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COPERNICUS’REVOLUTIONARYTHEORYUsinglanguageAboutCopernicusCanyounametheeightplanetsinthesolarsystem?

EightPlanetsIntheSolarSystem

Mercury水星Venus金星Earth地球Mars火星Jupiter木星Saturn土星Uranus天王星Neptune海王星EightPlanetsIntheSolarSystem:AboutCopernicusDoyouknowwhatisthecenterofthesolarsystem?Whoputforwardthetheorythatthesunisthecenterofthesolarsystem?NicolausCopernicusPre-readingActually,beforehimpeoplethoughtthecenterofthesolarsystemwastheearth,especiallythoseChristianChurchwhobelievedGodmadetheworldandtheearthwasspecial.AndCopernicushadmuchdifficultypublishinghisidea.Let’sseewhatkindofdifficultydidheface.Copernicus’RevolutionaryTheory1.What’sCopernicus’fear?2.HowdidCopernicusprovehistheory?Questions:3.Whathadtheastronomersnoticedinthesky?4.WhendidCopernicuscompletehistheory?

5.Howdidheexplainchangesinthemovementoftheplanetsandinthebrightnessofthestars?Whendidhepublishhisidea?1.What’s

Copernicus’fear?HefearedthatthepowerfulChristianChurchwouldhavepunishedhimforevensuggestingsuchanidea.BrunowasbornfiveyearsafterCopernicusdied.HestucktotheSun-centeredTheory,whichwasagainsttheChurch’swill.In1600,hewasburnttodeath.2.HowdidCopernicusprovehistheory?Hehadthoughtlongandhardabouttheseproblemsandtriedtofindananswer.Hehadobservationsofthestarsandusedallhismathematicalknowledgetoexplainthem.Allhiscalculationsandobservationsprovedthathistheorywasright.3.Whatishistheory?Thesunisthecentreofthesolarsystemwiththeplanetsgoingrounditandonlythemoonstillgoingroundtheearth.AtCopernicus’time,ChristianChurchwasinchargeofmanywestern

countries.2.Copernicusdidn’tshowhisnewtheorytohisfriendsuntilhecompletedit.TT3.Hisfriendswerenotinterestedinhisideas.4.SincehewasnotafraidofbeingattackedbytheChurch,Copernicuspublishedhisbookassoonashefinishedworkingonit.5.Newton,Einstein,andHawkingareallscientistswhomadecontributiontothestudyoftheuniverse.

FFTCarefulreadingReadthetextcarefully,thenanswerthesequestionsWhycouldhenottellabouthistheory?(Para1)BecausethepowerfulChistianChurchwouldhavepunishedhimforevensuggestingsuchanidea(2)Whatwashistheoryabout?(Para1)

Allhismathematicalcalculationsledto

thesameconclusion:thattheearthwasnotthecentreofthesolarsystem.Onlyifyouputthesuntheredidthemovementsoftheotherplanetsintheskymakesense.Theyhadnoticedthatsomeplanetsintheskyseemedtostop,movebackwardandthengoforwardinaloop.Othersappearedbrighterattimesandlessbrightatothers.Between1510and1514heworkedonit,graduallyimprovinghistheoryuntilhefeltitwascomplete.Heplacedafixed

sunatthecentreofthesolarsystemwiththeplanetsgoingrounditandonlythemoonstillgoingroundtheearth.Healsosuggestedthattheearthwas

spinningasitwentrounditandthisexplainchangesinthemovementoftheplanetsandinthebrightnessofthestars.Hepublisheditashelaydyingin1543

(6)WhydopeoplethinkthatthereisadirectlinkbetweenhisideasandtheworkofIsaacNewton,AlbertEinsteinandStephenHawking?Becausehistheoryisnowthebaseonwhichallourideasoftheuniversearebuilt.HistheoryreplacedtheChristianideaofgravitywhichsaidthingsfelltoearthbecauseGodcreatedtheearthasthecentreoftheuniverse,Heshowedthiswasobviouslywrong.Languagepoints:leadto引起；造成；導致。Thiswillprobablyleadtotroubleinthefuture.這很可能將導致日后的麻煩。Thisledtohisconclusionthatshewasguilty.這使他得出了她有罪的結論。1.Onlywhen____thetruth,______torealizethatshewaswrong.A.didMaryhear;didshebeginB.Maryhear;shebeganC.didMaryhear;shebeganD.Maryheard;didshebegin2.只有老師允許，我才可以進入實驗室。1.只有這樣，才可以學好英語。OnlyiftheteachergivesapermissioncanIenterthelab.Onlywhenfinishinghishomeworkwasheallowedtogooutforfootball.3.只有當他完成了作業，才被允許出去踢球。Makesense（tosb.）

講得通，有道理

這個句子好像一點都講不通。Thesentencedoesn’tseemtomakesense.你編的故事我聽不明白。Yourstorydoesn’tmakesensetome.Wokeon1workon繼續工作They'llworkontillsunset.他們將繼續工作,直到日落。2致力于…Hehasbeenworkingonanewnovelforoverayearnow.近一年多來,他一直在寫一部新小說。IV.spinspunspinatopaspinningcoinaspinningwheelspunspinning1.我們轉硬幣來看誰拿這個玩具。2.我四處轉著看誰講話了。rejectanofferapossibilityatheoryrefusetoaccept如果你覺得這個建議不適合你，你可以拒絕接受。Ifyoudon’tthinkthesuggestionissuitableforyou,youmayr____it.ejectOnsecondthink,sherejecthismarriageproposaltofinishcollege.FillintheblankswithsomeproperwordsCopernicuswas______becausehefoundtheearthwasnotthecentreofthesolar_____,onlyifyouputthesuntheredidthe_______oftheotherplanetsinthesky_________Hekeptimprovinghisnewtheoryuntilhefeltitwas_____in1514.HeSuggestedthattheearthwas_____asitwentroundthesun.HisFriendswere______andencouragedhimtopublishhisideas,butCopernicuswas_______hedidn’twanttobe______byChristianChurch.Infact,hewasright.TheChurch______histheory,sayingitwasagainstGod’sidea.

confusedsystemmovementsmakesense.completedspinningenthusiasticcautiousattackedrejectedAsascientist,oneshouldbebrave.ButCopernicuswasafraidofbeingattackedbytheChristianChurch.Sohehadhiddenhistheoryforsomanyyears.Whatdoyouthinkofthis?ThinkingDebateYes/NoDiscussion:

IfyouwereNicolausCopernicus,wouldyouhavehiddenyourtheoryforsomanyyears?Why?◆

Asascientist,oneshouldbebrave.ButCopernicuswasafraidofbeingattackedbytheChristianChurch.Sohehadhiddenhistheoryforsomanyyears.Whatdoyouthinkofthis?

Agree:1.Hewascautious.Ifhehadpublishedhisideas,hewouldhavebeenkilledjustasBrunowhowasburnedtodeathbecausehistheorywasagainsttheChristianChurch.2.Everytimewhenanewideaappears,therearealwaysrejections.It’snormal.Scientistsshouldhavepatiencetospreadtheirtruth.3.Itmadenosenseforhimtopublishhistheoryinahurry.Hewasjustcautiousnotcoward.Heshouldprotecthimselffirst.

Disagree:1.Copernicuswasverycoward.Heshouldspeakouthisdiscoveryandlettheworldknowthetruthearlier.2.Sciencecanneveradvanceunlesspeoplehavethecourageoftheirbeliefs.3.Asascientist,youmusthavethecouragetopublishyourfindings.Nomatterhowpeopleopposethem,timewillshowifyourideasarerightorwrong.Onepossibleversion:DearNicolausCopernicus,IamastudentstudyingastronomyandIwouldverymuchliketoreadyournewtheoryaboutthesolarsystem.Ihopeyouwillpublishitforseveralreasons.Iunderstandtheproblemswiththepresenttheory.Thewaytheplanetsmoveisnotwhatyouwouldexpectiftheearthwasthe