語改成一個從句。Look ing out of the win dow, one can see the grassla nd stretches as far as the eye can reach.修改句：1.2.The po tatoes in the cellar had rotte n, so he had to throw them away. As the po tatoes in the cellar had rotte n, he had to throw them away. He had t

15、o throw away the po tatoes which had rotte n in the cellar.He had to throw away the po tatoes in the cellar, for they had rotte n.To swim prop erly, one n eeds a course of in struct ions.If one wan ts to swim prop erly, a course of in structio ns is n ecessary.While we were returni ng home in a taxi

16、, the music of the opera still seemed to sing in our ears.3.4.學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載例4The con fide nee and trust is very imp orta nt for me.5. I had a summer job that year, which, therefore, en ables me to stay in school for ano ther term.§ 4.有關(guān)主謂一致的錯誤在英語當(dāng)中，當(dāng)可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞做主語時(shí)， 謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式; 復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語時(shí)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。為

17、此，學(xué)生在造句時(shí)應(yīng)注意一下幾種 情況：1.主語和謂語之間出現(xiàn)修飾詞，謂語動詞英語主語保持一致。 例1One of the many is miss ing.My un cle is one of those who does not believe that a kno wledge of p olitics is useful in a bus in ess office.The bookcase full of books and magaz ines sta nds in a corner of the room.2.主語和謂語之間插入了由 with, as well as, exce

18、pt, in addition to, not等引導(dǎo)的名 次詞組，謂語動詞仍應(yīng)與主語保持一致。例1Jane as well as the rest has agreed to come.The audie nee in additi on to all the camerame n was so excited.The empio yees, not the man ager, were asked to explain the cause of the fire.The Chinese girl together with her two American friends is eating

19、 at a restaura nt.3. each/everyand連接兩個單數(shù)形式的主語，句中謂語動詞為單數(shù)。 例1Every man and woma n is treated in the same way.Every word and p hrase in this sentence is esse ntial.4.例由and連接的詞組做主語，謂語動詞一般要用復(fù)數(shù)。 to fight and to win were their aims.5.例由兩個名詞可做一個整體對待，由 and連接以后謂語動詞仍為單數(shù)。1The law and order was soon restored.Tim

20、e and tide waits for no man.學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載例 5 The chairma n and gen eral secretary was selected.6. 當(dāng)eitheror, neighnor, not oniybut also連接兩個主語時(shí)，句中的謂語動詞 的數(shù)要和最接近的那個主語取得一致，即所謂的“就近原則”。Either you or I am wrong.例1Not only the stude nts but also the teacher has doubts.Neither you nor she is the lucky dog.7.表示時(shí)間

21、，金錢，距離，重量等單位的名詞詞組做主語，如果強(qiáng)調(diào)一定的量， 或者總和，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；如果側(cè)重具體的數(shù)量，則謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。試比較:Ten minu tes is a long time for us to wait.Ten minu tes have p assed since we came.8. a series of,a kind of,a portion of等短語做主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；anumber of,a variety of等短語做主語，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例 1 A series of videota pes has bee n prep ared.例 2 a variet

22、y of goods are for sale.9.由 each, every, each one, everybody, anybody, nobody, either, neith等r弓丨導(dǎo)的名 詞詞組做主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例 1 None of her friends has called her up.例 2 Nobody knows the truth.10. 集體名詞做主語，如果表示整體概念，謂語動詞用單數(shù)；如果表示成員，謂 語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例 1 My family are all vegetaria ns.例 2 My family n ever intends to have

23、 any thi ng to do with bus in ess.11. 把完整的意思隔開的錯誤我們在寫句子時(shí)，有事會把一個完整的意思隔開而破壞了句子的一致性。例 1 原句：In extensive reading, our main purpose is not to learn new structure and vocabulary. But to un dersta nd as quickly and compi etely as p ossible the ideas being com muni cated.修改句：In extensive reading, our main p

24、urpose is not to learn new structure and vocabulary， but to understand as quickly and compietely as possible the ideas being com muni cated.例2 原句： We naturally assumedthat people had arrived there. They left severalhours ago.修改句：We naturally assumed that people had arrived there for they left severa

25、l hours ago.12. 過多堆積細(xì)節(jié)很多人在造句時(shí)，喜歡把一些沒有邏輯關(guān)系的細(xì)節(jié)和毫不相關(guān)的東西堆積在 一起，看似內(nèi)容豐富，實(shí)際上破壞了句子的一致性。例 1 原句： As he was recalling that night, he reduced the altitude of the plane, and the steady sound of the motor seemed like music in his ears, because he knew that there was not amore depen dable plane tha n this.修改句： As

26、he was recalling that night, he reduced the altitude of the plane, the steady sound of the motor seemed like music in his ears, and he knew that there was not amore depen dable plane tha n this.二、寫作常見錯誤分析一、語法錯誤（一）句子結(jié)構(gòu)錯誤1.主從句疊置1) There are more and more stude nts like to use the compu ter.2) There ar

27、e still many p roblems should be no ted and resolved.2. 簡單句疊置I like chatt ing on line very much, I go to the net bar almost every weeke nd.3. 從句疊置As is known to all that compu ters p lay an imp orta nt role in many fields of our life.4. 句子成分缺失If work hard, we will surely be successful.5. 語序錯誤1) Why

28、college students spend more and more time on the computer?2) I often wonder where have they got their money.（二）動詞錯誤1時(shí)態(tài)錯誤Many people thought that the Internet will be more useful in the future.2.語態(tài)錯誤1) I have excited several days at the n ews that you will come here.2) Most of the stude nts satisfy w

29、ith the service in the dining hall.3 .單復(fù)數(shù)錯誤（see above1) Wise man seek opportun ities rather tha n wait for them.2)Some one are afraid that compu ter may con trol men in the future.4.非謂語動詞錯誤1)Let me to rep rese nt every one to say“ hello ” to you.2)3)Do exercise in the morning is good for one 'he

30、alth.Having studied in our school for 3 years, the can tee n service has cha nged a lot.（三）代詞錯誤1) We can use compu ters in doing everyth ing you like.2)A college stude nt should be able to do their wash ing on their own.（四）冠詞錯誤1) Horse is an useful ani mal.2) The exam will be held in the December, 2004.（五）詞性錯誤1) I wish you can con sider my sugg