21.Can you spank kids and be foster parent？Mass. high court says on本文選自2016年1月8日基督教科學箴言報中“Can you spank kids and be foster parent? Mass. high court says on ”。本文是一篇典型的法律裁決類閱讀，此類文章通常文中各方觀點交織，論點論據頗為復雜。專家、學者、群眾、政府機構和司法立法機關各方各執一詞，再加上作者個人的感情傾向，不便于讀者理清脈絡。如果考研遇到這樣的文章，看文章的時候要保持清醒，理清各方觀點，做題的時候不要代入讀者個人的感情看待問題，關鍵就在于抓住問題的核心，跟著文章思路發散思維。原文I When Melanie and Greg Magazu decided to open their family to foster children, they say the social worker who inspected their home was impressed. The couple had two young daughters, and Melanie used to be in foster care herself.II But the couple say the situation changed when they acknowledged that they spank their kids as a form of discipline, in line with their interpretation of the Bible. They said they would refrain from using corporal punishment on foster children in their care, but refused to stop spanking their own children. The Department of Children and Families (DCF) rejected their application in 2013, citing “clinical policy” to keep foster children out of homes where corporal punishment was used. Claiming religious discrimination, the Magazus sued. The states highest court unanimously ruled in favor of the agency Monday, prioritizing the states interest in protecting children in foster care. Complicating matters is the question of spanking, which remains a fraught one in America.III Child development experts and medical boards including the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Psychological Association almost uniformly oppose the practice and cite research dating to the 1990s showing it can lead to aggressive and harmful behaviors in children. The Magazus, like many religious parents, say the Bible explicitly condones the use of corporal punishment. They say they spanked their daughters with an open hand in the privacy of their bedrooms so as not to humiliate them. DCF cited concerns that living in a home where corporal punishment was employed in itself could potentially harm foster children, who have been removed from their parents due to abuse or neglect. IVThose who have studied corporal punishment say that it is too extreme to categorize spanking as invariably harmful. In fact, other disciplinary methods also can have troubling consequences sometimes even more severe such as excessive yelling, says Ronald Rohner, who has studied the effects of corporal punishment for 30 years. Dr. Larzelere, a professor of human development and family science at Oklahoma State University and expert on parental discipline, cites research that shows the vast majority of children, 70 to 80 percent, are spanked by the time they reach 18.V “Lets say that somewhere around 80 percent of parents with 3- or 4-year-olds still spank their children occasionally,” says Larzelere. “This means that if we go with this ruling, then 80 percent of all parents are unfit to be foster parents, and thats extreme.”（“Can you spank kids and be foster parent? Mass. high court says on” by Cathaleen Chen, January 8, 2016 The Christian Science Monitor ）詞匯短語1. foster children. 收養兒童2. * spank spk vt. 打的屁股；拍擊3. in line with 按照，符合4. *refrain rfren vi.克制 refrain from 克制而不做5. *corporal krprl adj. 身體的6. discriminationd,skrmnen n. 歧視7. sue su vt. 控告8. unanimously jnnmsli adv全體一致的9. * condone kndon vt. 寬恕注：標*為超綱詞翻譯點評I When Melanie and Greg Magazu decided to open their family to foster children, they say the social worker who inspected their home was impressed. The couple had two young daughters, and Melanie used to be in foster care herself.I When Melanie and Greg Magazu decided to open their family to foster children, they say the social worker who inspected their home was impressed. The couple had two young daughters, and Melanie used to be in foster care herself.翻譯：當馬蘭尼和格雷馬格祖決定向收養兒童敞開家門的時候，這讓視察他們家庭情況的社會工作者頗為印象深刻。因為，這對夫婦已生育了兩個小女兒，馬蘭尼本人就曾經是收養兒童。點評：段I 介紹本文的背景，即一對夫婦想要收養孩子。“impressed”是褒義詞，暗含了作者對這對夫妻的欣賞。II But the couple say the situation changed when they acknowledged that they spank their kids as a form of discipline, in line with their interpretation of the Bible. They said they would refrain from using corporal punishment on foster children in their care, but refused to stop spanking their own children. The Department of Children and Families (DCF) rejected their application in 2013, citing “clinical policy” to keep foster children out of homes where corporal punishment was used. Claiming religious discrimination, the Magazus sued. The states highest court unanimously ruled in favor of the agency Monday, prioritizing the states interest in protecting children in foster care. Complicating matters is the question of spanking, which remains a fraught one in America.翻譯：但當這對夫妻承認他們借鑒圣經教義，把體罰作為一種教育孩子的方式時，情況發生了變化。他們說今后會繼續體罰親生孩子，但絕不對收養兒童進行體罰。但家庭兒童部援引“臨床策略”拒絕了他們的收養請求。馬格祖以宗教歧視為由，對家庭兒童部的這一決定進行了上訴。周一州最高法院一致支持了家庭兒童部的決定，擁護該州政府保護收養兒童。體罰問題的復雜情況，這也是美國社會向來頭疼的問題。點評：段II是本文雙方立場的第一次交鋒，也是理清本文思路的關鍵。本段出現了三個主體，馬格祖夫婦，家庭社會兒童部，州最高法院。家庭兒童部是政府機構，州法院是法律機關。馬格祖夫婦以宗教歧視為由狀告家庭兒童部，被州高院裁定為敗訴。文中的“spank”, “corporal punishment”為同義詞，是“體罰”的兩種說法。III Child development experts and medical boards including the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Psychological Association almost uniformly oppose the practice and cite research dating to the 1990s showing it can lead to aggressive and harmful behaviors in children. The Magazus, like many religious parents, say the Bible explicitly condones the use of corporal punishment. They say they spanked their daughters with an open hand in the privacy of their bedrooms so as not to humiliate them. DCF cited concerns that living in a home where corporal punishment was employed in itself could potentially harm foster children, who have been removed from their parents due to abuse or neglect. 翻譯：兒童發展專家及美國兒科心理學會的醫學董事會幾乎一致反對體罰兒童，他們引用19世紀90年代的研究，論證體罰會使兒童滋生攻擊性的有害行為。和其他很多家庭一樣，馬格祖稱，圣經對體罰行為有明確的寬恕，他們用手掌在孩子的房間里私下體罰她們，因此不會羞辱到她們。根據以往的經驗，家庭事務部擔憂的是，鑒于收養兒童大多出自具有家庭暴力或者缺乏關愛的家庭，所以體罰會對他們產生潛在的危害。點評：段III是本文雙方立場的第二次交鋒。馬格祖夫婦對他們的宗教立場進行闡明，家庭兒童部后方有學者專家的支持和例證。從本段看來，家庭兒童部貌似占了上風。IVThose who have studied corporal punishment say that it is too extreme to categorize spanking as invariably harmful. In fact, other disciplinary methods also can have troubling consequences sometimes even more severe such as excessive yelling, says Ronald Rohner, who has studied the effects of corporal punishment for 30 years. Dr. Larzelere, a professor of human development and family science at Oklahoma State University and expert on parental discipline, cites research that shows the vast majority of children, 70 to 80 percent, are spanked by the time they reach 18.翻譯：研究體罰的學者羅納德稱，把體罰統一歸為有害行為太過極端了。實際上，其他教育方式也會產生不良后果，有時甚至會更為嚴重，比如說對孩子過度吼叫。羅納德從事體罰的影響研究長達三十多年。奧克拉瑪州立大學的人類發展和家庭科學教授拉茲拉瑞博士，基于研究指出，百分之70到80的孩子在18歲之前都經受過體罰。點評：段IV開始出現轉折，也從專家學者的角度尋找例證，對家庭兒童部的觀點予以抨擊。尤其是作者援引羅納德專家的觀點時，特別之處，此人 “has studied the effects of corporal punishment for 30 years”，使羅納德的觀點更具可信度。V “Lets say that somewhere around 80 percent of parents with 3- or 4-year-olds still spank their children occasionally,” says Larzelere. “This means that if we go with this ruling, then 80 percent of all parents are unfit to be foster parents, and thats extreme.”翻譯：“可以說，三四歲孩子的家長，有百分之八十會時不時體罰他們的孩子”，拉茲拉瑞博士說。“這就意味著，如果我們執行州立法院的裁決，那么有百分之八十的父母都不適合收養孩子，這就陷入極端了。”點評：段V引用拉茲拉瑞博士的話，對家庭兒童部的做法進行否定，可謂是一擊中地：法院對家庭兒童部的支持性裁決顯然會最終使兒童收養無法進行。22.How colleges can measure up in teaching critical thinking本文選自基督教科學箴言報一篇名為 “How colleges can measure up in teaching critical thinking” 的文章，圍繞美國普渡大學一項旨在衡量學生批判性思維能力培養進程、從而為教授這項能力提供參考的試行項目展開論述，通過對新近公布的一項實驗結果、實驗不足的介紹，作者間接表達了對普渡大學試行項目最終效果的憂慮。結合美國高校與就業市場的實際需求，作者在最后提出了中肯的建議。本文討論的內容對中國高校人才培養模式也有充分的借鑒意義，希望讀者通過對這篇文章的分析引起反思。原文I After he became president of Purdue University in 2013, Mitch Daniels asked the faculty to prove that their students have actually achieved one of higher educations most important goals: critical thinking skills. Two years before, a nationwide study of college graduates had shown that more than a third had made no significant gains in such mental abilities during their four years in school.II Purdue now has a pilot test to assess the critical thinking skills of students as they progress. Yet like many college teachers around the United States, the Purdue faculty remain doubtful that their work as educators can be measured by a “learning outcome”, such as a graduates ability to investigate, reason, and put facts in context. Many still prefer the traditional system of course grades in specific fields or overall grade averages, despite serious concerns by employers about “grade inflation.”III The professors need not worry so much. This week, the results of a nationwide experiment were released showing for the first time that professors can use standardized metrics to assess the actual coursework of students across many schools and disciplines and measure how well they do in three key areas: critical thinking, written communication, and quantitative literacy.IV Despite the success of the project in showing that teachers can design such assessments, the actual results are worrisome, and mostly confirm earlier studies. Of the students who attended a four-year institution and who completed most of their coursework, fewer than a third of their finished assignments earned a high score for a critical thinking skill (“using evidence to investigate a point of view or reach a conclusion”). Less than half of their coursework drew “appropriate conclusions based on quantitative analysis of data.”The project organizers summed it up this way: “Of the three outcomes evaluated, far fewer students were achieving at high levels on a variety of dimensions of critical thinking than did so for written communication or quantitative literacy.” And that conclusion is based only on students nearing graduation. The project did not measure the work of students who have completed less than 75 percent of their coursework.American universities, despite their global reputation for excellence in teaching, have only begun to demonstrate what they can produce in real-world learning. Knowledge-based degrees are still important. But given the pace of discoveries in many fields, employers are demanding advanced thinking skills from college grads.If faculty can now work with college presidents, government leaders, and others to accurately measure the intellectual worth of a college degree, more people will seek higher education and come out better thinkers. ( “How colleges can measure up in teaching critical thinking”, By the Monitors Editorial Board. The Christian Science Monitor. Sep. 28, 2015)詞匯短語1.faculty fklti n.全體教員2.pilot test 試行項目3.assess ss vt. 評定；估價4.inflation nflen n. 膨脹；5.metric mtrk a.米制的,公制的6.quantitative literacy 數理能力7.worrisome wsm adj. 令人煩惱的，派生自worry v.煩惱;n.煩惱,焦慮8.demonstrate dmnstret vt. 證明；展示翻譯點評I After he became president of Purdue University in 2013, Mitch Daniels asked the faculty to prove that their students have actually achieved one of higher educations most important goals: critical thinking skills. Two years before, a nationwide study of college graduates had shown that more than a third had made no significant gains in such mental abilities during their four years in school.翻譯：米奇丹尼爾斯于在2013年出任普渡大學的校長后，他要求全體教師證明本校學生真正實現了高等教育的最重要目標之一：批判性思維能力。 兩年前，一項針對全國高校畢業生的研究表明，通過四年的在校學習，超過三分之一的學生表示在這一心智能力的培養上收獲寥寥。點評：段I介紹本項目得以開展的關鍵人物及背景。米奇丹尼爾斯出任普渡大學的校長，認為批判性思維能力是大學最重要的培養目標之一，希望教師證明他們的學生確確實實達到了這個目標。句中的actually表明校長希望把這項能力的培養結果以一種具象的方式展現出來，讓人一看便能信服，比如用數字說話。句從點過渡到面，在更大層面上交代了一種現狀：全國超過三分之一的高校畢業生在批判性思維能力養成方面一無所獲，一方面解釋了丹尼爾斯出任校長后對教師提出上述要求的原因，另一方面體現出美國高校人才培養方式中欠缺對此項能力培養的重視，暗示丹尼爾斯立足本校，意欲改革高校培養模式的決心，為他主導推出項目做鋪墊。II Purdue now has a pilot test to assess the critical thinking skills of students as they progress. Yet like many college teachers around the United States, the Purdue faculty remain doubtful that their work as educators can be measured by a “learning outcome”, such as a graduates ability to investigate, reason, and put facts in context. Many still prefer the traditional system of course grades in specific fields or overall grade averages, despite serious concerns by employers about “grade inflation.”翻譯：普渡大學如今有了一項試行項目，旨在衡量學生在培養批判性思維能力中的進展情況。但是，就像很多美國的大學老師想的一樣，普渡大學的教職工們對仍然采“學習成果”例如，畢業生調查、推理及理論聯系實際的能力來衡量教育者的工作表示懷疑。很多老師仍寧愿選擇采用單一課程成績或總體平均成績的傳統評價系統，雖然這套體系也為用人單位所詬病，認為存在“分數虛高”情況。點評：段II 介紹傳統評價體系在教師隊伍中根深蒂固，是項目推行的潛在障礙。句中的now暗示從丹尼爾斯2013年出任校長向教師提出要求、萌生改革之心到項目試行的良久籌備過程。句補充說明項目雖已在試行，但教師隊伍觀念守舊，對新項目的開展存在疑慮。句中的inflation原意指“膨脹”，此處引申為分數“虛高”，側面反映出原有分數體系存在問題，已與就業市場對畢業生的需求產生脫節。III The professors need not worry so much. This week, the results of a nationwide experiment were released showing for the first time that professors can use standardized metrics to assess the actual coursework of students across many schools and disciplines and measure how well they do in three key areas: critical thinking, written communication, and quantitative literacy.翻譯：其實，教授們沒必要這么擔心。本周第一次公布了一項全國范圍的實驗結果，表明教授可以采用標準化的度量方式衡量學生的實際作業情況（該實驗對象遍及眾多學校，涵蓋多門學科），并考量學生在以下三個關鍵模塊的表現情況：批判性思維、書面表達和數理能力。點評：段III 承接上段，轉而指出這種擔心是不必要的，因為有一項全國范圍的實驗結果表明學生的批判性思維能力養成過程是可以通過標準化的度量來評估的。句破折號中的內容across many schools and disciplines補充說明該實驗的樣本范圍，體現實驗的科學性。冒號后面表明該實驗的考察模塊，其中之一便是“批判性思維”，因此其實驗結果能為普渡大學試行項目提供參考。IV Despite the success of the project in showing that teachers can design such assessments, the actual results are worrisome, and mostly confirm earlier studies. Of the students who attended a four-year institution and who completed most of their coursework, fewer than a third of their finished assignments earned a high score for a critical thinking skill (“using evidence to investigate a point of view or reach a conclusion”). Less than half of their coursework drew “appropriate conclusions based on quantitative analysis of data.”翻譯：雖然這項實驗證明老師確實可以設計這樣的評價體系，但實際實驗結果令人擔憂，而且大部分結論證實了以往的研究發現。這些學生在大學度過了四年的時間，幾乎完成了所有課程，但在他們完成的所有任務中，只有不到三分之一的比例在批判性思維能力（“利用證據調研某個觀點或得出某種結論”）這項上得到了高分。不到一半的作業獲得“是基于對數據的定量分析得出的合理結論”的評價。點評：段IV介紹這項實驗令人擔憂的實驗發現。句despite表明與上文的銜接關系，先退而肯定這項實驗證明了老師可以建立科學的評價體系衡量學生的批判性思維培養過程，暗示普渡大學試行項目的理念得到了實驗支持，接著轉而明確指出實驗結果令人憂慮，而且大部分（mostly）結論都印證了以往的研究，暗示該實驗結果尚算參考價值高。句具體對實驗結果展開論述，fewer than a third， less than half 均從比例上表明學生在批判性思維能力方面表現不理想。The project organizers summed it up this way: “Of the three outcomes evaluated, far fewer students were achieving at high levels on a variety of dimensions of critical thinking than did so for written communication or quantitative literacy.” And that conclusion is based only on students nearing graduation. The project did not measure the work of students who have completed less than 75 percent of their coursework.翻譯：項目組織方總結說：“綜合評估這三個模塊后發現，相較于在書面表達和數理能力方面的良好表現，能在包含好幾個維度的批判性思維能力方面得高分的學生要少得多。”但這個結論只是基于臨畢業的學生得出的。該項目并沒有考察那些完成課程量不足75%的學生。點評：段援引實驗組織者的原話總結實驗發現，并指出實驗的不足之處。句總結實驗結論，it指代該實驗，承接上文；three outcomes指段III 提到的三個核心模塊critical thinking, written communication, and quantitative literacy。句轉而指出該實驗的不足，based only on， did not measure表明該實驗的受試對象在年級選擇上不全面，因此實驗結果可能存在誤差。American universities, despite their global reputation for excellence in teaching, have only begun to demonstrate what they can produce in real-world learning. Knowledge-based degrees are still important. But given the pace of discoveries in many fields, employers are demanding advanced thinking skills from college grads.翻譯：雖然美國很多大學因教學質量出色享有國際聲譽，但它們也才剛剛開始示范它們能為學生進入社會提供什么樣的教育。以知識為核心的學歷仍很重要。但考慮到很多領域出現新發現的速度，用人單位期待高校畢業生具備出色的思維能力。點評：段介紹美國高校培養模式與當今社會就業市場對高校畢業生的需求脫節。句先肯定美國高校在教學質量上享有良好的國際聲譽，但關于學生如何更好地裝備進入社會的各項能力方面也才剛起步。only begun to一方面暗含責備之意，認為美國高校空享盛譽卻沒有早早在這方面引領國際，但同時用demonstrate (an act of explaining and showing how to do something or how something works, “示范”) 暗含盡管剛起步，卻也是一種“示范”，表明美國高校教育水平起點高，起步稍晚些前景也會是光明的。句中knowledge-based degrees即對應傳統的側重文化課的教育方式，still表明在引入新模式的同時也應繼續重視文化課學習。句結合現在就業市場對畢業生的需求進一步強調改革的必要性，advanced thinking skills是critical thinking skills的延伸，指除了句中的文化課程之外的進一步的思維能力培養。Given意為“鑒于，考慮到”。If faculty can now work with college presidents, government leaders, and others to accurately measure the intellectual worth of a college degree, more people will seek higher education and come out better thinkers. 翻譯：如果現在全體教員能和大學校長、政府領導以及其他相關人員通力合作，以精確衡量一張大學文憑的知識含金量，那么就會有更多的人期望接受高等教育，也才能培養出更多會思考的人。點評：段以虛擬語氣的形式提出了作者的建議。faculty 、presidents與第一段形成首尾呼應，同時泛指高校的教育人員和行政人員，另將人員擴大到政府領導和其他相關人員，others 指代廣泛且模糊，表達出作者認為提高大學文憑含金量（the intellectual worth of a college degree）的目標需各界人士一起努力。23.When is it worth giving up your data?Americans arent quite sure本文選自2016年1月24日華盛頓郵報中一篇名為“When is it worth giving up your data? Americans arent quite sure.”的文章。文章引用實例介紹了當前一種流行的趨勢，即消費者在購買并使用商品的同時，也在無意中交出了個人信息，文中多次引用研究調查結果說明人們對這種趨勢的態度，并援引研究人員的話分析相關態度的原因。原文IWould you trade information about when youre in your house - and in what rooms - for the promise of cheaper energy bills, even if that means youre sending this data to a distant tech company?Thats one of the hypotheticals laid out in a new report from Pew Research Center, which found that more than half of the 461 adults it surveyed couldnt stomach the idea. IIBut thermostats that collect data on you arent a hypothetical.In fact, theyre quickly becoming the standard: By 2017, market research firm Parks Associates estimates more than half of the thermostats sold in the United States will be “smart.” And one of the biggest players in the market is Nest, which is offered by Google parent-company Alphabet that makes much of its revenue by tracking our behavior and selling us targeted ads. IIISo why the disconnect between the rise of smart thermostats and Americans apparent distrust of the data that makes them work better?Part of the answer may be that consumers dont fully understand what theyre giving up when they pick up that shiny new device.Modern life is really a life o