卓越研究生英語（人文篇）1卓越研究生英語（人文篇）1Unit1Mindswoveninwords教師用書11Unit1MindswoveninwordsUnitoverviewSettingSetting（核心議題）。ExploringExploring（ReadingA&Viewing論和心語假說這兩種對語言和思維關系的不同學術見解。ReadingA閱讀認知科學家的語言思維實驗，了解語言是如何決定思維的。ReadingB閱讀討論漢語特點和中ProducingProducing國際應用語言學聯合會正在組織青年論壇，邀請各國的年輕學者討論語言對人類社會的影響。你將作為中國代表參加此次論壇，介紹漢語的獨特性，向各國參會者展示漢語如何影響人類思維和社會發展。EvaluatingEvaluating學科知識目標：（Viewing）（ReadingA）、漢語及漢語思維特點（ReadingB）（Academiclisteningreadingskill）、展示漢語魅力的學術演講（Academicspeakingskill）PAGEPAGE10LeadinginInfluencesexertedonindividuals:EnrichingworldviewandperspectiveShapingthoughtpatternsFacilitatingexpressionProvidingaccesstoknowledgeWinningcareeropportunitiesInfluencesexertedonsociety:PreservingcultureandheritagePromotinginternationaltradeCommunicatingculturalvaluesandcustomsAffectingpowerdynamicswithinsocietyFunctioninginvariousformsofmediaViewingPre-viewingNo,IhavenotnoticedwhatlanguageIamthinkingin.TherearetimeswhenIamawarethatIhaveaclearanddefiniteidea,butwhenitcomestoputtingitinlanguage,nomatterwhetherinmymothertongueormysecondlanguage,Ioftenfindthatlanguagefailstoputacrossfaithfullytheideathathasoccurredtome.Thelanguageinwhichpeoplethinkcanvary.Someindividualsmaypredominantlythinkintheirnativelanguageorthelanguagetheyusemostfrequently.Otherswhoarebilingualormultilingualmightswitchbetweenlanguagesdependingonthecontextorthelanguagetheyarerecentlyusing.It’simportanttonotethatthinkingisnotalwaysdependentonlanguagealone.Non-linguisticthoughts,suchasvisualimageryorabstractconcepts,canalsooccurwithouttheneedforspecificlinguisticrepresentation.Thenatureofthoughtanditsrelationshipwithlanguageisafascinatingtopicstudiedbypsychologists,linguists,andcognitivescientists.Itcontinuestobeanareaofongoingresearchandexploration,delvingintothecomplexinterplaybetweenlanguage,cognition,andperception.Script:Canwethinkcomplexthoughtswithoutlanguage?IfyoucanhearwhatI’msayingandunderstandme,youcanprobablyspeakEnglish.alsoverylikelythatyouthinkinEnglishaswell,right?mightbesayingtoyourself:Whenisthisguygoingtogettothepoint?ButifItookallofthosewordsoutoftheEnglishlanguage,wouldyoustillbeabletothinkthatthought?Ifyouknowfewerwords,canyouthinkfewerthoughts?Moreimportantly,canyouthinkcomplexthoughts?Accordingtothetheoryoflinguisticdeterminism,theanswerwouldbeno.Iflinguisticdeterminismholdstrue,reasonabletothinkthattheDanipeople,whohaveonlytwowordsfordescribingmiliandmola,whichmeandarkcolorsandlightcolorsrespectively,willnotbeabletomakedetaileddistinctionsbetweencolorslikewedo.Theyshouldonlybeabletodistinguishthemasdarkorlight.studiesshowthattheDanipeoplecanmakedistinctionsbetweendifferentcolorsjustfine,despitenothavingtermsforthem.Iftheycanmakethedistinctions,whydotheynothavedifferentwordsforthem?Itseemsthatthere’sacomplexandinterdependentrelationshipbetweenlanguage,thought,andculture.Letmeputforthasimplifiedthoughtexperimentthatmayhelpclarifyourdilemma.Considertwohypotheticalcultures:CultureAandCultureB.Cultureflagismadeupofvariousshadesofgreenandtheyliveinaforest.CultureB’sflagismadeupofvariousshadesofblueandtheyliveneartheocean.Now,supposeIshowbothculturesalightergreenandadarkergreen.CultureAisfarmorelikelytomakeadistinctionbetweenthetwocolorsbecause,livinginaforestandseeingalotofgreen,theyvaluemakingthatdistinctionintheirlanguageandneedtomakethatdistinctiontocommunicatewithoneanother.Ontheotherhand,whenCultureBisaskedwhatcolorstheysee,theymayjustrefertotheminthesingular,green.Theydon’tvaluemakingthatdistinctionbecausetheydon’tneedto.Alanguagemaylackwordsforcolors,butitdoesn’tmeanitsspeakerscannotexperiencethatphenomenonorcreateanewwordforit.It’smorelikelyareflectionoftheirculture;theydon’tnecessarilyseetheworlddifferently,buttheyvaluedifferentthings.Stevenapsychologistandlinguist,putsforththeconceptof“mentalese”:aninnate“languageofthought.”Hestatesthat,“knowingalanguageisknowinghowtotranslatementaleseintostringsofwords,andviceversa.”Accordingtohim,youandIarenotthinkinginEnglish.Rather,wearethinkinginthe“languageofthought”andtranslatingthatintoourrespectivelanguagessothatwecancommunicatewithothers.Ingeneral,thoughtcomesfirstandlanguagecomesInsomesense,wecanlookatonelanguageandseeareflectionofthevaluesandthoughtsthatpeopleinthatculture“share”basedonthewordsthattheyhavechosentocreate.Analyticalviewing1thinkcomplexthoughtwithoutlanguageLinguisticdeterminismcomplexandinterdependentlanguage,thought,andcultureMentaleseLanguageisareflectionofvaluesandthoughts/ThoughtcomesfirstandlanguagecomesafterExercisesonline2Checkthecorrectinterpretationsofthegivenacademicconcepts.YoucanrefertotheAcademiclisteningskill.linguisticdeterminismThenotionthatlanguagedeterminesthought.Theconceptthatlanguagedeterminespersonality.C Thebeliefthatlanguageisdeterminedbythought.D Theassumptionthatwecannotthinkcomplexthoughtwithoutlanguage.mentaleseThelanguageofmind.Thecharacteristicsofmind.Thetheorythatsuggeststhoughthasaninnatelanguage.Thetheoryofmindthatadvocatesthoughtshapeslanguage.A,DA,CA,DA,C12Answerthefollowingquestions.1 WhatevidencefromtheDanipeople’slanguageandculturechallengesthetheoryoflinguisticdeterminismanddemonstratesthecomplexrelationshipbetweenlanguage,thought,andculture?AccordingAccordingtoStevenPinker’sconceptof“mentalese,”howdoeslanguagefunctionasatranslationtoolforourinnate“languageofthought”?Howdoesthisperspectivecontributetotheunderstandingthatlanguagedoesnotsolelydetermineourabilitytothinkcomplexthoughts?ReferenceanswerThefactthattheDanipeoplecanmakedistinctionsbetweendifferentcolors,evenwithonlytwowordsfordescribingcolor(miliandmola),challengesthenotionthatlanguagedeterminesourabilitytoperceiveanddifferentiatecolors.Itsuggeststhatalthoughtheirlanguagelacksspecifictermsforvariouscolors,theycanstillexperienceanddiscerndifferentshades.Thishighlightstheinterdependentrelationshipbetweenlanguage,thought,andculture,whereculturalvaluesandenvironmentalfactorsinfluencelanguagedevelopmentandusage.Pinkersuggeststhatthereisanunderlyinguniversalcognitivesystem,independentofanyparticularlanguage,whichformsthebasisofhumanthinking.Pinkersuggeststhatthereisanunderlyinguniversalcognitivesystem,independentofanyparticularlanguage,whichformsthebasisofhumanthinking.Languageactsasameanstoexpressandcommunicatethesethoughtswithothers.Fromthisperspective,languagedoesnotsolelydetermineourabilitytothinkcomplexthoughts.Rather,itservesasamediumthroughwhichwetranslateourinternalthoughtsintocommunicablelanguage,allowingustoexpressandshareourcognitiveprocesseswithothers.Thisperspectiveemphasizestheroleoflanguageasatoolforcommunicationratherthanadeterminantofthoughtitself.Languagefocus(online)WordsandphrasesCompletethesentenceswiththecorrectformofthewordsorphrases.linguistic hypothetical psychologist viceversa interdependent phenomenon1The analyzedthesyntaxandgrammarofthelanguagetobetterunderstanditsstructure. regardingcognitivedevelopment. regardingcognitivedevelopment.3Inbilingualindividuals,Inbilingualindividuals,the oflanguageandthinkingishighlightedThestudyoflanguageand isaninvaluabletoolinunderstandinghowlanguageaffectsourthoughtsandbehaviors.Theemergenceofnewlanguagetrendsandshiftsincommunicationpatternsare thatreflectthedynamicnatureoflinguisticevolution.Therelationshipbetweenlanguageandcognitionisatwo-waystreet;howweprocessthoughtscanshapelinguisticstructures,and .Answerlinguist(s)hypothesisinterdependencepsychologyphenomenaviceversaReadingAPre-readingIagreewithPinker,becausesomesimplethoughtscertainlycanexistwithoutlanguage.StevenPinker’sconceptof“mentalese”suggeststhatlanguageandthoughtareseparateentities,andthatthoughtcanexistindependentlyoflanguage.Accordingtothisview,languageisseenasamediumforcommunicationratherthanaprerequisiteforthoughtitself.IdisagreewithPinker,becausecomplexthoughtscanhardlydevelopwithoutthefullmasteryofalanguage.That’swhywehavenevercomeacrossagreatthinkerwhoisilliterate.TheSapir-Whorfhypothesisproposesthatlanguagedoesshapethewaywethinkandperceivetheworld.Itsuggeststhatthestructureandvocabularyofalanguageinfluencehowspeakersconceptualizeandinterpretreality.Whilethereisongoingdebateamongcognitivescientistsandlinguistsregardingtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthought,evidencesuggeststhatlanguagecanindeedhaveanimpactoncognition.Researchinlinguisticrelativityhashighlightedexampleswheredifferentlanguagesstructureandemphasizecertainconceptsdifferently,influencingthoughtpatternsandculturalperspectives.It’simportanttonotethattheextenttowhichlanguageshapesthoughtmayvarydependingonvariousfactorssuchasindividualexperiences,culturalcontexts,andthespecificcognitiveprocessunderconsideration.LanguagepointsThequestiontouchesonamajorcontroversyinthestudyofmind,engagingscoresofphilosophers,anthropologists,linguists,andpsychologists.(Para.1)Meaning:Thequestionconcernsanimportantdebateinthestudyofmind.Itattractstheattentionofphilosophers,anthropologists,linguists,andpsychologists.touchontorefertoordiscussbriefly涉及Inhisspeechhewasonlyabletotouchonafewaspectsoftheproblem.engage:vt.(fml.)tosucceedinattractingandkeepingattentionandinterest吸引住（注意力、興趣）Itisamoviethatengagesboththemindandtheeye.Datahavebeencollectedaroundtheworldsothatwehaveactualscientificevidencetoweighinonthisquestion.(Para.1)Meaning:havegatheredinformationfromallovertheworld.Throughitwehaveacquiredsoundandsolidevidencetogiveouropinionsonthisissue.weighinon:togiveopinionorviewpointonaparticularsubjectorissue參與討論；（對…）發表意見ThePresident’spoliticaladvisersalsoweighedinontheplan.Simplyput,speakersoflanguageslikeKuukThaayorrearemuchbetterthanEnglishspeakersatstayingorientedandkeepingtrackofwheretheyare,eveninunfamiliarlandscapesorinsideunfamiliarbuildings.(Para.3)Meaning:Insimpleterms,speakersoflanguageslikeKuukThaayorrearereallygoodatmaintainingdirectionsandspatialawarenesseveninnewplaces.TheyarebetteratthisthanEnglishspeakers.oriented:a.beingawareofsb.’sdirectionalposition,esp.concerningthecardinaldirections有方向感的Shewasalwayswell-oriented,neverlosinghersenseofdirectioneveninunfamiliarsurroundings.keeptrackof:tohaveinformationaboutwhatishappeningorwheresb./sth.is了解…的動態Asadoctor,Mr.Blackneedstokeeptrackofthelatestdevelopmentinthefieldofmedicine.testthisidea,peopleweregivensetsofpicturesthatshowedsomekindoftemporalprogression(e.g.picturesofamanaging,acrocodilegrowing,orabananabeingeaten).Theirjobwastoarrangetheshuffledphotosonthegroundtoshowthecorrecttemporal(Para.4)Meaning:Toexaminetheconcept,participantsweregivensetsofimages.Eachsetillustratesachronologicalsequence,suchastheagingprocessofaman,thegrowthofacrocodile,ortheconsumptionofabanana.Theirtaskwastoarrangethesemixed-upimagesonthefloorinthecorrectorderoftime.temporalprogression:thesequentialadvancementordevelopmentofeventsorphenomenaovertime時間發展順序Thestudyanalyzedthetemporalprogressionofsocietalnormsthroughanexaminationofhistoricaltextsandculturalartifacts.shuffle:vt.tomovepaperorthingsintodifferentpositionsoradifferentorder把（紙張等）變換位置，打亂次序Afterreviewingtheinitialdraft,theeditorsuggestedthattheparagraphsneededtobeshuffledtoimprovetheflowofthewriting.Beyondabstractorcomplexdomainsofthoughtlikespaceandtime,languagesalsomeddleinbasicaspectsofvisualperception–ourabilitytodistinguishcolors,forexample.(Para.6)Meaning:Languagesaffectsuchabstractorintricateareasofthoughtasspaceandtime.Besides,theyalsoinfluencebasicskillslikeidentifyingcolors.meddlein:tobecomeinvolvedinsththatdoesnotconcernyou管閑事；干涉；干預It’snotagoodideatomeddleinotherpeople’spersonalmatterswithouttheirconsent.Differentlanguagesdivideupthecolorcontinuumdifferently:Somemakemanymoredistinctionsbetweencolorsthanothers,andtheboundariesoftendon’tlineupacrosslanguages.(Para.6)Meaning:Variouslanguagescategorizecolorsdifferentlyalongaspectrum.Somelanguageshavemorecolordistinctionsthanothers.Thesedistinctionsmaynotalignconsistentlyacrossdifferentlanguages.colorcontinuum:theentirerangeofcolors,oftendepictedinalinearorcircularformattorepresenttheirrelationshipandtransitionsfromonehuetoanother色譜Artistsoftenexplorethesubtleshiftswithinthecolorcontinuumtocreatecaptivatingandharmoniouspalettesintheirpaintings.lineuptobeinthecorrectpositioninrelationtosth.else對齊；一致Thebooksontheshelfdonotlineupneatlybecauseoftheirdifferentsizes.Evenwhatmightbedeemedfrivolousaspectsoflanguage,orflukesofgrammar,canhavefar-reachingsubconsciouseffectsonhowweseetheworld.(Para.8)Meaning:Someelementsoflanguagemayseeminsignificantoraccidental.Buttheycandeeplyinfluenceoursubconsciousperceptionsoftheworld.deem:vt.tohaveaparticularopinionaboutsth.認為；視為；相信Thenewpolicywasdeemedbythemanagementteamagreatsuccessinimprovingworkplaceproductivity.fluke:n.[C](infml.)sth.luckyorunusualthathappensbyaccident,notbecauseofplanningorskill偶然；僥幸；意外Thediscoveryoftheoldfamilyrecipebookintheatticwasasheerfluke.A

語言如何塑造思維方式7,000種語言，它們之間的差異數不勝數。這就引出了一個問題：我們所說的語言是否塑造了我們的思維方式？人們一直在思考這個古老的問題。據說查理大帝曾說過，會說另一種語言就等于擁有了第二個靈魂。這是語言決定現實的有力論斷。但另一方面，莎士比亞借朱麗葉之口說：“姓名本來是沒有意義的；我們叫作玫瑰的這種花，要是換了個名字，它的香味還是同樣芬芳。”。這表明，語言并不能塑造現實。這個問題觸及了思維研究中的一個重大爭議，吸引了許多哲學家、人類學家、語言學家和心理學家。然而，盡管人們一直在關注和爭論這個問題，就此展開的實證研究卻少之又少，直到最近，斯坦福大學和麻省理工學院（MIT）實驗室的研究才幫助人們重新審視這個問題。我們收集了世界各地的數據，借助切實的科學證據來參與對這個問題的討論。澳大利亞北部約克角西海岸上有一個名為波姆普羅的小型原住民社區，居住在這里的庫塔人談論空間的方式很獨特。庫塔人和許多其他原住民群體一樣，不使用英語中常用的“前、后、左、右”等詞來描述觀察者自己所處的空間，而是使用“東、西、南、北”等基本方向詞。在大大小小的情況中都是如此。例如，他們會說“你的東南腿上有只螞蟻”或“把杯子往西北偏北一點”。使用這種語言的顯而易見的結果是，庫塔人始終保持方向感，否則就無法正常交談。庫塔人的常用問候語是“你去哪兒？”回答大致是“東南偏南，中等距離。”如果不知道自己面朝哪個方向，你連招呼都打不了。結果是，使用以絕對參照系為主的語言（如庫塔語）的人與使用相對參照系的語言（如英語）的人在導航能力和空間認知方面存在巨大差異。簡而言之，說庫塔語等語言的人比說英語的人更善于保持方向感，更明確知道自己所處的位置，甚至在陌生的地形或陌生的建筑物內也是如此。讓他們具備這種能力的正是他們的語言。通過這種注意力訓練，他們完成了一次次曾被認為超出人類能力的導航壯舉。由于空間只是思維的一個基本領域，人們對空間的思維差異還不止于此。人們依賴空間認知建立其他更為復雜和抽象的表征。那么，如果庫塔人對空間的思考方式與眾不同，對時間等其他事物的思考方式是否也與眾不同呢？為了驗證這一想法，我們給受試者們分發了幾組顯示某種時間順序的圖片（例如，顯示一組人類衰老、鱷魚成長或香蕉被吃掉的圖片），他們的任務是把地上打亂次序的照片按時間順序排好。每個人分兩次接受測試，每次都朝向不同的方位。如果讓使用英語的受試者擺放，他們會把卡片從左到右按時間順序排列。而使用希伯來語的受試者則傾向于從右到左排列卡片，這說明語言的書寫方向起著一定的作用。那像庫塔人這樣不使用“左”和“右”的人呢？他們會怎么做？庫塔人從左到右排列卡片的次數并不比從右到左的次數多，朝向身體擺放的次數也不比遠離身體的次數多。但他們的排列并不是隨意的：排列有其規律，只是不同于使用英語的受試者。他們不是從左到右排列時間順序，而是從東到西排列。也就是說，面南而坐時，卡片從左到右排列。面朝北方時，卡片從右到左排列。面朝東方時，卡片則朝向身體，以此類推。即使沒有告訴受試者朝向哪個方向，情況也是如此。庫塔人不僅早就知道自己的朝向，而且還自發地利用空間方位來構建時間表征。除了空間和時間等抽象或復雜的思維領域外，語言還干預視覺感知的基本方面——例如我們分辨顏色的能力。不同的語言對色譜的劃分各不相同：有些語言對顏色的區分比其他語言要多得多，而且不同語言對顏色的區分往往并不一致。為了檢驗色彩語言的差異是否會導致色彩感知的差異，我們比較了俄語和英語使用者辨別藍色深淺的能力。在俄語中，沒有一個詞能涵蓋所有被英（голубой，發音為goluboy）和深藍色（синийsiniy）。這種區分是否意味著，對于講俄語的人來說，深藍與淺藍的區別會更明顯？實際上，數據顯示確實如此。相較于對兩種藍色不做區分的情況，俄語使用者能夠更快地區分深藍和淺藍，這兩種藍色在俄語中有不同的名稱（siniy和goluboy）。即使是看上去無關緊要的語言現象或語法上的偶然現象，也會潛移默化地深刻影響著人們看待世界的方式。以語法性別為例，在西班牙語和其他羅曼語中，名詞要么是陽性，要么是陰性。這意味著說話者需要根據名詞的性別來改變代詞、形容詞、動詞詞尾、所有格和數詞等。例如，在描述“鑰匙”（在德語中是陽性詞，在西班牙語中是陰性詞）時，德語使用者更傾向于使用“堅硬”“沉重”“鋸齒狀”“金屬”“鋸齒狀”和“有用”等詞，而西班牙語使用者則更傾向于使用“金色”“精巧”“小”“可愛”“閃亮”和“小巧”等詞。總之，這些研究結果表明，語言加工在大多數基本思維領域中無處不在，以多種不同的方式潛移默化地塑造著我們。語言是人類獨有的天賦，是我們作為人類的核心體驗。認識到語言在構建精神生活中的作用，就離理解人類的本質更近了一步。Analyticalreading1spacetemporalprogression(arrange)fromeasttowestarecalledbydifferentnamesvisualperceptiongrammaticalgenderadjectivesassociatedwithfemalequalitiesLinguisticprocessesarepervasiveinmostfundamentaldomainsofthoughtandconstructourmentallivesExercisesonline2Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothetext.Differencesinlinguisticcategorizationsofcolorscanleadtovariationsincolorperceptionbetweendifferentlanguagespeakers.Linguisticprocesseshavenoimpactonourunderstandingofgrammar-relatedconcepts.Speakersoflanguagesrelyingprimarilyonabsolutereferenceframes,likeKuukThaayorre,havebetternavigationalabilityandspatialknowledgethanthoserelyingonrelativereferenceframes,likeEnglish.Hebrewspeakersarrangepicturesshowingtemporalprogressionfromrighttoleftduetothewritingdirectionintheirlanguage.TheKuukThaayorrearrangepicturesshowingtemporalprogressionfromwesttoeast,basedontheirspatialorientation,regardlessofthedirectiontheyarefacing.AnswerTFTTF3Answerthefollowingquestions.Inwhatwaydoeslanguageinfluenceourperceptionandrepresentationoftime?ProvideexamplesfromoroutsidethetexttosupportyourTheauthorhasdiscussedhowlanguagesshapethewaywethinkaboutspace,time,color,andobjects.Whichpartofdiscussionimpressesyoumost?Why?Accordingtotheauthor,“Beyondabstractorcomplexdomainsofthoughtlikespaceandtime,languagesalsomeddleinbasicaspectsofvisualperception.”(para.6)Inwhatotherdomainsoraspectsdoyouthinklanguageshapesourthinking? ReferenceanswerLanguageinfluencesourperceptionandrepresentationoftimebyshapinghowwearrangetemporalprogressionandconceptualizethesequencingofevents.Inthetext,anexampleisgivenofEnglishspeakersarrangingpicturesinaleft-to-rightprogressiontodepictthetemporalHebrewspeakers,ontheotherhand,tendtoarrangepicturesfromrighttoleftduetothewritingdirectionintheirlanguage.TheKuukThaayorrepeople,whousecardinaldirectionsinsteadofrelativereferenceframes,arrangethepicturesalwaysfromeasttowestinspiteoffacingdifferentdirections.Theseexamplesdemonstratehowlanguagecaninfluencethespatialorientationanddirectionalityinwhichweperceiveandrepresenttheflowoftime. Foranotherinstance,ChinesePutonghuaspeakershaveaverticalmetaphorfortime(e.g.,thenextmonthisthe“downmonth”(下個月)andthelastmonthisthe“upmonth”(上個月).PutonghuaspeakerstalkabouttimeverticallymoreoftenthanEnglishspeakersdo,andtheytendtothinkabouttimeverticallymoreoftenthanEnglishspeakersdo.ThishasbeenprovedbyanexperimentdonebyacognitivescientistatUniversityofCalifornia,LeraBoroditsky,whereshestandsnexttoaparticipantoftheexperimentandpointstoaspotinspacedirectlyinfrontofhim/her,andaskswherehe/shewouldputtomorrowifthespothereistoday.WhenEnglishspeakersareaskedtodothis,theynearlyalwayspointhorizontally.ButPutonghuaspeakersoftenpointvertically,aboutsevenoreighttimesmoreoftenthanEnglishspeakers.WhatimpressesmemostishowtheKuukThaayorre’slanguageandrelianceoncardinaldirectionsforspatialorientationaffecttheirnavigationalabilityandspatialknowledge.Theiruniquelinguisticsystemenablesthemtostayorientedallthetime,eveninunfamiliarlandscapes.Thishighlightstheprofoundinfluenceoflanguageoncognitionandchallengestheassumptionthatcertaincognitiveabilitiesareuniversallyfixed.Itshowstheintricaterelationshipbetweenlanguage,thought,andculture,emphasizingtheroleoflanguageinshapingourperceptionofspaceandnavigationskills.Accordingtotheauthor,languageshapesourthinkinginvariousdomainsoraspectsbeyondabstractorcomplexthought.Forinstance,differentlanguagesdivideupthecolorcontinuumdifferently,leadingtovariationsincolorperceptionanddiscrimination.GrammaticalgenderinlanguageslikeSpanishandGermanalsoinfluenceshowspeakersdescribeobjects,withdifferentassociationsandcharacteristicsattributedbasedonthegenderednatureofnouns.languagelikelyplaysaroleinshapingourthinkingaboutconceptslikesocialrelationships,emotions,andculturalpractices.Theseexampleshighlighthowlanguagehaspervasiveeffectsondiverseaspectsofourthinkingandperception.ThinkingbeyondIagreewithWilliamLabov’sviewpointontherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.Languageandsocietyareindeedintertwined,andlanguagebothreflectsandshapessocialrealities.Here’sapositiveexplanationofLabov’sviewpoint:Languagereflectssocialrealities:Languageisnotadetachedsystembutratherisdeeplyinfluencedbysocialfactors.Thewaypeoplespeak,thewordstheyuse,andtheirlinguisticvariationsareoftentiedtotheirsocialidentities,suchastheirsocialclass,ethnicity,andgender.Byanalyzinglanguagepatterns,wecangaininsightsintothesocialstructures,culturalpractices,andpowerdynamicswithinasociety.Languageshapessocialrealities:Languageisapowerfultoolthatshapessocialinteractions,behaviors,andculturalnorms.Theuseoflanguagecanreinforceorchallengesocialhierarchies,expresspolitenessorsolidarity,andconveyculturalvalues.Throughlinguisticchoices,individualsactivelyparticipateinconstructingandnegotiatingtheirsocialrealities,influencinghowtheyareperceivedandtreatedbyothers.Languagechangeswithsocialchanges:Languageisnotstaticbutevolvesalongsidesocietalchanges.Languagevariationsandinnovationsoftenemergeasaresponsetosocialshifts,culturalinfluences,andcontactwithotherlanguages.Languagechangecanalsocontributetosocialchangebychallengingexistingsocialnormsorreflectingevolvingsocialattitudes.Thisdynamicrelationshipbetweenlanguageandsocietyensuresthatlanguageremainsalivingandrelevantaspectofhumanculture.Onthewhole,Iagreewithhim,butstillhavesomereservations:Labov’sperspectiveoversimplifiesthecomplexinteractionsbetweenlanguageandsociety.Languageisjustoneaspectofhumanbehaviorandsocialdynamics,anditisinfluencedbyamultitudeoffactorsbeyondsocialstructuresalone.Otherfactors,suchasindividualcognition,psychology,andculturalinfluences,alsoplayasignificantroleinshapinglanguageuseanddevelopment.Therelationshipbetweenlanguageandsocietymaybemoreunidirectional.Languageprimarilyreflectsandisdeterminedbysocialrealities,ratherthanactivelyshapingthem.Languageisseenasaproductofsocialfactors,ratherthananindependentforcethatshapesbehaviorsandsocialinteractions.Languagevariationandchangeareinfluencedbyavarietyoffactorsbeyondsocialstructures,includinghistorical,geographic,andlinguisticfactors.Thesefactorscaninteractincomplexways,makingitdifficulttoattributelanguagevariationsolelytosocialfactors.Therefore,itmaybeoverlysimplistictoassumethatlanguagereflectsandshapessocialrealitiesexclusively.Labov’sviewpointmaynotadequatelyaccountforindividualagencyandcreativityinlanguageuse.Whilesocialfactorscertainlyinfluencelanguage,individualsalsohavethecapacitytoinnovate,createnewlinguisticforms,andchallengeexistingsocialnormsthroughlanguage.Thisindividualagencycancontributetolanguagechangeandshapesocialdynamicsinwaysthatmaynotalignneatlywithsocialstructures.Languagefocus(online)Bankedclozearray subconscious orientation discriminate intricateperception possessive proceed feat flukerandom continuum controversy domain resideanguageandmindareintricatelyconnected,operatingwithinthearray subconscious orientation discriminate intricateperception possessive proceed feat flukerandom continuum controversy domain resideanguageandmindareintricatelyconnected,operatingwithinthe1) ofumancognition.Language,oneoftheremarkable2) ofhumanLhingenuity,enablesustocommunicate,expressthoughts,andexploretheworldofideas.Itisanessentialtoolforourcognitiveprocesses,shapingourviewandunderstandingoftheworld. towardlanguage,capableofcomprehendingandproducingcomplexLanguageisnota(n)3) assemblageofwords;itisorganizedandstructured,allowingustoconveymeaning towardlanguage,capableofcomprehendingandproducingcomplexlinguisticstructures.Throughlanguage,welinguisticstructures.Throughlanguage,wecan5) betweenvariousconcepts,categorizeinformation,andmakesenseoftheconcepts,categorizeinformation,andmakesenseofthevast6) ofThe7) surroundinglanguageandmindcentersontheextenttowhichlanguageshapesourthoughtsandviceversa.Somearguethatlanguagedeterminesourcognitiveprocesses,influencinghowwe8) andinterprettheworld.Otherscontendthatlanguageisareflectionofourthoughts,merelyameansofexternalizingourmentalstates.eachotherineachotherina(n)9) complexrelationship.Ourcognitiveprocessesshapethewayweuselanguage,whileshapethewayweuselanguage,whilelanguage10) toshapeandAnswerdomainfeatsrandomorienteddiscriminatearraycontroversyperceiveintricatelyproceedsTranslatethesentencesintoEnglishusinginfinitives.Model:Charlemagneisreputedtohavesaidthattospeakanotherlanguageistopossessasecondsoul.學習一門新語言，便打開了通往不同文化和思維方式的大門。參與有意義的對話，意味著要交換思想并拓寬思維。教授語言技能，是為了賦予個人以表達思想、與不同人群溝通的能力。翻譯文學作品，就是要彌合文化差異，保留思想的豐富性。創意寫作旨在探索心靈深處，表達獨特觀點。Referenceanswerlearnanewlanguageistoopenagatewaytodifferentculturesandwaysofthinking.engageinmeaningfulconversationsistoexchangeideasandbroadenthemind.3.teachlanguageskillsistoempowerindividualstoexpressthoughtsandconnectwithdiversecommunities.translateliteratureistobridgegapsbetweenculturesandpreservetherichnessofthought.writecreativelyistoexplorethedepthsofthemindandexpressuniqueperspectives.ReadingBPre-readingHerearesomemajorcharacteristicsoftheChineselanguageandtheirimplications:LogographicWritingSystem:Chinesecharacters,orHanzi,formalogographicsystemwher