1、英語(yǔ)寫作中的銜接與連貫英語(yǔ)寫作中的銜接與連貫Cohesion and Coherence in English Writing 是文濤是文濤概念與方法銜接:語(yǔ)篇中的一個(gè)成分和對(duì)解釋它起重要作用的其他成分之間的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系 1. 指代referenceIn 1860, Lincoln was elected President of the United States. He（人稱指代） was the candidate of the new Republic Party. This Party （指示指代）opposed the creation of new slave states. 2.

2、替代substitutionThis biscuits are stale. Get some fresh ones.(名詞性替代）“ if you have seen them so often, of course you know what theyre like.”“I believe so,” Alice replied thoughtfully.（分句性替代） 3. 省略ellipsis (zero substitution) “how many hours a day did you do lessons? said Alice. ” I did that ten hours t

3、he first day,” said Tom.（分句性省略）4. 連接conjunctionA. 通過(guò)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)銜接I came, I saw , I conquered.( Julius Ceaser)The sun is growing warm, frogs are waking in the marshes, planting time will be soon here.B. 通過(guò)連接詞銜接5. 詞匯銜接lexis(Halliday /Hasan :Cohesion in English 1976) 連貫(coherence)：是整個(gè)語(yǔ)篇一致性的抽象特征。 詞匯銜接 句子銜接 段落銜

4、接1、詞匯銜接：連接詞、同義詞、反義詞、上、下義詞、同一語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)等 例1：連接詞（conjunction) A student acquires knowledge mainly from the textbook and in class. As a result,（結(jié)果）when he graduates from school he can do nothing. For （原因）everything is different from what teachers told him. He may even be disappointed and （并列）frustrated. In th

5、e end,（總結(jié)） he may be afraid to face the real world. 例2 同義詞(synonym)The farm was owned by two brothers. They employed a few farm hands, but no one was willing to work long. Every time a worker gave up his job, he told the same story. Farm laborers said that 例3 反義詞(antonym)Failure is the mother of suc

6、cess.例4 上 下義詞(hyponymy)It has never been explained why university students seem to enjoy practical jokes more than anyone else. Students specialize in a particular type of practical joke: hoax. Inviting the fire brigade to put out a nonexistent fire is a crude form of deception. Students often creat

7、e amusing situations which are funny to everyone except the victim. 例5 同一語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)(semantic field) Small boats loaded with wares sped to the great liner as she was entering the harbor. Before she had anchored, the men from the boats had climbed on board and the decks were soon covered with colorful but I

8、decided not to buy anything until I had disembarked.例6 綜合運(yùn)用 Walters goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies -in particular, biology, chemistry and math. Because he worked constantly on these

9、subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen, as a result, during his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to

10、graduate on schedule. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal. 2 句子銜接 使用過(guò)渡句 It has been said that everyone lives by selling something. In the light of this statement,(概括-具體） teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling

11、 spiritual comfort. Everyone has something to sell.(承上啟下) Tramps seem t be the only exception to this general rule. Beggars almost sell themselves as human beings to arouse the pity of passers-by. But real tramps are not beggars. They have nothing to sell and require nothing from others. 使用平行結(jié)構(gòu) Amer

12、ican, the richest and most powerful nation in the world, can well lead the way in this revolution of values. This is nothing to prevent us from paying adequate wages to schoolteachers, There is nothing but a lack of social vision to prevent us from paying an adequate wage to every American citizen T

13、his is nothing ,except a tragic death wish, to prevent us from There is nothing to keep us from 使用信息結(jié)構(gòu)粘連句子 (1)But money is not everything.(2) It is that, with money, we can buy whatever material things we want. (3)Life,however, is more than just material things. (4) Peoples spiritual needs usually c

14、annot be fully met with material things. (5)On the contrary, many people who are materially rich are suffering from lacking spiritual ballast. (6)So money alone does not lead to a happy life. 使用信息結(jié)構(gòu)粘連句子 已知信息新信息已知信息新信息 But money is not everything. It is that, with money, we can buy whatever material

15、things we want. However, material things only do not mean a happy life. In a more important sense, life involves spiritual things. Peoples spiritual needs usually cannot be fully met with material things. On the contrary, many people who are materially rich are suffering from lacking spiritual balla

16、st. So money alone does not lead to a happy life. 3 段落銜接 按時(shí)間順序(chronological order)We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours-it must have been close to noon;by

17、the time we reached the mountain, it was four oclock not realizing the darkness came suddenly in the desert. By six we were struggling By nine it had been our lucky day. 按空間順序( spatial order) From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our ey

18、es.Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at inside ,the tube was gloomy, Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda按重要性順序(重要性遞增或遞減)Work is indispensable to mans existence. It provides the material things of life, the goods and services that make possible our ancient civilization a

19、nd modern civilization as well. Man cant possibly survive without food, clothing and shelter which are fruits of his work.However more psychologists have come to realize that work is more that a necessity for most people. It is the source of happiness and creativity.A moderate amount of work is bene

20、ficial to mans health. Facts prove that the more one uses hid brains, the more active and efficient he is thinking. Of all workers of all trades, mailmen on bike have the longest life expectancy.Above all, work offers ambitious people chances to realize their values. A writer or a scientist may conc

21、eive wonderful ideas or designs, yet their works or designs cant come into being without their creative work.In this sense, we should regard not only as means of making a living but also means of enriching our life. A Sample Smoking Smoking is a very harmful and unhealthy hobby from which we should keep away. Above all, cigarettes contain nicotine, a poisonous substance that has the effect of causing cancer, a drea