汽車與變速箱  隨著世界能源危機的持續，以及戰爭和能源 -石油的消耗及汽車飽有量的增加，能源在一天一天下降，終有一天它會消失的無影無蹤。石油不是在生資源。所以必須在石油耗凈之前找到一種代替品。隨著科技的發展社會的進步，有人發明了電動汽車。電動汽車將成為人們最為理想的交通工具。      世界在發展各各方面都取得豐碩成果，尤其是隨著汽車電子技術和計算機以及發展迅速的信息時代。電子控制技術在汽車上得到了廣泛應用，汽車上應用的電子裝置越來越豐富，電子技術不僅用來改善和提高傳統汽車電器的質量和性能，而且還提高了 汽車的動力性、燃油經濟性、可靠性以及廢氣排放的凈化性。汽車上廣泛使用電子產品不僅降低了成本，并且減少維護的復雜性。從發動機的燃油噴射點火裝置、進氣控制、廢氣排放控制、故障自診斷到車身輔助裝置都普遍采用了電子控制技術，可以說今后汽車發展主要以機電一體化。汽車上廣泛采用的電子控制點火系統主要有電子控制燃油噴射系統、電子控制點火系統、電子控制自動變速器、電子控制防滑（ ABS/ASR）控制系統、電子控制懸架系統、電子控制動力轉向系統、車輛動力學控制系統、安全氣囊系統、主動安全帶系統、電子控制自動空調系統、導航系統還 有 GPS等。有了這些系統汽車響應敏捷，使用功能強，可靠性高，既保證發動機動力又降低燃油的消耗，而且又滿足排放法規的標準。    汽車是現代人必不可少的交通工具。而電動汽車給我們帶來無限樂趣外還能給我們勞累一天的身心得以放松。就拿自動變速器來說吧，汽車在行駛時，可以不踩離合器踏板，就可以實現自動換檔而發動機不會熄火，這樣有效的提高駕駛方便性減輕駕駛員的疲勞強度。自動變速器主要由液力變矩器、齒輪變速器、油泵、液壓控制系統、電子控制系統、油冷卻系統等組成。電子控制的懸架主要是用來緩沖路面對車身的沖擊力以及減少振動保證汽車平順性和操縱穩定性。當汽車行駛在不平坦的道路時汽車能能根據底盤和路面高度自動調整。當車高比設置的高度低時，就向氣室或油缸充氣或充油。如果是相反，就放氣或瀉油。從而保證汽車的水平行駛，提高行駛穩定性。可變力動力轉向系統因能顯著改變駕駛員的工作效率和狀態，所以在電動汽車上廣泛使用。 VDC 對汽車性能有著至關重要的作用它能根據需要主動對車輪進行制動來改變汽車的運動狀態，使汽車達到最佳的行駛狀態和操縱性能，并增加了汽車的附著性，控制性和穩定性。除了這些之外 4WS、 4WD 的出現大大提高了電動汽車的價值與性能同步提 升。 ABS 具有減少制動距離并能保持轉向操作能力有效提高行駛方向的穩定性同時減少輪胎的磨損。安全氣囊的出現在很大程序上保護了駕駛員和乘客的安全，大大降低汽車在碰撞時對駕駛員和乘客的緩沖，以過到保護生命安全的目的。     智能電子技術在汽車上得以推廣使得汽車在安全行駛和其它功能更上一層樓。通過各種傳感器實現自動駕駛。除些之外智能汽車裝備有多種傳感器能充分感知交通設施及環境的信息并能隨時判斷車輛及駕駛員是否處于危險之中，具備自主尋路、導航、避撞、不停車收費等功能。有效提高運輸過程中的安全，減少駕駛員的操縱疲勞度， 提高乘客的舒適度。當然蓄電池是電動汽車的關鍵，電動汽車用的蓄電池主要有：鉛酸蓄電池、鎳鎘蓄電池、鈉硫蓄電池、鈉硫蓄電池、鋰電池、鋅空氣電池、飛輪電池、燃料電池和太陽能電池等。在諸多種電池中，燃料電池是迄今為止最有希望解決汽車能源短缺問題的動力源。燃料電池具有高效無污染的特性，不同于其他蓄電池，其不需要充電，只要外部不斷地供給燃料，就能連續穩定地發電。燃料電池汽車 (FCEV)具有可與內燃機汽車媲美的動力性能，在排放、燃油經濟性方面明顯優于內燃機車輛。      隨著計算機和電子產品不斷開級換代，電動汽車技術也 在日趨成熟與完善，使得駕駛更安全、方便、靈活、舒適。現在，電動汽車離普通消費者的距離還很遙遠，只有少數人在趕趕時髦而已。電動汽車真正能夠與傳統的燃油汽車相競爭，今后汽車市場終會被電動汽車和智能汽車所取代。這只是時間性的問題這一天終究會來到的。 ABS、 GPS、 4WS、 4WD以及各種新時代的電子產品與現代高性能汽車默契組合、絕妙搭配，帶給我們無與倫比的精準駕駛舒適性和行駛安全性。  1、 變速器的作用  發動機的輸出轉速非常高，最大功率及最大扭矩在一定的轉速區出現。為了發揮發動機的最佳性能，就必須有一套變速裝置，來協 調發動機的轉速和車輪的實際行駛速度。變速器可以在汽車行駛過程中，在發動機和車輪之間產生不同的變速比，通過換擋可以使發動機工作在其最佳的動力性能狀態下。變速器的發展趨勢是越來越復雜，自動化程度也越來越高，自動變速器將是未來的主流。  2、變速器的型式  汽車自動變速器常見的有三種型式：分別是液力自動變速器  (AT)、機械無級自動變速器 (CVT)、電控機械自動變速器 (AMT)。目前應用最廣泛的是 AT， AT 幾乎成為自動變速器的代名詞。  AT是由液力變扭器、行星齒輪和液壓操縱系統組成，通過液力傳遞和齒輪組合的方式來實 現變速變矩。其中液力變扭器是最重要的部件，它由泵輪、渦輪和導輪等構件組成，兼有傳遞扭矩和離合的作用。  與 AT相比， CVT省去了復雜而又笨重的齒輪組合變速傳動，而是兩組帶輪進行變速傳動。通過改變驅動輪與從動輪傳動帶的接觸半徑進行變速。由于取消了齒輪傳動，因此其傳動比可以隨意變化，變速更加平順，沒有換擋的突跳感。  AMT和液力自動變速器（ AT）一樣是有級自動變速器。它在普通手動變速器的基礎上，通過加裝微電腦控制的電動裝置，取代原來由人工操作完成的離合器的分離、接合及變速器的選擋、換擋動作，實現自動換擋。  3、汽 車變速器一般結構  3.1.簡單式變速器的基本結構：由殼體、傳動部分和操縱部分組成。  3.1.1.殼體：殼體是基礎件，用以安裝支承變速器全部零件及存放潤滑油。其上有安裝軸承的精確鏜孔。變速器承受變載荷，所以殼體應有足夠的剛度，內壁有加強，形狀復雜，多為鑄件 (材料為灰鑄鐵，常用 HT200)。  為便于安裝，傳動部分和操縱部分常做成剖分式，箱蓋與殼體用螺栓聯接并可靠定位。殼體上有加油、放油口，油面檢查尺口，還應考慮散熱。  3.1.2.傳動部分：是指齒輪、軸、軸承等傳動件。軸的幾何尺寸通過強度、剛度計算確定。因 主要決定于剛度，而碳鋼與合金鋼彈性模量近乎相等，所以一般用碳鋼 (常用45鋼 )。只有齒輪與軸制成一體或軸載荷嚴重才用合金鋼。軸與齒輪多為花鍵聯接 (對中性好，能可靠傳遞動力，擠壓應力小等 )。軸的花鍵部分和放軸承處經表面淬火處理。軸多用滾動軸承支承，潤滑簡單，效率高、徑向間隙小，軸向定位應可靠。潤滑方式多用飛濺( >25m s，只要粘度適宜可甩到壁上 )。  3.1.3.操縱部分：主要零件位于變速器蓋內。  4、 組成式變速器結構特點：  簡單式變速器有效率高、構造簡單使用方便鈞優點礦但檔數少， i 變化范圍小 (牽引力 、速度范圍小 )，只宜在檔數不多的某些車工采用。若增加 i 的范圍，則使變速器尺寸加大，軸跨度增加，為了既增加檔數又不使軸跨度過大，可采用組成式變速器。所謂組成式變速器，通常由兩個簡單式變速器組合而成，其中檔數較多的稱為主變速器，較少的稱為副變速器。  4.1.組成式變速器的優點：  4.1.1.可以減少齒輪個數，而且檔數越多減少齒輪個數的優點愈明顯。同簡單式變速器相比，它可縮短軸的長度，減少整個變速器的外部尺寸和重量，并且能方便地得到不止一個倒檔。所以當前進檔數超過六個檔時，幾乎都用組成式變速器。  4.1.2.傳動：比變化率大：若主變速器傳動比變化率 zu=3，副變速器 fu=4 則 =12；若使簡單式變速器 =12，結構往往很難合理。  4.2.組成式變速器的缺點：  4.2.1.檔組間傳動比有對應關系，不易使每檔的 2， (速度及牽引力 )都很理想。  4.2.2.換檔操縱麻煩，有時要操縱兩個變速部分，若為插花換檔還不便記憶。  為了減少操縱動作，最好能順序換檔。為此要求重視檔次編排十使第滅檔組傳動比全部大于第 11檔組，達到多數相領排檔的變換只需操縱主變速的目的，這樣才最為方 便。   5、中國汽車變速器市場  中國汽車變速器市場正處于高速發展期。 2007 年中國汽車銷售 879.15 萬輛， 2008年汽車產銷量將突破 900 萬， 2010 年汽車銷售規模將達到 1263 萬輛。在汽車行業市場規模高速增長的情況下，中國變速器行業面臨著重大機遇。 2006年我國汽車變速器市場規模達300億元人民幣，并且以每年超過 20%的速度增長，預計 2010年有望達到 600億元     Motors and gearboxes  As the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy consumption of oil - and are full of energy, in one day, someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not in resources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society, people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation.    In the development of world each aspect is fruitful, especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications, the application of the electronic device, cars, and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance, but also improve the automobile fuel economy, performance, reliability and emissions purification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices, air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology, auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system, electronic control ignition system, electronic control automatic transmission, electronic control (ABS/ASR) control system, electronic control suspension system, electronic control power steering system, vehicle dynamic control system, the airbag systems, active belt system, electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response, the use function of quick car, high reliability, guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards.   The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example, automatic transmission in road, can not on the clutch, can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout, not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter, gear transmission, pump, hydraulic control system, electronic control system and oil cooling system, etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height, low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite, gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state, so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car, car motions of state and optimum control performance, and increased automobile adhesion, controlling and stability. Besides these, appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passenger's safety, and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer, to protect the safety of life.   Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities and to judge whether the vehicles and drivers in danger, has the independent pathfinding, navigation, avoid bump, no parking fees etc. Function. Effectively improve the safe transport of manipulation, reduce the pilot fatigue, improve passenger comfort. Of course battery electric vehicle is the key, the electric car battery mainly has: the use of lead-acid batteries, nickel cadmium battery, the battery, sodium sulfide sodium sulfide lithium battery, the battery, the battery, the flywheel zinc - air fuel cell and solar battery, the battery. In many kind of cells, the fuel cell is by far the most want to solve the problem of energy shortage car. Fuel cells have high pollution characteristics, different from other battery, the battery, need not only external constantly supply of fuel and electricity can continuously steadily. Fuel cell vehicles (FCEV) can be matched with the car engine performance and fuel economy and emission in the aspects of superior internal-combustion vehicles.     Along with the computer and electronic product constantly upgrading electric car, open class in mature technology and perfected, that drive more safe, convenient and flexible, comfortable. Now, the electric car from ordinary consumers distance is still very far away, only a few people in bandwagon. Electric cars with traditional to compete in the market, the car will was electric cars and intelligent car replaced. This is the question that day after timing will come. ABS, GPS, and various new 4WD 4WS, electronic products and the modern era, excellent performance auto tacit understanding is tie-in, bring us unparalleled precision driving comfort and safety of driving. 1、 The role of transmission     The output of the engine speed is very high, maximum power and maximum torque at a certain speed area. Engine in order to exert the best performance, it is necessary to have a variable-speed devices, to coordinate the engine speed and the actual wheel speed. Transmission process in the car, in between the engine and the wheels have a different gear ratio, by shifting the engine can work at their best performance of state power. Transmissions are the development trend of more and more complex, increasingly high degree of automation, automatic transmission will be the mainstream of the future.  2、 Transmission type        Automotive automatic transmission has three common forms: namely, Automatic Transmission (AT), mechanical stepless automatic transmission (CVT), electric-controlled mechanical automatic transmission (AMT). At present, the most widely used is the AT, AT almost become synonymous with automatic transmission.     AT Torque by Torque, and planetary gear and hydraulic control system components, through the hydraulic transmission and gear portfolio approach to achieve variable-speed torque variation. One of Hydraulic Torque is the most important parts, which pump wheels, turbines and components, such as guide pulley of the transmission of both torque and the role of clutch.     AT compared with, CVT save the complex and cumbersome combination of variable-speed gear transmission, but the two groups to carry out variable-speed drive pulley. By changing the driving wheel and driven wheel contact belt speed radius. Canceled because of gear, so the transmission ratio can change speed more smoothly, without shifting sense of the sudden jump.      AMT and Automatic Transmission (AT) are the same class has automatic transmission. It is in general based on the manual transmission, through the installation of microcomputer-controlled electric device to replace the original finish by the manual operation of the clutch of separation, joint, and block transmission of the election, motion shift, automatic shift implementation.  3、 The general structure of automobile transmission  3.1.Easy transmission of the basic structure: the shell, transmission and manipulation of some parts.     3.1.1.Shell: Shell is the basic pieces of support for the installation of transmission and storage of all parts lubricants. Has installed its bearing on the precision boring. Transmission under varying load, so the stiffness of the shell should be enough, there is to strengthen the wall, the shape of the complex, as many castings (gray cast iron materials, commonly used HT200).     In order to facilitate the installation, transmission and manipulation of some Split parts are frequently made, cover with the housing connected by bolts and reliable positioning. Shell has come on up, I put the oil, check oil foot mouth, should also be taken into heat dissipation.     3.1.2.Transmission parts: is the gear, shaft, bearings and other transmission parts. Geometry axis through strength, stiffness calculation. Mainly due to decide on the stiffness, while the carbon steel and alloy steel elastic modulus almost equal, so the general use of carbon steel (commonly used 45 steel). Only one gear with the shaft or axle load made serious only by steel. Shaft and gear for many spline connection (for neutral good, reliable transmission of power, a small compressive stress, etc.). Spline shaft bearing parts and let the surface hardening treatment by the Department. Shaft with rolling bearing supports many, easy lubrication, high efficiency, small radial clearance, axial positioning should be reliable. Many ways to use splash lubrication (> 25m / s, as long as the appropriate viscosity apparently succumbed to the wall).      3.1.3. to manipulate parts: the main components located inside the transmission cover.      4、 The composition of the structural characteristics of transmission: There is easy and efficient transmission, the advantages of simple easy-to-use-Jun mine but a few files, i changed the scope of small (traction, speed small), file number should be taken only at certain limited Cut used. If the increase in the scope of i, then increase the size so that transmission, axle span increase, both in order to increase the file-axis span of a few do not make too large, transmission can be formed. The composition of the so-called transmission, usually from both a combination of easy transmission, one of a few more files as the main transmission, less transmission known as the deputy. 4.1.Transmission component of advantages:       4.1.1. can reduce the number of gears, and a few more files to reduce the number of gear the more obvious advantages. Easy compared with the transmission, it can shorten the length of shaft to reduce the transmission of the external size and weight, and can easily be more than one reverse. Into the file so the current number of files more t