1、語法，改錯突破checklist1.缺詞/多詞2.名詞：數；可數性3.形容/副詞：形式/級4.近義5.搭配6.時態/語態7.動詞8.虛擬語氣9.非謂語動詞10.as/like結構11. 定語從句的關系詞12. 前后照應a.主謂一致b.時態一致c. 指代一致d. 修辭一致13. 邏輯關系： 連詞/連接性副詞 反義詞 其它1 缺詞/多詞n缺漏及贅述錯誤主要表現為漏掉介詞、代詞、關系詞、冠詞、連詞等或重復意義相同或相近的詞語以及出現兩個主語等。n單數可數名詞一般前應有冠詞，但有些固定搭配中不用冠詞ndishwashers and washing machines do jobs that were

2、once done by the hand.nby (the) hand by hand1 缺詞/多詞n不及物動詞作謂語的關系代詞前的介詞ni suddenly realized that my own parents are the ones whom i can rely. n(on) whomn不及物動詞后接賓語應添加介詞nbut perhaps we should look at both sides of the coin before arriving hasty conclusions.nthis leads changes in the way of life.narrivin

3、g (at) / leads (to)n固定搭配中是否缺介詞，注意隔離修飾nin every home a stereo or television will fill the rooms sound.nfill the rooms (with) soundn短語中是否漏詞n句子結構是否完整nin the nineteenth century, farm work and life were not much changed from that they had been in the old days.nthatwhat （原從句缺少賓語）n定語從句中是否多了主語和賓語more exampl

4、esnwe have to make clear to each worker that everybody must observe these rulesn make make it n賓語為動詞不定式或從句時，必須在動詞與賓語補足語之間加上形式賓語it。nthough we have known great deal about space，we still have a lot to learn.ngreat deal a great deal (修飾不可數名詞)nthe songs sounded via radios in restaurants，from cars passing

5、 on the highways and shoeshine(擦皮鞋) parlorsn and (in) shoeshine parlorsn此處應是與前面詞組in restaurants和from cars并列的介詞短語nboth natural and synthetic man-made rubber are of little value in their raw staten去掉synthetic或man-madenmonsoon winds（季風），sometimes masked by other features of the general atmospheric circ

6、ulation，they are associated with nearly all large continental land massesn去掉they 同monsoon winds重復2 名詞名詞的限定nthe day before the speech contest english teachernmy可數名詞前通常要加修飾語。此句雖然有english，但指代不明。根據上下文，加上my比較貼切。名詞可數與不可數的誤用 ntoo much tests are disadvantage for students study. （誤） nin modern society, peopl

7、e are under various pressures（誤） 名詞的單復數n1)and asked me lots of question. n questions n“question”為可數名詞，在lots of后面，應加-s。n2)we study quite a few subject，such as maths, n subjectsna few后面應跟可數名詞的復數形式。n3)and often watch football match on tvn matches 經常觀看足球賽，nmatch時可數名詞，應用復數形式。nn4)she said that she and my

8、schoolmate all wished me success，nschoolmatesn此處為復數概念，應加上-s。3 形容/副詞與比較1.形容詞用來修飾名詞或作表語；副詞修飾形容副詞或動詞：經常有誤用nit is essential that people be psychological able to resist the impact brought about by the transition from planned economy to market economy.npsychological psychologically 修飾形容詞nman has used meta

9、ls for centuries in gradual increasing quantities.ngradual gradually修飾動詞（現在分詞形式）2. 系動詞和感官動詞后接形容詞。系動詞包括be, appear, seem, become, turn, go, come, grow, keep,感官動詞包括feel, smell, taste, sound, look等。其中有些系動詞又可以做實義動詞：become成為, appear出現, turn轉動, go去, come來, grow種植/成長, keep保留ni frequently feel weakly and dis

10、satisfied with myselfnall the dishes taste most deliciously. nweakly weakndeliciously delicious3. -ly結尾的詞不一定都是副詞，如friendly, woolly長絨毛的, costly昂貴的, lonely, elderly, olderly, fatherly, brotherly, deadly等，注意區分。4. 以a-開頭的形容詞一般只作表語：afraid, alike, akin, alive, alone, asleep, awake, ashamed, afloat, alight發

11、亮/燃著的 等。如果用作了定語，則需更換成相應形式。5. 有些副詞有兩種形式，但意義不同，需加以區分nhigh高 highly：高度地ndeep深 deeply：深深地nwide寬/大 widely：廣泛/大大地nhard努力 hardly：幾乎不nnear近 nearly：幾乎/將近nclose近 closely：細心/嚴密/密切nlate遲 lately：最近nmost最 mostly：主要/通常njust 剛/僅/正好 justly 公平/正當/精確地npretty相當/非常 prettily漂亮地/令人愉悅地nright就/正是/順利 rightly正確/當/公正地nslow緩慢(go

12、/run/speak/read) slowly慢慢/漸漸地nloud/loudly大聲地 （louder/loudest）nfair公平/公正/正好 fairly 相當/適度/公正neasy不著急/慢慢/容易 easily輕易/容易/很可能ndead突然/完全/直接 deadly極為/死一般地nclean完全/一直 cleanly干凈利落地nclear清楚/完全/遠離 clearly 清楚/顯然/明亮 nhe got up, walked across the room, and with a sharp quick movement flung the door widelyopen.nwi

13、delyopen wideopen6. 比較結構中，一般用than來連接，但有些詞用to如：superior/inferior/senior/junior.或者asasntheir fields yield twice as much corn this year than they did last year after adopting the advanced technology.nthan as7. 有些詞本身就是最高級不可在添加more/most excellent; perfect; complete；entire(ly); extreme; unique; round; dea

14、d; alive; ultimate; utter; square等。nthey may learn that questions which seemed most entirely objective then appear to be highly biased to someone else.nmost entirely entirely 8. 混淆比較的兩部分。如：nthe climate in the coastal cities is much warmer than in the interior cities（在than與 in之間應加指示代詞that句中用于比較的兩個部分是

15、氣n候而不是地區。）4 近義詞n某些近義詞表面意思講得通，但不貼切或不準確，需要進行替換。ndeciding how much discomfort and risk we are prepared to put up with in the name of better health is a high personal matter.nhigh highly 極為/高度nbetween sunrise and sunset, streets and highways are a constant source of voice from cars, busesnvoice noise5 搭

16、配n主要涉及形容詞、名詞、動詞等與介詞的搭配；動詞、形容詞與名詞的搭配以及比較結構等固定搭配。non some fields, this has clearly not happened.non some fields innwe asked a lady, who replied that she thought you could tell a well-mannered person on the way they occupied the space around themnon the way by/from the waynthis has probably been the ca

17、se in quite a while. infornsuch reasons are totally dependent in the balance of risks and benefits for the patients.ndependent in dependent onnif he was absent because of sickness, there was often no job from him when he returned.nfrom him for himn we have little time to read some books which we int

18、erest. are interested in.6 時態和語態n根據時間狀語（包括副詞（詞組）和從句）或邏輯對句子的時態作出正確判斷。nwhere tuberculosis（肺結核）vanished, it came back.nvanished had vanishednby the time the sun sets this evening, i will have finished the book i am writing for the last six years.nam writing have been writingni was walking along the roa

19、d, and there are not so many cars on the street. there are there weren熟記事態的特殊規律q陳述真理或常識性事件時，用一般現在時q時間、條件從句中不能用將來時靜態動詞不能用進行時態：a. be動詞和have(有)b. apply to; belong to; differ from; cost; weigh; measure; fit; hold(容納); lack; resemble等c. 表示感覺的動詞feel; hear; see, smell; tasted. 心理或情感動詞assume; believe; consi

20、der; detest(憎惡);feat; hate; hope; wish; like; love; regret; know; suppose; understand; want; remember; imagine; noticenhe resembles his father.ni know that this issue is important.ni have english classic literary books.ncf. i am having a wonderful time in hawaii.6 時態/語態n要根據句意確定使用主動還是被動n被動語態不僅出現在謂語的位

21、置上，還出現在非謂語動詞結構中，還有不同的時體變化。 nwhenever we hear of a natural disaster, even in a distant part of the world, we feel sympathy for the people to have affected.nto have affected to have been affectednthe old jewish custom of bathing the feet of all strangers that came within their gates is still be practi

22、cing in parts of palestine.nis still be practicing is still being practicedn只有及物動詞或詞組才用被動形式；但并非所有及物動詞都可用于被動結構：如have; let; become; get; fit; suit; lack; resemble n小心被動結構不規則動詞的過去分詞形式qthroughout history, shoes have been wore not only for protection but also for decoration. qhave been wore have been wor

23、n7 動詞n除了要時態/語態，還要注意是否及物動詞是否及物動詞nthe traffic accident was taken place at the junction of two highways. （誤） nthe traffic accident took place at the junction of two highways. （正） nbecause of his excellent performance, the boss rose his salary. （誤） nbecause of his excellent performance, the boss raised

24、his salary. （正） 介詞to和不定式符號的混淆ntoo many tests will do harm to cultivate our independent thinking. （誤） ntoo many tests will do harm to the cultivation of our independent thinking. （正） nall these contributed to solve the serious problem. （誤） nall these contributed to the solution to the serious problem

25、. （正） 情態動詞的誤用it may not good to our health. （誤） nit may be not good to our health. （正） they should spent much time. （誤） nthey should spend much time. （正） 8 非謂語動詞na現在分詞形式與過去分詞形式混淆。如：nthe victory was no more convinced than i had expectednconvinced convincing 令人信服的，表示主語特征nthe teacher went into the clas

26、sroom, following by some studentsnfollowing followedn分詞和不定式的不同含義：q現在分詞：主動或進行（或完成）；q過去分詞：被動或完成；q不定式：將要發生或目的nsucceeding in passing the examination, she is extremely happy. 因為（已發生）nto succeed in passing the examination, she needs to work much harder.為了（目的）nthe small college generally provides a limited

27、 number of courses and specializations but offers a better student-faculty ratio, thus permit individualized attention to students. permitting小院校提供的課程專業較少，但師生比例較高，因此能夠特殊的個體指導和關注。nbecoming a skilled photographer, a person should have both manual dexterity（靈巧，靈敏）a good eye for detail.nbecoming to beco

28、mepractice neven the quiet of our carefully protected wilderness areas can be invaded at any moment by a passed jet. nso a sportsmans individual way of walking with raised shoulders is often imitated by an admired fan.npassed passingnadmired admiring 追星族常常模仿運動員抬高肩膀大搖大擺走路的方式。nadmire和pass都是由中心語發出，主謂關系

29、nthe boy s delighting look tells us that he passed the examndelighting delighted 高興的、興奮的，表示主語狀態nyou can pass any factory or construction area and the roar of their machinery will make your ears ringing. ntom had his arm breaking yesterday.nb不定式與動名詞相互混淆。如：nto lie is vicento lie lying 此處指抽象的概念性動作抽象的概念

30、性動作nlying about it will only make matters worsenlyingto lie 此處指具體的一次性動作具體的一次性動作nc非謂語動作發生時間與謂語動作發生時間的方面出現錯誤。ni remember locking the door when i left home this morningnlocking having lockedn非謂語動作發生時間早于主語動作發生時間。nd特殊非謂語動詞結構方面出現錯誤。nyou have to practice to speak english as much as possible now since you a

31、re going to england next yearnto speakspeakingnpractise后的賓語要用-ing形式。）n非謂語動詞不單獨作謂語。nat the beginning of 19th century working hours were from sunrise to sunset, pay was awful, (and) working conditions being poor and dangerous. weren如果非并列句中有兩個以上謂語動詞，是錯誤的，這時只能保留一個，其它的改為非謂語動詞形式：nconsider the great need f

32、or improving many aspects of the global environment, one is surely justified in his concern for the money and resources (that are poured into the space exploration efforts).n作賓語時，要注意用動詞不定式還是動名詞。有時兩者皆可，但意義不同，如forget, remember, try, regret, stop, continued等n作賓補時，要注意不同形式的意義差別，以及和謂語動詞的搭配。nmary was heard

33、 singing in the next room then.ni saw david beck play football on tv last night.n分詞（包括帶連詞的分詞）短語作狀語時，邏輯主語須與主句主語一致。nsports activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behavior. viewing biologically, the modern footballer is revealed as a member of a disguised hunting pack. viewed9 虛擬語氣n虛擬語氣分為

34、兩種：be型和were型。nbe型(should)+ do(動詞原形）：用于表示命令、決定、建議等詞語（見下頁）之后的that-分句中。qwhat do you think of the doctors recommendation that our friends stayed a few more days in hospital?qstay/should stayn用于if, though, whatever, lest, so long as引導的分句中，表示推測、讓步、防備qif the rumor be true, everything is possible.qwhatever

35、be his defense, we cannot tolerate this disloyalty.qthough everyone desert you, i will not. qquietly we sat on the river bank lest the fish swim away.qif it would rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the exhibition.q should rain 表示推測be-型虛擬語氣標志詞v. demand, command, suggest, require, ask, order, ins

36、ist, advise, move, direct, recommend, propose, see (to it) that等n. demand, request, suggestion, recommendation, advice, proposal, insistence等a. important, fundamental, preferable, necessary, basic, vital, imperative, essential, requested, suggested, demanded等n有些詞有多個意義，當不表示建議、命令時，就不能用虛擬語氣，如：nsome evi

37、dence suggests that rem sleep be a time when the brain adapts to life experience.nbe is （一些證據表明，rem sleep可能是大腦適應生活經驗的時間。）were-型nwere型were/過去時體：常用于由if, if only, as if, as though, though引導的條件、方式、讓步狀語從句中，表示非真實條件或假設。n要特別注虛擬語氣的謂語動詞形式是否正確。條件句虛擬語氣的結構如下所示：時間if從句動詞形式主句動詞形式與現在事實相反過去式w/c/should/might do與過去事實相反

38、過去完成式w/c/should/might have done與將來事實相反were to/should do/過去式w/c/should/might don主句或從句的動詞形式未用虛擬語氣形式。nif we had more rain last summer，we would have a harvestnhad had/would have hadn此句應用與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣形式n條件句中還有一種特殊的混合虛擬語氣。這種情況的謂語動詞形式要根據具體時間來確定。nif writing had never been invented(過去), we would have no books

39、(現在).nif he had failed his exam last year, he would have been taking it again in june. would be takingni would have gone to visit that beautiful city but i hadnt got in touch with you while i was in new york. didnt getnif you had been older，i would have al- lowed you to go that daynhad been were 條件句

40、可指目前情況下的假設nwere-虛擬語氣還可用其他形式表示,如without, but for, otherwise, or等。qwithout/but for your help, i would never make such great success. q would never have madeqthanks to the man timely saving, or the little boy would be drowned in the river. q would have been drownednwere-型虛擬語氣也用在表示臆想愿望的分句中，常由wish, suppo

41、se, imagine, would rather, would sooner that, would just as soon (that) 等引導，如：qi wish it were spring all the year round.qjust imagine everyone were to give up smoking.特殊虛擬語氣n在it is (high) time (that)從句中，也用were-型虛擬語氣，如：qit is high time that measures should be taken to decrease the birth rate in this

42、country.qwere taken/had been takenas的用法nlike: 象一樣；（unlike）nas: 介詞（作為）n 副詞（如此）n 關系代詞n 連詞（因為；隨著；雖然；正如）nas有很多固定搭配，用法極為復雜，見下頁as 固定搭配nas if/though好像nas/so long as只要nsuch as諸如；之類的nas apposed to 與相反nas for/to至于；關于nso as (not) to以便/以免；以致nnot so much as連都不；與其不如nas above如上；同上nas against與相比nas of/from自從nas muc

43、h as多達；到程度nas well (as)也/又nas well as not反正都行/一樣nas it is/as they are事實上；實際上nas it were仿佛，好像，可以說nas yet 到現在/那時為止nas as any不亞于nas as ever永遠；至今；自古；空前nas as can be極其；到了的程度nhe is as brilliant a politician as ever lived.n他是至今最卓越的政治家。as vs.which n在限定性定語從句中，as 常和先行詞前的such, so, as, the same搭配；which則無此限制。 n引

44、導非限定定語從句時q先行詞是整個句子，as常在句首或句中，而which常在句末。qas引導的定語從句與主句應是順接關系；which無此限制。qas在定語從句中常作賓語，which常作主語。as作主語時，僅限于“主-動-補”結構和被動句型，如：qas is often the case; as is known to allqas has been pointed out; as may be imagined; etcpractice nthe farmer had much work to do, with his own muscles like his chief source of p

45、ower. he used axes, spades and other simple tools. 91/06ncities and states have to provide services city people want, such like more police protection, more hospitals and more schools.90/01nlike asnlike as/beingna break in their employment, or a decision to work part time, will slow their raises and

46、 promotions-because it would for men. 96/01ncan we be too bold as to suggest that we maybe able to colonize other planets within the not-too-distant future? 00/01nbecause as 這一點對男士也一樣nso bold so bold我們可否大膽地推測在不遠的將來我們就可以在其他星球上開墾殖民主義地?定語從句的關系詞定語從句關系詞是一個常見考點關系詞that和which/who的區別n用that的情況q不定代詞something,

47、anybody, nothing, none, little, few, much, all作先行詞時；qshe is everything that a wife should be.q最高級、序數詞、不定限定詞（all, some, none, few等）或any, only, first, last等修飾先行詞時；q先行項不止一個，且分別表示人和物時；q當關系詞在定語從句中充當補語時；q當定語從句是there be句型時；n用which（物）或who（人）的情況q介詞提前，作介詞賓語時；q非限定定語從句；q先行項是that時；q當先行項與定語從句被其他成分隔開時先行項為時間或地點時n當先

48、行項為時間/地點時，如關系詞在從句中作主語或賓語，應用which或that，而不用when/who(m)ni live in beijing，where is the capital of china.nwhich n此處where應改為which，因為它在定語從句中作主語。 缺少關系詞或多余代詞n有些句子中，名詞后面本來該用定語從句的，卻漏掉了關系詞，直接接了動詞。n另一類常見的錯誤是，關系代詞指代的成分在從句中以代詞的形式重復出現，畫蛇添足。定語從句和名詞性從句的區別n與同位語從句的區別q同位語從句表明中心語的具體內容；定語從句對其先行項加以限制、描繪或說明；q同位語從句的引導詞that在

49、從句中不充當成分；定語從句的關系詞that在從句中擔任成分，如：qmost of the pupils can not answer the question why sea water is salty.qmost of the pupils could not answer the question that the chemistry teacher asked().n與主語/賓語/表語從句的區別q主語/賓語/表語從句充當主句的主語/賓語/表語，前面沒有作先行項的名詞或代詞；而定語從句一般作定語，限定或描述先行項；q引導詞that在名詞性從句中不作成分；what充當名詞性從句的主語/賓語

50、/表語，相當于the person that/who; all that,使用時容易和定語從句的that混淆。訣竅在于，看前邊有沒有沒有先行項，有用that/who/which，沒有用what。qall (that) i have with me now is 10 dollars.q( )what i have been thinking about all the time is the question that the physics teacher put forward in class.qin his writing, john crowe ransom describes th

51、at he considers( )the spiritual barrenness of society (brought about by science and technology). qjohn crowe ransom在他的著作中描述了他認為是由科學技術給社會帶來的精神貧困。 that whatn介詞后出現從句，如前有名詞或代詞作先行項，用which或whom引導定語從句，如沒有，則用what引導，這時整個名詞性從句作介詞賓語。practicenthe children attended a small elementary school (often of just one ro

52、om) to that they had to walk everyday, possibly for a few miles.nconsidering the great need for improving many aspects of the global environment, one is surely justified in his concern for the money and resources that they are poured into the space exploration efforts. (00/01)nto that to whichnthat

53、they thatninstead, this other person told us a story, it he said was quite well-known, about an american who had been invited to an arab meal in one of the countries of the middle east.(00/06)nin the late nineteenth century, farm work and life were not much changed from that they had been in the old

54、 days.nit whichnthat what前后照應a.主謂一致b.時態一致c.指代一致d.意義一致e.修辭一致a. 主謂一致n主語和謂語在要在人稱和數等方面能保持一致。此類錯誤形式主要有以下幾種：na主語因形式特殊或因由一個或幾個復雜成分修飾往往導致主謂一致錯誤。如：nacoustics are taught in some collegesnareisn以-s或-es 結尾的用以表示學科、疾病、游戲等的名詞作主語時，其謂語動詞應用單數形式nunderstanding the cultural habits of another nation，especially one contai

55、ning so many diversified subcultures（次文化） as the us，area complex，bewildering task to usnareis n主語是一個動名詞短語，盡管其后有較長的修飾成分，然而其謂語仍需用單數形式nb定語從句謂語動詞與先行詞主謂不一致ni，who is your friend，will do my best to help younis amn關系代詞作定語從句主語時，謂語動詞要與先行詞一致ntom is the only one of the pupils who are willing to take make-up exa

56、minationsnareisn在the only one of+復數名詞或代詞+定語從句的結構中，謂語動詞應用單數形式。nc某些短語或結構后所跟謂語動詞必須用單數或復數形式。nsix times two are twelvenare is 加、減、乘、除運算謂語動詞用單數nthe police is looking for the escaped criminalnisare n主語為people， police，folk，cattle等集合名詞時，謂語動詞通常用復數形式主謂一致nnow my picture and the prize is hanging in the library.

57、nis are 我的照片和獎牌(意義一致原則)nthere are a tv and two computers in the room.nthere are there is （就近原則）b 時態一致 nit was very kind of them to meet me at the railway station and drove me to their home. ndrive and連接兩個并列動作meet和drive。nthey offered me coffee and other drinks. we have a good time talking and laughin

58、g. nhad整篇文章記述過去的事情，用過去時。nhello，i learn about you from my english teacher，nlearned從教師那兒知道，是過去發生的行為nmy favourite sport is football.i was a member of our school football team.nam n文章描述現在的情況，用一般現在時。nnot only makes usbut also give us a sense of fair playngives “not only”連接兩個相等的成份，用第三人稱單數。ni am happy with

59、 any program but the others spent a lot of time arguingnwas 此句描述的是過去的事情，且下句也是用的過去時，故要改為was。ni remembered her words and calm down.ncalmedn連詞and連接兩個相等的成份。c 指代一致n1)the smiths did his best to make me feelntheirnthe smiths指代一家人或夫婦倆。n2)and they must not break the rules too often if we want to win the game

60、s.n談論都是“我們”的事，此處也應一致。n3) some wanted to see the program while others preferred another.nthe onen表示三者以上的代詞搭配oneanotherd 修辭一致：平行結構n平行結構中并列、對等部分應在形式上或意義上保持一致而實際上卻未能如此。nblack smith mopped the floor，cleaned the windows，and other odd jobsnand (did) othern該句謂語應由三個不同并列動作構成。nthe value of a course depends as