2025屆新高考英語精準沖刺復習

閱讀理解詞義猜測題【題型特征】詞句猜測題它可以是對一個單詞的意義的推斷,也可以是對一個短語或句子的意義的推斷。詞句猜測題既可以考查生詞的意義,也可以考查熟詞的新義,還可以是對替代詞所替代內容的判斷。在閱讀理解題中,所考查的詞或短語的意義往往不停留在字面上,而要根據短文提供的語境,通過閱讀上下文,根據已知的信息或常識來推測尚不熟悉的詞或短語的含義?！境？碱愋汀款}型1詞義(詞組)猜測題考查考生猜測文章中某個生詞或短語的含義,或考查該詞能被哪個單詞或短語代替題型2句意猜測題考查考生準確理解作者的觀點,尤其是對特定的人、物、事件的褒貶觀點,以準確推斷語句的含義題型3代詞指代題要求考生依據語境的邏輯關系,判斷畫線的人稱代詞或指示代詞在文章中指代的對象【設題趨勢】詞義類：(1)Theunderlinedword/bablymeans/canbereplacedby______.

(2)Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword/phrase...?指代類：(1)Whatdoestheunderlinedword“this/that/it/they...”referto?(2)Theunderlinedpart“this/that/it/they...”refersto______.

句意類：(1)Theunderlinedsentenceinthe...paragraphprobablymeans______.

(2)WhatcanweinferfromtheunderlinedsentenceinParagraph...?【正確選項】(1)含義和其字面意思一般沒有任何關系。(2)上下文邏輯通順。(3)與原句意思最接近。(1)與所考詞匯形似。(2)如果考的是熟詞,含有常規詞義的往往是錯誤選項。(3)句子解釋中含有過多原句中已有的詞和短語的選項一般是錯誤選項?！靖蓴_選項】【題型1】詞義(詞組)猜測題...Thesescenesmayhavebeenpaintedhundredsofyearsago,buttheyrecordmomentswecanallrelateto.【真題示例】(2023·新高考Ⅱ卷·C篇節選)30.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“relateto”inParagraph2mean?A.Understand.

B.Paint.C.Seize. D.Transform.Understand(理解)(?nd??st?nd)Paint(繪畫)(pe?nt)Seize(抓住)(si?z)Transform(改變)(tr?ns?f??rm)表示對比關系的詞語主要有：however,but,instead,despite,unlike,yet,while,whereas,ratherthan,insteadof,inspiteof,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,incontrast【技巧提示】【題型2】句意猜測題...

【真題示例1】(2023·全國甲卷·B篇節選)

TerriBoltonisadabhandwhenitcomestoDIY(do-it-yourself).Skilledatputtingupshelvesandpiecingtogetherfurniture,sheneverpayssomeoneelsetodoajobshecandoherself.24.Whichisclosestinmeaningto“adabhand”inparagraph1?A.Anartist.

B.Awinner.C.Aspecialist. D.Apioneer.【技巧提示】【題型2】句意猜測題

Thecat’slotwasabouttoimprove.Thatyear,oneofBenjamin’scousins,MrPennington,cametovisit.HewasimpressedwithBenjamin’sdrawings.Whenhewenthome,hesentBenjaminaboxofpaintandsomebrushes.Healsosentsixengravings(版畫)byanartist.ThesewerethefirstpicturesandfirstrealpaintandbrushesBenjaminhadeverseen.22.WhatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinParagraph3suggest?A.Thecatwouldbecloselywatched.B.Thecatwouldgetsomemedicalcare.C.Benjaminwouldleavehishomeshortly.D.Benjaminwouldhaverealbrushessoon.表示對比關系的詞語主要有：however,but,instead,despite,unlike,yet,while,whereas,ratherthan,insteadof,inspiteof,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,incontrast【技巧提示】【題型3】代詞指代題“Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangepeople’sbehavior,”saidFélixW.Ortiz,whopushedforthestate’s2001banonhand-helddevicesbydrivers.IftheTextalyzerbillbecomeslaw,hesaid,“peoplearegoingtobemoreafraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone.”30.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“something”inthelastparagraphreferto?A.Advice.

B.Data.C.Tests. D.Laws.【技巧提示】推理判斷題A.adescriptionofpersonalvaluesandsocialvaluesB.ananalysisofhowworkwasconnectedwithcompetenceC.anexampleforparents’expectationsoftheirchildrenD.anexplanationwhysomeboysgrewintohappymen1.Vaillant’swordsinParagraph2serveas___________.A.recordingtheboys’effortinschoolB.evaluatingthemen’smentalhealthC.comparingdifferentsetsofscoresD.measuringthemen’sproblemsolvingability2.Vaillant’steamobtainedtheirfindingsby_______.細節理解題詞句猜測題A.Quicktoreact.B.Havingathinedge.C.Clearanddefinite.D.Suddenandrapid.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"sharp"probablymeaninParagraph4?A.Competentadultsknowmoreaboutlovethanwork.B.Emotionalhealthisessentialtoawonderfuladultlife.C.Lovebringsmorejoytopeoplethanworkdoes.D.Independenceisthekeytoone’ssuccess.4.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?推理判斷題本文是一篇說明文。文章通過John的例子并結合一個研究發現說明童年時期幫助做一些家務的孩子長大后會更快樂，更成功。WhenJohnwasgrowingup,otherkidsfeltsorryforhim.Hisparentsalwayshadhimweedingthegarden,carryingoutthegarbageanddeliveringnewspapers.ButwhenJohnreachedadulthood,hewasbetteroffthanhischildhoodplaymates.Hehadmorejobsatisfaction,abettermarriageandwashealthier.Mostofall,hewashappier.Thesearethefindingsofa40-yearstudythatfollowedthelivesof456teenageboysfromBoston.Thestudyshowedthatthosewhohadworkedasboysenjoyedhappierandmoreproductivelivesthanthosewhohadnot."Boyswhoworkedinthehomeorcommunitygainedcompetence(能力)andcametofeeltheywereworthwhilemembersofsociety,"saidGeorgeVaillant,thepsychologist(心理學家)whomadethediscovery."Andbecausetheyfeltgoodaboutthemselves,othersfeltgoodaboutthem."Vaillant’sstudyfollowedthesemalesingreatdetail.Interviewswererepeatedatages25,31and47.UnderVaillant,theresearcherscomparedthemen’smental-healthscoreswiththeirboyhood-activityscores.Pointswereawardedforpart-timejobs,housework,effortinschool,andabilitytodealwithproblems.Therelationshipbetweenwhatthemenhaddoneasboysandhowtheyturnedoutasadultswassurprisinglysharp.Thosewhohaddonethemostboyhoodactivitiesweretwiceaslikelytohavewarmrelationswithawidevarietyofpeople,fivetimesaslikelytobewellpaidand16timeslesslikelytohavebeenunemployed.TheresearchersalsofoundthatIQandfamilysocialandeconomicclassmadenorealdifferenceinhowtheboysturnedout.Working—atanyage—isimportant.Childhoodactivitieshelpachilddevelopresponsibility,independence,confidenceandcompetence—theunderpinnings(基礎)ofemotionalhealth.Theyalsohelphimunderstandthatpeoplemustcooperateandworktowardcommongoals.Themostcompetent(能干的)adultsarethosewhoknowhowtodothis.Yetworkisn'teverything.AsTolstoyoncesaid,“Onecanlivemagnificentlyinthisworldifoneknowshowtoworkandhowtolovetoworkforthepersononelovesandtoloveone'swork.”推理判斷題A.Byanalyzingthereasons. B.Byusingaquotation.C.Byansweringquestions. D.Bylistingdata.5.Howdoestheauthorshowtheeffectsofdietarychangesinparagraph2?A.Indifferent. B.Skeptical. C.Favorable. D.Negative.6.WhatisClark’sattitudetowardssmalldietarychanges?推理判斷題本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了飲食方面的小改變是如何造福地球的。Forsomeclimatechallenges,therearerelativelystraightforwardfixes.Forexample,renewableenergysourcescanalreadyreplacemuchoftheenergyneededtopowerbuildings,carsandmore.There’snosubstituteforfood,butshiftingwhatweeatispossible.Ifeveryoneontheplanetatevegetables,greenhousegasemissionsfromthefoodsystemcouldbecutbymorethanhalf;aplanetofvegetarianswouldreducefoodemissionsbytwothirds.Ifwestoppedconsumingconventionalfoodandreliedonalab-grownnutritionalfoodinsteadofsoilorwater-producedfood,wecouldpreventabout1degreecentigradeoffuturewarming,accordingtoarecentpaperthatconsideredtheuniquethoughtexperiment.“Whatthisworksaysis:Hey,look,wecanstillgetprettybigwinsevenifwe’renotmakingthesereallybigchangesindietarycomposition,”saysClark.“Ithinkthat’sreallypowerful,becausealotofpeoplejustdon’twanttomakethosereallybigdietarychanges,formanyreasons.WhilevegetariandietsarebecomingmorecommoninAmericaandsomeEuropeancountries,it’sabsolutelyridiculoustoassumethateveryonewillbeeatingavegetariandiet30yearsfromnow,”hesays.Foodchoicesarepersonal,deeplyconnectedtocultural,religious,emotional,economicconcernsandsomuchmore.“Ratherthandictatehowtodoit,it’smuchbettertotrytogivechoices,”saysNaglaa,afood,nutritionandenvironmentresearcheratTuftsUniversity.Thisapproachaimstoinformpeoplesothattheycanmakechoicesthatcorrespondwiththeirneedsandvaluesinsteadofwaitingfortheauthority’srulesandorders.Asawhole,thosechoicescanbenefitbothhumanhealthandtheplanet.Forthattohappen,itisnecessarytoworkalongsidelarge-scaleeffortstoreshapeindustrialfoodproduction.“Butwhatpeoplechoosetoeatdailyisfarfrominsignificant,”saysClark.“Wedon’tallhavetobecomevegetariansovernight.Smallchangescanmakeabigdifference.”詞句猜測題A.Command. B.Persuade. C.Perceive. D.Describe.7.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“dictate”inparagraph4mean?A.HowsmallchangestoourdietscanbenefittheplanetB.SmallchangesinlifechoicescanmakeabigdifferenceC.WhyrenewableenergysourcescanreducegasemissionsD.Lab-grownnutritionalfoodcouldpreventfuturewarming8.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?主旨大意題廣義相對論（GeneralRelativity）是描述物質間引力相互作用的理論。其基礎由阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦于1915年完成，1916年正式發表。這一理論首次把引力場等效成時空的彎曲。事件視界（英語：eventhorizon），是一種時空的曲隔界線。視界中任何的事件皆無法對視界外的觀察者產生影響。在黑洞周圍的便是事件視界。在非常巨大的引力影響下，黑洞附近的逃逸速度大于光速，使得任何光線皆不可能從事件視界內部逃脫。根據廣義相對論，在遠離視界的外部觀察者眼中，任何從視界外部接近視界的物件，將須要用無限長的時間到達視界面，其影響會經歷無止境逐漸增強的紅移；但該物件本身卻不會感到任何異常，并會在有限時間之內穿過視界。主旨大意題A.TheproblemswithNISTtime. B.Theneedtokeeptimeaccurate.C.Thechallengestodefinetime. D.Thestrangefeaturesofrealtime.9.Whatisparagraph3mainlyabout?A.Powerful. B.Gentle. C.Straight. D.Careless.10.Whatdoestheword“gargantuan”underlinedinparagraph4mean?詞義猜測題本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了相對時間的一些奇異的特性。Inourdailylife,ithasneverbeeneasiertounderstandtime:TheNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology(NIST)broadcaststhetimetopointsacrossthecountryandthenit’sfedthroughcomputernetworksandcellphonetowerstoourpersonaldevices.ThetimefromNISTkeepssocietyorganizedandincreaseseconomicproductivity.“Growingup,alotofusarefedwiththisconceptofabsolutetime,”saysChandaPrescodWeinstein,atheoreticalphysicistattheUniversityofNewHampshire.“Butthetimewe’reexperiencingisasocialconstruct.Realtimeissomethingquitedifferent.InsomeofthecornersoftheUniverse,spaceandtimecanstretchandslow-andsometimesevenbreakdowncompletely.”Formanypeople,hisideaoftimeisunbelievable.Buttruetimeisactuallymuchmoreflexiblethanmostpeoplerealize.AccordingtoEinstein’sgeneraltheoryofrelativity,spaceandtimearetiedtogether,andspace-timecanbendandcurve(彎曲).Astimestretches,itslows.Thebest-knownforcethatstretchestimeisgravity.Themoregravitysomebodyexperiences,theslowertimepassesforthemwhencomparedtosomeoneinalowergravitationalfield.Inplaceswheregravityisverystrong,timeasweunderstandcanbreakdowncompletely.Attheedgeofblackholes,forexample,thegargantuangravitationalpullslowstimedramatically.“Uponcrossingtheblackhole’spointofnoreturn,knownasitsevent-horizon,youendupinaregionwheretimebreaksdownentirely,”Weinsteinsays.“Atthatpointtimehasnorealmeaning.Thereisnodirection.Thereisnofuture.”ThescientistsatNISTarewellawareofalltheproblemswithtime.“Justashumanskeepimprovingtheirmaps,wemustimproveourclocks.BetterclockscanmakeGPSmoreaccurate,computernetworksfaster,andmuch,muchmore,”saysJohnKitching,oneoftheNISTscientists.“Butit’sprettyhardtodefinetimeinasatisfactoryway.”KitchingagreeswithWeinsteinthattimeasweexperienceitisatechnologyratherthanafundamentalpartoftheUniverse.“Fromaphysicssense,itdoesn’thavethatmuchvalue,”heconcludes.”細節理解題A.Itwillbetiedtospace. B.Itbecomestotallymeaningless.C.Itjustpointstothefuture. D.Itusuallyslowsdownsharply.11.Whatwillhappentotimeattheevent-horizonA.basedontherealtime B.oflittlevalueC.aman-mademeasurement D.hardtounderstand12.Accordingtothetext,thetimefromNISTis______.細節理解題細節理解題A.Nature’s10iscelebratingthedevelopmentofsciencetechnology.B.OnlyhumanbeingswereelectedasNature’s10before.C.Nature’s10wasstartedin2023forthefirsttime.D.Itwasawardedbythelocalgovernmentyearly.13.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutNature’s10accordingtothepassage?12月14日，《自然》（Nature）公布了2023年度十大科學人物榜單（Nature’s10），這一榜單旨在選出10位在本年度做出重大科學突破的學者。在這次評選中，共有5名男性、5名女性入榜，以及一個AI。這也是《自然》首次將非人類ChatGPT列入了年度科學人物榜單。在這些人中，許多科學家做出的研究可以被認為是“突破性研究”，比如有重新定義生殖的日本學者林克彥；共同開發ChatGPT的OpenAI首席科學家伊利亞·蘇茨克維爾（IlyaSutskever）；以及在GLP-1藥物研發中起到突出作用的斯維特拉娜·莫約夫（SvetlanaMojsov）等。重新定義生殖：林克彥今年3月，“男男或能生子”的話題一度在網上引起熱議。這種說法并非空穴來風，而是源于一項干細胞技術。3月15日，日本大阪大學林克彥（KatsuhikoHayashi）團隊在《自然》（Nature）上發表論文宣布，他們從兩只雄性小鼠父母的細胞中培育出了卵子，這些卵子在與雄性精子結合后，能夠繁衍出下一代，并且下一代小鼠仍具有生育功能。在這項研究中，林克彥團隊從雄性老鼠的尾巴中取出具有X和Y兩種性染色體的細胞，并將它們轉化為干細胞。在這個過程中，大約有3%的細胞會自發失去Y染色體。林克彥團隊分離出這些失去Y染色體的細胞，并用化學物質處理，導致細胞分裂時出現錯誤，其中一些錯誤導致細胞具有重復X染色體，成為雌性細胞。在實驗中，每個步驟都非常精妙，在630次胚胎移植中，有7只活的幼崽培育成功。超導界的“偵探”：詹姆斯·哈姆林今年，美國羅切斯特大學物理學家朗加·迪亞斯（RangaDias）一直深處輿論中心。一方面是因為他的室溫超導研究，另一方面就是因為康奈爾大學詹姆斯·哈姆林（JamesHamlin）對他室溫超導研究的“打假”。超導是一種物理現象，指的是某些物質在低溫下（通常是接近絕對零度），電阻消失并表現出完全的電導性。最早是由荷蘭物理學家?？恕た┝帧ぐ簝人梗℉eikeKamerlinghOnnes）在1911年發現的。一般來說，物質需要降溫到特定的臨界溫度以下才會展示出超導性。而今年3月，迪亞斯團隊在《自然》上發表研究，聲稱在“中等壓力下成功實現了長期追求的室溫超導性”，這意味著，人類可以在室溫（較常規的低溫條件）下實現超導性。今年，哈姆林被評選為《自然》2023年度十大科學人物，原因是“這位物理學家幫助發現了有關室溫超導性的轟動性聲明中的缺陷”。被遺忘的GLP-1藥物功臣：斯維特拉娜·莫約夫GLP-1即類胰高血糖素-1，是一種食欲抑制劑，目前以該技術為原理的Ozempic和Wegovy等代表性藥品已風靡減肥領域，創造了數十億美元的價值，甚至被認為有望摘得諾獎。莫約夫出生于南斯拉夫，現年已經七十多歲，曾是波士頓馬薩諸塞州總醫院（MGH）內分泌單元的成員，而這個地方被認為是GLP-1藥物的“誕生地”。莫約夫曾證明，“GLP-1的這種生物活性形式能夠引發大鼠胰腺釋放胰島素”，創建的多肽和抗體也為證明“GLP-1能夠在早期人類試驗中降低血糖”研究中產生積極影響。可以說，莫約夫的研究為GLP-1藥物的應用奠定了基礎，但多年以來，莫約夫都被外界忽視，在介紹GLP-1藥物的時候，幾乎沒有她的身影，甚至藥物的專利費用她也從未收到過。一怒之下，莫約夫選擇了法律訴訟。在經過漫長的維權之后，莫約夫獲得了部分第一代GLP-1藥物銷售的專利收入。在《自然》2023年度十大人物盤點中，莫約夫因“一位生物化學家終于因她在開發數十億美元減重藥物中所起的作用而獲得了認可”為由上榜用ADC藥物擊敗化療：托馬斯·波爾斯在今年10月的歐洲腫瘤內科學會（ESMO），托馬斯·波爾斯（ThomasPowles）宣布，“以前，我們從未在尿路上皮癌一線治療中獲得比化療更好的生存結局，現在我們成功地實現了這一突破”！膀胱癌試驗檢測了一種名為奧瑞韋敏維多汀（enfortumabvedotin）的ADC藥物，該藥靶向一種稱為nectin-4的蛋白質，該蛋白能夠在膀胱癌細胞上豐富表達。它與另一種免疫療法藥物pembrolizumab共同作用于癌細胞。這種聯合療法已經獲得了FDA批準，適用于無法接受一種名為cisplatin的化療藥物的人。此前，大約有一半左右晚期膀胱癌患者無法接受這種藥物。另外與標準化療相比，兩種新藥物的聯合似乎將中位生存時間從約16個月延長到2.5年。波爾斯的上榜理由是，“這位醫生兼癌癥研究員，領導了一項改變膀胱癌治療方式的重大臨床試驗”。哈利杜·廷托（HalidouTinto）是寄生蟲學教授和全球健康科學家，擔任基納法索Nanoro臨床研究部門主管，他的研究為了解和抗擊撒哈拉以南非洲的瘧疾做出了重要貢獻。廷托的上榜理由是，“由于這位研究人員的嚴格測試，針對這種致命禍害的第二種疫苗將很快推出”。廷托領導的臨床試驗成功幫助了一款疫苗獲批，該疫苗能極大降低瘧疾感染率和死亡率?？柵良{·卡拉哈斯蒂（KalpanaKalahasti）是印度科學家和電子與通信工程師，她是該登月項目的副總監，負責該項目。她上榜的理由是“這位工程師和經理在確保月船3號成功著陸月球方面發揮了關鍵作用，使印度成為第四個實現這一壯舉的國家?！爆旣惸取は癄柾撸∕arinaSilva）出生于1958年，是巴西政治家和環保主義者，今年1月，席爾瓦宣誓就職巴西環境部長，致力于推動巴西在環境保護方面的主導地位，讓巴西重新融入國際社會。上榜理由是“巴西環境部長幫助控制了猖獗的森林砍伐，并重建了被前政府削弱的政府機構?！北疚氖且黄侣剤蟮?。文章報道了《自然》雜志將ChatGPT選入“自然10強”并分析了原因。文章同時介紹ChatGPT的創造者之一伊利亞·蘇茨克維爾對ChatGPT的看法。ThisstoryispartofNature’s10,anannuallistproducedbytheworld’sleadingsciencejournalNature,exploringindividualswhocontributedtothekeydevelopmentsinscience.Onthe2023listpublished,thejournalincludedanon-humanentity—ChatGPT,forthefirsttime.ChatGPTandrelatedsoftwarecanhelptobrainstormideas,enhancescientificsearchenginesandidentifyresearchgapsintheliterature,saysMarinkaZitnik,whoworksonAIformedicalresearchatHarvardMedicalSchoolinBoston,Massachusetts.ModelstrainedinsimilarwaysonscientificdatacouldhelptobuildAIsystemsthatcanguideresearch,perhapsbydesigningnewmoleculesorsimulatingcellbehaviour,Zitnikadds.Butwhyincludeacomputerprograminalistofpeoplewhohaveshap