HowClutchesWorkIfyoudriveamanualtransmissioncar,youmaybesurprisedtofindoutthatithasmorethanoneclutch.Anditturnsoutthatfolkswithautomatictransmissioncarshaveclutches,too.Infact,thereareclutchesinmanythingsyouprobablyseeoruseeveryday:Manycordlessdrillshaveaclutch,chainsawshaveacentrifugalclutchandevensomeyo-yoshaveaclutch.CInicpIll|g?eCgUeL入D!g?Lgll|o\cgL2poM!u?cln!cpIocg!!ou.eeellloLedn!cp!ll|g?e2Inthisarticle,youlllearnwhyyouneedaclutch,howtheclutchinyourcarworksandfindoutsomeinteresting,andperhapssurprising,placeswhereclutchescanbefound.Clutchesareusefulindevicesthathavetworotatingshafts.Inthesedevices,oneoftheshaftsistypicallydrivenbyamotororpulley,andtheothershaftdrivesanotherdevice.Inadrill,forinstance,oneshaftisdrivenbyamotorandtheotherdrivesadrillchuck.Theclutchconnectsthetwoshaftssothattheycaneitherbelockedtogetherandspinatthesamespeed,orbedecoupledandspinatdifferentspeeds.Inacar,youneedaclutchbecausetheenginespinsallthetime,butthecar'swheelsdonotInorderforacartostopwithoutkillingtheengine,thewheelsneedtobedisconnected慢，使發動機迅速升溫，以適當的操作溫度。許多汽車有限滑差或者粘性聯軸器，兩者都使用離合器，以提高牽引力。當您的汽車變成一個車輪轉動速度超過了其它車輪時，這使汽車難以對付。在防滑差速器以及離合器的匡助下，當一個車輪轉動速度超過了其它車輪，這樣會使離合器緩慢下來，并符合其它三個車輪的轉速。車下有水坑的水或者浮動的冰塊也可以讓車輪空轉。您可以了解更多關于差速粘性聯軸器在如何工作。天然氣動力鏈鋸離心式離合器，從而使鏈反轉可以住手旋轉，而您不需要關掉引擎。這些工作自動離合器通過利用離心力。輸入連接到發動機曲軸。輸出可以驅動鏈條，皮帶或者骨干。由于輪調，每分鐘增加，逼迫滾珠移出，并迫使離合器進行。離心離合器也往往發現于割草機，卡丁車，輕便摩托車和小型摩托車。甚至一些纜車離心離合器。fromtheenginesomehow.Theclutchallowsustosmoothlyengageaspinningenginetoanon-spinningtransmissionbycontrollingtheslippagebetweenthem.Tounderstandhowaclutchworks,ithelpstoknowalittlebitaboutfriction,whichisameasureofhowharditistoslideoneobjectoveranother.Frictioniscausedbythepeaksandvalleysthatarepartofeverysurface--evenverysmoothsurfacesstillhavemicroscopicpeaksandvalleys.Thelargerthesepeaksandvalleysare,theharderitistoslidetheobject.YoucanlearnmoreaboutfrictioninHowBrakesWork.Aclutchworksbecauseoffrictionbetweenaclutchplateandaflywheel.Welllookathowthesepartsworktogetherinthenextsection.FlyWheels,ClutchPlatesandFrictionInacar'sclutch,aflywheelconnectstotheengine,andaclutchplateconnectstothetransmission.Youcanseewhatthislookslikeinthefigurebelow.Whenyourfootisoffthepedal,thespringspushthepressureplateagainsttheclutchdisc,whichinturnpressesagainsttheflywheel.Thislockstheenginetothetransmissioninputshaft,causingthemtospinatthesamespeed.?2000HgSiurrPressureplateTheamountoffereetheclutchcanholddependsonthefrictionbetweentheclutchplateandtheflywheelandhowmuchforcethespringputsonthepressureplate.ThefrictionforceintheclutchworksjustliketheblocksdescribedinthefrictionsectionofHowBrakesWork,exceptthatthespringpressesontheclutchplateinsteadofweightpressingtheblockintotheground.Whentheclutchpedalispressed,acableorhydraulicpistonpushesonthereleasefork,whichpressesthethrow-outbearingagainstthemiddleofthediaphragmspring.Asthemiddleofthediaphragmspringispushedin,aseriesofpinsneartheoutsideofthespringcausesthespringtopullthepressureplateawayfromtheclutchdisc(seebelow).Thisreleasestheclutchfromthespinningengine.CommonProblemsFromthe1950stothe1970s,youcouldcountongettingbetween50,000and70,000milesfromyourcar'sclutch.Clutchescannowlastformorethan80,000milesifyouusethemgentlyandmaintainthemwell.Ifnotcaredfor,clutchescanstarttobreakdownat35,000miles.Trucksthatareconsistentlyoverloadedorthatfrequentlytowheavyloadscanalsohaveproblemswithrelativelynewclutches.PhotocourtesyCarolinaMustangTheclutchonlywearswhiletheclutchdiscandtheflywheelarespinningatdifferentspeeds.Whentheyarelockedtogether,thefrictionmaterialisheldtightlyagainsttheflywheel,andtheyspininsync.It'sonlywhentheclutchdiscisslippingagainsttheflywheelthatwearingoccurs.So,ifyouarethetypeofdriverwhoslipstheclutchalot,youllwearoutyourclutchalotfaster.Sometimestheproblemisnotwithslipping,butwithsticking.Ifyourclutchwontreleaseproperly,itwillcontinuetoturntheinputshaft.Thiscancausegrinding,orcompletelypreventyourcarfromgoingintogear.Somecommonreasonsaclutchmaystickare:Brokenorstretchedclutchcable-Thecableneedstherightamountoftensiontopushandpulleffectively.Leakyordefectiveslaveand/ormasterclutchcylinders-Leakskeepthecylindersfrombuildingthenecessaryamountofpressure.Airinthehydraulicline-Airaffectsthehydraulicsbytakingupspacethefluidneedstobuildpressure.Misadjustedlinkage-Whenyourfoothitsthepedal,thelinkagetransmitsthewrongamountofferee.Mismatchedclutchcomponents-Notallaftermarketpartsworkwithyourclutch.depressfully.Ifyouhavetopresshardonthepedal,theremaybesomethingwrong.Stickingorbindinginthepedallinkage,cable,crossshaft,orpivotballarecommoncauses.Sometimesablockageorwornsealsinthehydraulicsystemcanalsocauseahardclutch.Anotherproblemassociatedwithclutchesisawornthrow-outbearing,sometimescalledaclutchreleasebearing.Thisbearingappliesforcetothefingersofthespinningpressureplatetoreleasetheclutch.Ifyouheararumblingsoundwhentheclutchengages,youmighthaveaproblemwiththethrow-outTypesofClutchesTherearemanyothertypesofclutchesinyourcarandinyourgarage.Anautomatictransmissioncontainsseveralclutches.Theseclutchesengageanddisengagevarioussetsofplanetarygears.Eachclutchisputintomotionusingpressurizedhydraulicfluid.Whenthepressuredrops,springscausetheclutchtorelease.Evenlyspacedridges,calledsplines,linetheinsideandoutsideoftheclutchtolockintothegearsandtheclutchhousing.YoucanreadmoreabouttheseclutchesinHowAutomaticTransmissionsWork.Anairconditioning,compressorinacarhasanelectromagneticclutch.Thisallowsthecompressortoshutoffevenwhiletheengineisrunning.Whencurrentflowsthroughamagneticcoilintheclutch,theclutchengages.Assoonasthecurrentstops；suchaswhenyouturnoffyourairconditioning,theclutchdisengages.Mostcarsthathaveanengine-drivencoolingfanhaveathermostaticallycontrolledviscousclutch--thetemperatureofthefluidactuallydrivestheclutch.Thisclutchispositionedatthehubofthefan,intheairflowcomingthroughtheradiator.Thistypeofclutchisalotliketheviscouscouplingsometimesfoundinall-wheeldrivecars.Thefluidintheclutchgetsthickerasitheatsup,causingthefantospinfastertocatchupwiththeenginerotation.Whenthecariscold,thefluidintheclutchremainscoldandthefanspinsslowly,allowingtheenginetoquicklywarmuptoitsproperoperatingtemperature.Manycarshavelimitedslipdifferentialsorviscouscouplings,bothofwhichuseclutchestohelpincreasetraction.Whenyourcarturns,onewheelspinsfasterthantheother,whichmakesthecarhardtohandle.Theslipdifferentialmakesupforthatwiththehelpofitsclutch.Whenonewheelspinsfasterthantheothers,theclutchengagestoslowitdownandmatchtheotherthree.Drivingoverpuddlesofwaterorpatchesoficecanalsospinyourwheels.YoucanlearnmoreaboutdifferentialsandviscouscouplingsinHowDifferentialsWork.Gas-poweredchainsawsandweedeatershavecentrifugalclutches,sothatthechainsorstringscanstopspinningwithoutyouhavingtoturnofftheengine.Theseclutchesworkautomaticallythroughtheuseofcentrifugalforce.Theinputisconnectedtotheenginecrankshaft.Theoutputcandriveachain,beltorshaftAstherotationsperminuteincrease,lightedarmsswingoutandforcetheclutchtoengage.Centrifugalclutchesarealsooftenfoundinlawnmowers,go-karts,mopedsandmini-bikes.Evensomeyo-yosaremanufacturedwithcentrifugalclutches.Gutchesarevaluableandnecessarytoanumberofapplications.Formoreinformationonclutchesandrelatedtopics,checkoutthelinksonthefollowingpage.離合器工作原理如果您駕駛手動變速箱的汽車，您可能會驚訝地發現，它有一個以上的離合器。事實證明，與自動變速器汽車離合器相比，有許多種類離合器在你可能看到或者每天使用：許多無繩演習有離合器，鏈鋸有離心離合器，甚至一些部件也有一個離合器。Diagramofcarshowingclutchlocation.Seemoreclutchimages.在本文中，您會了解為什么你需要一個離合器，在您的汽車離合器工程和一些有趣的發現，也許不足為奇。離合器是實用的設備，有兩個旋轉軸。在這些設備中，其中一個軸通常是驅動馬達或者滑輪，其他軸驅動其他設備。例如，一軸驅動機電和其他驅動鉆夾頭。離合器連接從動盤和壓盤，以便它們可以被貼在一起，旋轉同樣的速度，或者脫鉤，并以不同的速度旋轉。在汽車中，您需要一個離合器，因為發動機的轉速所有的時間中，但并非所有的時間都傳遞動力。為了讓汽車住手傳遞動力不造成發動機過載，車輪需要斷開辟動機傳遞動力。離合器使我們能夠順利地進行旋轉發動機的非線性傳遞，通過控制離合器壓盤與磨擦片之間的滑動。了解離合器的特點，它有助于了解一點磨擦片，這是衡量離合器的標準。磨擦所造成的傳力高峰和低谷的每一部份，每一個平面甚至是非常平滑的表面仍然有弱小的高峰和低谷。這些較大的高峰和低谷，就是磨擦片研究的對象。您可以了解更多關于離合器如何磨擦工作。離合器的工作，產生于磨擦離合器壓盤和飛輪。我們將探討如何共同工作，這些零件將在下面介紹。飛輪，離合器片和磨擦在汽車的離合器，一個飛輪連接到發動機，離合器踏板連接傳輸。當你的腳離開踏板，彈簧推動壓力板對離合器盤，而這反過來壓力又回位。這種轉速控制包括發動機，變速器輸入軸，使他們自旋同樣的速度。?2000HgSiurr壓盤離合器傳遞的動力取決于磨擦離合器盤和飛輪，有多少轉矩通過飛輪壓盤傳遞給膜片彈簧。磨擦離合器作用就像描述的磨擦制動器的工作一樣，但彈簧壓力離合器壓盤不是像制動器那樣依靠抱緊制動盤。當離合器踏板被踏下時，機械或者液壓活塞推動撥叉，這些壓力通過分離軸承對中間的膜片彈簧起作用。把膜片彈簧是推離了壓盤的附近達到讓離合器分離的效果。請注意彈簧離合器從動盤。這些彈簧有助于緩解傳輸的過大動力沖擊離合器盤轂。這種設計通常非常有效，但它確實有一些缺點。讓我們分別看看離合器問題和其他用途的離合器在以下的內容中講解。0208HowSiufTMiX從動盤常見問題：從世紀年代到世紀年代，你可以指望得到萬至七萬里程汽車的離合器。離合器現在可以超過去年八點零零零萬英里如果您使用它們輕輕地和維持好。如果不是照應，離合器就可以開始打破在 英里。卡車一貫超載或者時常拖重物，也可以有問題相對較新的離合器。最常見的問題是，離合器磨擦材料的磨損。磨擦材料在離合器盤非常相似的磨擦材料的墊片的盤式制動器的鼓式制動器過了一段時間，它磨穿了。當大部份或者全部的磨擦材料已經一去磨損了了，離合器效率將開始下滑，并最終將不會傳送任何轉矩從發動機到車輪。離合器只能傳送離合器盤和飛輪的旋轉速度不同。當他們被鎖在一起，磨擦材料是緊密舉行接合與飛輪，他們自旋同步。惟獨當離合器盤下滑對飛輪的穿著發生。因此，如果您是一個司機，踩離合器的次數多，您的離合器磨損快得多。有時，問題不在于傳遞的磨擦力下滑