禮儀之邦與《紅樓夢》中的稱語

禮儀語言是語言交際的重要組成部分，是人際關系和諧的重要保障。陳松岑認為,“廣義的禮貌語言指一切合于禮貌的使用語言的行為以及使用的結果,狹義的禮貌語言則單指各種交際場合中具有合理性和可接受性的表達禮儀的特殊詞語?！?1)本文所謂的禮貌語言屬狹義,重點考察《紅樓夢》兩個英文全譯本——楊憲益和戴乃迭譯本(以下簡稱楊譯)與霍克斯和閔福德譯本(以下簡稱霍譯),對兩譯本會話中稱呼語(2)的翻譯進行比較研究,主要考察敬稱、謙稱和昵稱。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),總體上兩譯本稱呼語的翻譯均采取簡化策略,但比較而言,楊譯忠實于原文,將許多中國文化特有的稱呼語譯為對應的英語,霍譯則更多考慮譯文讀者社會、文化心理和英文表達習慣,譯法靈活多樣,具有明顯的西化、口語化特點。在計算機技術高度發(fā)達的今天,《紅樓夢》某方面的窮盡性研究并非難事(3)(4),但為了翻譯對比研究的科學化和精細化,必須留意霍譯與楊譯的原文差異(5)。如對兩者原文差異不予考慮,所得結論難免有失客觀、公允。本文語料出自戚本、程乙本及楊譯霍譯前四十回,例句均經(jīng)過精心挑選,確保語料可比性。楊譯中英文語料出自外文出版社漢英對照六卷本《紅樓夢》(ADreamofRedMansions)(6)(7),霍譯中文出自戚本人民文學出版社四卷本《紅樓夢》(8),英文出自企鵝書店版TheStoryoftheStone(9)。為便于對比,兩者中文有較大出入時均列出,如相同或幾乎完全相同,則僅列戚本文字;譯文如同時列出,則楊譯在前,霍譯在后。一、尊敬的表情(一)“我的私家車”誰是瑤二奶?雖然學界一般認為楊譯與霍譯具有明顯區(qū)別,但細觀之,兩者異中有同。就稱呼語翻譯而言,兩譯本有兩個共同點:一是部分譯文相同,一是遵循簡化原則。楊譯霍譯某些場合的稱呼語譯文完全相同,如“石兄”、“老爺”、“太爺”、“太太”、“姑娘”、“姐姐”、“諸公”、“寶兄弟”等等。例如:(1)石兄,你這一段故事,據(jù)你自己說有些趣味,故編寫在此,意欲問世傳奇?！?一回)石兄,你這一段故事,據(jù)你自己說來,有些趣味,故鐫寫在此,意欲聞世傳奇?！?程乙本)(2)(門子)笑問:“老爺一向加官進爵,八九年來便忘了我了?”(四回)(3)但只一件,姥姥有所不知,我們這里又不比五年前了。如今太太竟不大管事,都是璉二奶奶管家了。(六回)Imusttellyou,though,thatthingshavechangedhereinthelastfiveyears.HerLadyshipdoesn’thandlemuchbusinessanymorebutleaveseverythingtothesecondmaster’swife.但只一件,你還不知道呢!我們這里不比五年前了,如今太太不理事,都是璉二奶奶當家。你打量璉二奶奶是誰?就是太太的內(nèi)侄女,大舅老爺?shù)呐?小名兒叫鳳哥的。(程乙本)(4)賈政回頭笑道:“諸公請看,此處題以何名方妙?”(十七回)(5)寶釵笑道:“原來是寶兄弟,怨不得他,他肚子里的故典原多?！?十九回)漢語稱呼語繁復,名詞性詞語多,可重復使用,英語則相對簡而少,雖然存在名詞性稱呼語,但語篇中用代詞稱呼的更多。楊譯霍譯皆遵循簡化原則。例如:(6)李貴笑道:“不怕你老人家惱我,素知你老人家到底有些不正,所以這些兄弟才不聽。就鬧到太爺跟前去,連你老人家也是脫不過的。還不快作個主意撕羅開了罷?！?九回)李貴道:“不怕你老人家惱我,素知你老人家到底有些不是,所以這些兄弟不聽。就鬧到太爺跟前去,連你老人家也脫不了的。還不快作主意撕擄開了罷?！?程乙本)原文中的尊稱“你老人家”重復兩次,共出現(xiàn)三次。楊譯除在開頭用一次sir表敬,后面幾次都用第二人稱代詞;霍譯相似,前面都用you,僅最后一句用sir表敬。(7)賈珍、尤氏二人親自遞了茶,因笑說道:“老太太原是老祖宗,我父親又是侄兒,這樣日子,原不敢請他老人家;但是這個時候,天氣正涼爽,滿園的菊花又盛開,請老祖宗過來散散悶,看著眾兒孫熱鬧熱鬧,是這個意思。誰知老祖宗又不肯賞臉?！?十一回)“TheLadyDowagerisourOldAncestress,”saidJiaZhenwithasmile.“Myfatherisonlyhernephew,andwewouldn’thavepresumedtoinviteheronhisbirthdayifnotforthefactthattheweatherisrefreshinglycoolnowandallthechrysanthemumsinourgardenareattheirbest.Wethoughtitmightproveapleasantdistractionforhertowatchallherchildrenandgrandchildrenenjoyingthemselves.Shehasn’tfavoureduswithherpresence,however.”“Werealize,”saidCousinZhen,“thatLadyJiaisagenerationolderthanFather.Fatherisonlyhernephew,ofcourse,andstrictlyspeakingitwasn’tcorrectformtoinviteapersonofherageatall.Nevertheless,sincetheweatherissofreshandnicejustnowandthechrysanthemumsinthegardenattheirbest,wehadratherhopedthatshemightenjoycomingoverforabitandhavingallherchildrenandgrandchildrenaroundher.Thatwasouronlymotiveinaskingher.I’msorryshedecidednottohonourus.”此例指稱賈母的稱呼語比較密集:一個“老太太”,一個“他老人家”,“老祖宗”先出現(xiàn)一次,后重復兩次。楊譯在句首把“老太太”和“老祖宗”分別進行了翻譯,后面的尊稱一律譯為第三人稱代詞。霍譯簡化更明顯,除了將句首的“老太太”譯為LadyJia,后面的尊稱不管相同不同,全部譯為代詞。(8)茗煙在窗外道:“他是東胡同的璜大奶奶的侄兒。那是什么硬正仗腰子的,也來唬我們來了。璜大奶奶是他姑娘。你那姑媽只會打旋磨兒,給我們璉二奶奶跪著借當頭。我看不起他那樣的主子奶奶!”(九回)茗煙在窗外道:“他是東府里璜大奶奶的侄兒,什么硬掙仗腰子的,也來嚇我們!璜大奶奶是他姑媽。你那姑媽只會打旋磨兒,給我們璉二奶奶跪著借當頭。我眼里就看不起他那樣主子奶奶么!”(程乙本)此例原文稱呼語有排行,但兩譯本均未譯。(9)寶玉……說著又問:“襲人姐姐呢?”晴雯向里間炕上努嘴。(八回)“Where’sXiren?”heaskedQingwen.“WhereisAroma?”heaskedSkybright.兩種譯文均省略稱謂“姐姐”,僅保留名字。兩者人名翻譯有別,此處不展開。(二)“老世翁”和“霍譯”同樣的稱呼語,兩者譯文有別。例如:(10)他母親胡氏,聽見他竟咕咕嘟嘟的說,因問道:“你又要爭什么閑氣?好容易我望你姑媽說了,你姑媽又千方百計的才向他們西府里的璉二奶奶跟前說了,你才得了這個念書的地方。……”(十回)“Whatscrapeareyouinnow?”askedhismother,neeHu,whensheheardthismuttering.“IhadtoropeinyourauntandputhertonoendoftroubletobegMadamXifengintheWestMansiontogetyouthisplaceinthefamilyschool…”他母親胡氏聽見他咕咕唧唧的,說:“你又要管什么閑事?好容易我和你姑媽說了,你姑媽又千方百計的和他們西府里璉二奶奶跟前說了,你才得了這個念書的地方兒?！?程乙本)“璉二奶奶”楊譯為尊稱Madam+被稱呼者的名字,霍譯為尊稱Mrs+被稱呼者丈夫的名字。(11)眾清客相公們都早起身笑道:“老世翁何必又如此。今日世兄一去,二三年就可顯身成名了,斷不似往年仍作小兒之態(tài)的。天也將飯時,世兄竟快請罷?！?九回)眾清客都起身笑道:“老世翁何必如此。今日世兄一去,二三年就可顯身成名的,斷不似往年仍作小兒之態(tài)了?！煲矊垥r了,世兄竟快請罷。”(程乙本)“老世翁”楊譯為YourLordship,霍譯為SirZheng,前者抽象,后者具體?！笆佬帧睏钭g體現(xiàn)了尊敬之意,而霍譯更顯親切、平等。有的稱呼語兩者譯文不同,原因是譯者對原文的理解不一樣。第五回寶玉夢游太虛幻境時稱一個仙姑“神仙姐姐”,楊譯為SisterFairy,霍譯是MadamFairy。又如:(12)于是鳳姐兒就緊走了兩步,拉住秦氏的手,說道:“我的奶奶!怎么幾日不見,就瘦的這么著了!”(十一回)楊譯用的是尊稱,霍譯用了昵稱。(13)急的茗煙在后叫:“祖宗,這是分明告訴人了!”(十九回)楊譯理解有誤,將原文稱呼語譯為感嘆詞;霍譯準確,因為茗煙稱呼的正是賈寶玉。楊譯往往忠實地譯出原文尊稱,而霍譯比較簡練。例如:(14)(張先生)向賈蓉說道:“這就是尊夫人了?”賈蓉道:“正是。請先生坐下,讓我把賤內(nèi)的病說一說再看脈如何?”(十回)此處“尊夫人”和“先生”霍譯均作簡單處理,未使用原文復雜的表尊稱呼語。謙稱“賤內(nèi)”亦然。(15)現(xiàn)今周貴人父親已在家里動了工了,修蓋省親別院呢。又有吳貴妃的父親吳天佑家,也往城外踏看地方去了。(十六回)原文兩個稱呼語楊譯均細致譯出,霍譯則前詳后略。(16)……賈環(huán)便說:“同寶姐姐玩的,鶯兒欺負我,賴我的錢,寶玉哥哥攆我來了?！?二十回)楊譯連名帶稱謂據(jù)實譯出,霍譯僅譯名字,省略稱謂。霍譯雖然旨在譯出原文的全部內(nèi)容,但又戀戀不忘讀者,盡力照顧讀者的閱讀習慣和文化背景,所以翻譯中更多采用西方讀者喜聞樂見的稱呼語,體現(xiàn)出更西化、口語化的特點。例如:(17)……因笑道:“天下真有這樣標致人物,我今才算見了!況且這通身的氣派,竟不象老祖宗的外孫女兒,竟是個嫡親的孫女,怨不得老祖宗天天口頭心頭一時不忘。只可憐我這妹妹這樣命苦,怎么姑媽偏就去世了!”說著,便用帕拭淚。(三回)……因笑道:“天下真有這樣標致人兒,我今日才算看見了!況且這通身的氣派竟不象老祖宗的外孫女兒,竟是嫡親的孫女兒似的,怨不得老祖宗天天嘴里心里放不下?！豢蓱z我這妹妹這么命苦,怎么姑媽偏就去世了呢!”說著便用帕拭淚…(程乙本)霍譯使用了Grannie、Auntie、poorlittlething等口頭常用稱呼語,符合原文交談的語體特點。(18)雨村忙笑問:“老兄何日到此?弟竟不知。今日偶遇,真奇緣也?！?二回)楊譯對應原文,霍譯則使用昵稱Mydearfellow,更口語化,更易為西方讀者所接受。(19)劉姥姥忙迎上來問道:“好呀,周嫂子!”周瑞家的認了半日,方笑道:“劉姥姥,你好呀!你說說,能幾年,我就忘了。請家里來坐罷。”(六回)……GrannyLiuhastenedforwardcrying,“SisterZhou!Howareyou?”ittooktheothersometimetorecognizeher.Thensheansweredwithasmile,“Why,it’sGrannyLiu!Ideclare,afteralltheseyearsIhardlyknewyou.Comeoninandsitdown.”劉姥姥忙迎上來笑問道:“好啊?周嫂子?！敝苋鸺业恼J了半日,方笑道:“劉姥姥,你好?你說么,這幾年不見,我就忘了。請家里坐?！?程乙本)“周嫂子”楊譯忠實原文,直譯為SisterZhou,相比之下,霍譯稱呼語mydear更西化。(20)(薛蟠對寶釵)笑道:“妹妹這話從那里說起來的?這樣我連立足之地都沒有了。妹妹從來不是這樣多心、說歪話的人?！?三十五回)(薛蟠對寶釵)笑道:“妹妹,這從那里說起?妹妹從來不是這么多心說歪話的人哪?！?程乙本)“妹妹”霍譯用英語sister的縮略式,更口語化。(三)“老”字的改造楊譯總體上忠實原文,直譯較多,但也有因地制宜、因景而異的靈活譯法。霍譯雖整體意譯較多,但有時直譯更甚于楊譯。楊譯并非一味拘泥原文,有時也因人物關系和身份而改變稱呼。例如:(21)子興冷笑道:“萬人皆如此說,因而乃祖母便先愛如珍寶。那年周歲時,政老爹便要試他將來的志向,便將那世上所有之物擺了無數(shù),與他抓取。誰知他一概不取,伸手只把些脂粉釵環(huán)抓來。政老爹便大怒了,說:‘將來酒色之徒耳!’因此便大不喜悅。獨那史老太君還是命根一樣?！?二回)“That’swhateveryonesays.”Zixingsmiledcynically.“Andforthatreasonhisgrandmotherdotesonhim.OnhisfirstbirthdayJiaZhengtestedhisdispositionbysettingallsortsofdifferentobjectsbeforehimtoseewhichhewouldselect….Hisfatherwasfuriousandsworehe’growuptobeadissoluterake.Becauseofthishe’snottoofondoftheboy,butthechildisstillhisgrandmother’sdarling….”楊譯“政老爹”很靈活,先譯為姓名,后結合上下文譯為hisfather?！笆防咸币哺鶕?jù)前文譯為hisgrandmother?？梢?楊譯不局限于原文稱呼語,而按照譯文語篇對原稱呼語進行改造。(22)襲人道:“第二件,你真喜讀書也罷,假喜也罷,只是在老爺跟前或在別人跟前,你別只管批駁誚謗,只作出個喜讀書的樣子來,也教老爺少生些氣,在人前也好說嘴。……”(十九回)句中“老爺”有兩個不同的稱呼。前者直譯,后者變?yōu)橹阜Q。試比較霍譯,先譯為稱呼語,后用代詞:(23)……林黛玉先笑道:“這是你媽媽和襲人叫呢。那襲人也罷了,你媽媽再要認真排場他,可見老背晦了。”寶玉忙要趕過來,寶釵忙一把拉住道:“你別和你媽媽吵才是,他老糊涂了,倒要讓他一步為是?！?二十回)“It’syournannyscoldingXiren,”announcedDaiyu.“There’snothingwrongwithXiren,yetyournannyisforevernaggingather.Oldagehasbefuddledher.”Baoyuwantedtorushstraightover,butBaochailaidarestraininghandonhisarm.“Don’tquarrelwithyournursenow.”Shewarnedhim.“She’sasillyoldthing,butyoushouldbearwithher.”“你媽媽”在黛玉的笑談中跟原文一樣加以重復,均為yournanny,在寶釵談話中卻變?yōu)閥ournurse。試比較霍譯:遵循英語表達習慣,在黛玉談話中先用名詞短語yourNannie直譯,后用代詞;在寶釵談話中直譯為名詞短語?；糇g雖然意譯成分比較多,但有時直譯起來更甚于楊譯。例如:(24)黛玉忙又叫住問道:“你怎么不去辭辭你寶姐姐去?”(九回)“Aren’t`yougoingtosaygoodbyetoBaochai?”Daiyucalledafterhim.楊譯“你寶姐姐”簡譯為名字,而霍譯將全稱完整譯出,完好地保留了黛玉調(diào)侃之意。無獨有偶,后面還有寶釵取笑寶玉的,目標是針對黛玉,稱呼語翻譯兩譯本也采用了不同策略。請看例句:(25)寶釵因笑道:“你正經(jīng)去罷。吃不吃,陪著林姑娘走一趟,他心里打緊的不自在呢?！?二十八回)“Youreallyoughttogo,”Bao-chaisaidtoBao-yu.“Whetheryouhavelunchthereornot,yououghttokeepCousinLincompany.Sheisveryupset,youknow….”楊譯將“林姑娘”變?yōu)轺煊裰?霍譯則用“姓+稱謂”結構將稱呼語如實譯出。(26)鳳姐笑道:“你該去了?！辟Z瑞道:“我再坐一坐兒。好狠心的嫂子!”(十二回)楊譯中稱呼未譯,且以句子譯原文的稱呼語;霍譯忠實地以稱呼語譯稱呼語。(27)寶玉忙叫道:“鯨兄!寶玉來了。”(十六回)楊譯雖譯出了原文的親昵,但名字卻略而未譯;霍譯則“鯨”(即秦鐘的名字鯨卿)和“兄”都對應譯出,忠實而周密。又如:(28)忽見寶釵走來,因問:“寶兄弟那去了?”襲人含笑道:“寶兄弟那里還有在家的功夫!”(二十一回)…ShewentbackandwasattendingtoherownwhenincameBaochaiandaskedherwherehewas.“He’shardlyeverathomenowadays,”repliedXirenbitterly.忽見寶釵走來,因問:“寶兄弟那里去了?”襲人冷笑道:“‘寶兄弟’那里還有在家的功夫!”(程乙本)SoonafterthisBao-chaidroppedin.“WhereisCousinBao?”sheasked.“‘CousinBao’hasnotimetospendinherenowadays,”saidAromabitterly.楊譯將寶釵問句改譯為間接引語,寶玉也簡化為代詞。其實襲人所說的“寶兄弟”是在當時特殊場合下借用寶釵的稱呼,具有明顯的語篇銜接功能,程乙本中用引號即為明證?；糇g忠實原文,不避重復,再現(xiàn)稱呼語銜接之美。(10)二、據(jù)謙稱(一)“被創(chuàng)歷史”的謙稱跟敬稱相似,謙稱的翻譯兩者都有簡化的表現(xiàn),原文名詞性謙稱多用第一人稱代詞翻譯。下例中表自謙的“汝父”兩種譯文均簡化為代詞I:(29)……且兼如海說:“汝父年將半百,再無續(xù)室之意……”(三回)……且兼如海說:“汝父年已半百,再無續(xù)室之意……”(程乙本)多數(shù)謙稱,尤其是侮辱性的謙稱,兩者均避免直譯而用代詞翻譯。例如:(30)雨村忙起身亦讓道:“老先生請便。晚生乃常早之客,稍候何妨?！?一回)(31)賈珍遂延入大廳坐下。茶畢,方開言道:“昨承馮大爺示知老先生人品學問,又兼深通醫(yī)學,小弟不勝欽仰之至?！?十回)(32)那原告道:“被毆死者乃小人之主人……”(四回)“Themurderedmanwasmymaster,”theplaintifftestified.那原告道:“被打死的乃是小人的主人……”(程乙本)(33)……小子回來了,因回道:“奴才方才到了馮大爺家,拿了老爺?shù)拿埬菑埾壬ァ?十回)“I’vebeentoMr.Feng’shousewithHisLordship’scard,”saidthepage.(34)張道士笑道:“這是他們一點敬心,小道也不能阻擋。老太太若不留下,豈不叫他們看著小道微薄,不像是門下出身了。”(二十九回)“Itwastheirownidea,Idoassureyou,”saidtheabbot.“TherewasnothingIcoulddotostopthem.Ifyourefusetotakethesethings,Iamafraidyouwilldestroymycreditwiththesepeople.TheywillsaythatIcannotreallyhavetheconnectionwithyourhonouredfamilythatIhavealwaysclaimedtohave.”另一類謙稱是自稱自名,兩者均未直譯,而簡化為第一人稱代詞。如十八回元春歸省時賈政提及自己和王夫人稱“政夫婦”,楊譯第一次譯為mywifeandmyself,第二次為youragingparents;霍譯分別譯為mywifeandI和mywifeandmyself。(二)《新唐時》hewelled施大學翻譯謙稱,兩者有時用直譯,有時簡化為代詞。例如:(35)賈珍斷不肯坐,因勉強陪笑道:“侄兒進來有一件事要求二位嬸嬸,并大妹?！?十三回)此處楊譯保留謙稱。試比較將謙稱簡化為代詞的霍譯:(36)因命:“再燙酒來!姨媽陪你吃兩杯,可就吃飯罷?！睂氂衤犃?方又鼓起興來。(八回)Sheorderedmorewinetobeheated,saying,“I’lldrinkafewcupswithyouandthenwe’llhaveourrice.”Baoyu’sspiritsroseagainatthis.此處薛姨媽自稱楊譯簡化為代詞。請看霍譯,保留了名詞性稱呼:Shetoldamaidtoheatsomemorewine.“There!Auntiewilldrinkacuportwowithyou,andthenweshallhavesomesupper.”Bao-yu’sspiritsbegantoreviveabitunderhisaunt’sencouragement.(三)英語的“禮貌原則”楊譯有不譯謙稱而用其他詞語表謙的,如:(37)……依小弟看來,今年一冬是不相干的?！?十回)Inmyhumbleopinion,thereisnodangerthiswinter….試對照采用簡化譯法的霍譯:楊譯謙稱有時運用表謙的修飾語,霍譯一般不用,可見中國傳統(tǒng)文化的貶己尊人的特點在漢英翻譯中的遷移。(11)又如:(38)賈政忙陪笑道:“犬子豈敢謬承金獎……”(十五回)“Myworthlesssondoesnotdeservesuchhighpraise,”rejoinedJiaZhenghurriedlywithacourteoussmile.JiaZhengsmiledpolitely.“MysonisdoubtlessunworthyofthecomplimentYourHighnessisgoodenoughtopayhim…”(39)賈珍感謝不盡,只說:“待服滿后,親帶小犬到府叩謝?！?十三回)JiaZhenthankedhimwarmlyandpromised,“WhenthemourningisoverIshallbringmyworthlesssontokowtowhisthanks.”謙稱自己兒子的“犬子”、“小犬”,楊譯用了修飾語worthless而霍譯沒有使用類似自貶之詞。何自然(12)與何兆熊(13)在論及禮貌的文化價值時,強調(diào)英語民族文化中的“個人主義”和“個人自主性”,指出西方文化對個體自由和獨立的高度重視。中國文化的最大特點是“貶己尊人”,而西方文化尊人無需貶己,甚或是尊人與自尊分庭抗禮,平分秋色。明白這一點,就不難理解楊譯與霍譯對謙稱翻譯的不同態(tài)度,因為譯者的主體性往往無形中制約著翻譯策略的選擇。三、黨的領導在霍譯中的地位原文最典型的昵稱為“好+親屬稱呼”,如“好兄弟”、“好妹妹”、“好姐姐”等。總體上楊譯較忠實,最常見的譯法為“dear+親屬稱呼”,而霍譯則非常靈活,有簡有繁,不一而足。例如:(40)寶釵忙勸他:“好兄弟,快別說這話兒,人家笑話你。”(二十回)“Don’ttalklikethat,dearcousin,orpeoplewilllaughatyou,”Baochaiadvisedhim.楊譯“好兄弟”、“好姐姐”、“好妹妹”多譯為dearcousin,其人物關系也多非親兄弟姊妹。此處霍譯簡單一個稱謂詞,沒有表親昵的修飾語。如僅用一個稱謂,霍譯經(jīng)常用昵稱,即稱謂的省略形式。例如:(41)寶玉(對湘云)說道:“好妹妹,你錯怪了我?！?二十二回)此例霍譯用的是cousin的省略形式coz。類似的昵稱還有grannie、auntie、sis、nannie等。(42)唬的寶玉連忙央告:“好姐姐,我再不敢了。”(七回)唬得寶玉連忙央告:“好姐姐,我再不敢說這些話了。”(程乙本)此例霍譯拋開寶玉對王熙鳳的稱呼語“好姐姐”,改為直呼鳳姐名字,是典型的西化,完全違背了漢語言文化的“稱呼準則”(14),無視長幼有別的文化傳統(tǒng),代之以民主平等的西方人際關系。(43)鳳姐笑道:“好兄弟,你是個尊貴人,女孩兒一樣的人品,別學他們猴在馬上……”(十五回)此例霍譯仍以昵譯昵,但把原文的稱謂該為名字,結構與漢語相反:名字+dear。(44)寶玉央道:“好姐姐,你怎么瞧我的了呢?”(八回)“Iletyouseemine,dearcousin,”hecounteredcoaxingly.此處霍譯用親屬稱謂疊用再現(xiàn)原稱呼語的親昵。(45)劉姥姥道:“我這生像兒怎好見的?好嫂子,你就說我去了罷?！?三十九回)“I’mnotinfittobeseen,”objectedGrannyLiu.“Goodsister,justtellherI’veleft.”這里霍譯結構與原文相應,但稱謂有所改變。原文的“嫂子”其實已是泛化的親屬稱謂,一種特殊的社會稱謂,是對中年婦女的一種敬稱,再說劉姥姥年紀比周瑞家的大,所以霍譯采用西方讀者熟悉的、適應談話雙方關系的稱呼語dearsoul。(46)寶玉道:“好祖宗,我就在碧紗櫥外的床上很妥當,何必又出來,鬧的老祖宗不得安靜?！?三回)此處霍譯沒有字面翻譯,而是改用適合寶玉和賈母祖孫關系的稱謂來翻譯。為了體現(xiàn)寶玉在賈母面前撒嬌的小兒之態(tài),霍譯不僅用了grandmother的昵稱形式grannie,而且用了dear的最高級dearest。類似的還有稱襲人的“好姐姐”譯為DearestAroma,用dearest+名字的結構,也是一種西化稱呼語。此外,霍譯昵稱還有其他形式,如“好媽媽”譯為nanniedarling,“好侄兒”譯為mydearnephew等。楊譯多為dear+稱謂,偶有變化,如“好媽媽”譯為nanniedear?；糇g昵稱的口語化和西化傾向還涉及西方宗教詞匯。請看例句:(47)賈母只得安慰他道:“好寶貝,你只管去,有我呢,他不敢委屈了你……”(二十三回)“There,there,mylamb!You’dbettergoandseehim.Granniewillseetoitthathedoesn’thurtyou.Hewouldn’tdare…”(48)一語未了,忽聽鳳姐聲音,賈璉此時松了不是,搶又不是,只叫:“好人,別叫他知道!”(二十一回)兩例中的lamb和angel帶有鮮明的基督教色彩,顯然譯者希望順應西方文化,讓西方讀者樂于接受。如前所述,昵稱的翻譯,楊譯一般盡量忠實原文,見“好”就dear,重在通過詞匯手段表現(xiàn)原文的親昵。霍譯則結合上下文靈活翻譯,不僅運用原文對應的詞語,而且利用相關詞語,也注重運用語音、句法、語篇等多種手段。下面舉一個在句法層面表昵的例子:(49)寶玉便笑求他:“好姐姐,你把那湯拿了來我嘗嘗。”(三十五回)“Dopassmethebrothtotaste,dearsister,”hebeggedwhenhesawherfacebegintobrighten.以上我們對楊譯霍譯兩個英譯本的稱呼語翻譯進行了對比,通過敬稱、謙稱、昵稱三方面的考察,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者都采用了簡化的翻譯策略,但楊譯比較忠實于原文,霍譯更多考慮讀者的社會心理、文化背景和英文表達習慣,譯法比較靈活、西化、口語化。這種稱呼語翻譯的差異受制于譯者的主體性和翻譯目的,同時與英語語言和西方社會文化密切相關,今后可借助語用學、社會語言學、認知語言學、跨文化交際等相關科學進一步挖掘?！癇rotherStone,youseemtothinkthatyourtalerecordedhereisinterestingenoughtomeritpublication.…”“BrotherStone,accordingtowhatyouyourselfseemtoimplyintheseverses,thisstoryofyourscontainsmatterofsufficientinteresttomeritpublicationandhasbeencarvedherewiththatendinview…”“YourHonourhasrisensteadilyintheofficialworld.Aftereightornineyears,doyoustillrememberme?”“YourHonourhasgonealongwayupintheworldduringthesepasteightornineyears!Idon’texpectyouwouldrememberme.”There’sonlyonething,though.Idon’texpectyouknow,butthingshereareverydifferentfromwhattheywerefiveyearsago.NowadaysHerLadyshipdoesn’trunthingshereanylonger.It’sMasterLian’swifewhodoesallthemanaging…“See,gentlemen!”hecalledoverhisshoulder,smiling,“Whatwouldbeasuitablenameforthisspot?”“Aha,gentlemen!”saidJiaZhengturningbacktoaddresstheotherswhowereclimbingupbehindhim.“Whatnamearewegoingtochooseforthismountain?”“CousinBao,isit?Nowonder.”Baochaismiled.“Heknowssomanyallusions…”“Oh,”saidBao-chai.“CousinBao.I’mnotsurprised,then.Heisfullofallusions…”“Youmustn’tmindifIspeakfrankly,sir,”rejoinedLiGui.“It’sbecauseyourownconductleavesmuchtobedesiredthattheseboysdon’tobeyyou.Soifthisbusinesscomestotheprincipal’sears,itwillgohardwithyou.Hurryupandthinkofawaytohushitup.”“Ifyoudon’tmindmysayingso,”saidLiGui,“it’sbecauseyou’vebeentoblameyourselfonpastoccasionsthattheseladswon’tdowhatyoutellthemtonow.Soifthisbusinesstodaydoesgettotheearsofyourgrandfather,you’llbeintroubleyourself,alongofalltherest.IfIwereyou,sir,Ishouldthinkofsomewayofsortingthisoutasquicklyaspossible.”“He’sthenephewofMrs.JiaHuangoftheEastLane,”calledMingyanthroughthewindow.“Idon’tknowhowhehadthenervetobeardus.Mrs.JiaHuangishisauntonthefather’sside.She’saspongerwhosucksuptopeopleandgoesdownonherkneestoMadamLianforthingstopawn…”“He’sthenephewofMrsHuangontheNing-guoside.Trashlikethattryingtoscareus!IknowyourAuntieHuang,JokeyJin!She’sanoldscrounger.I’veseenherdownonherkneesinfrontofourMrsLian,beggingforstuffsothatshecouldgooutandpawnit.Whatanaunt!I’dbeashamedtoownanauntlikethat!”Hismother,WidowJin,overheardhismuttering.“Whathaveyoubeengettinguptothistime?”sheasked.“Lookatthejobwehadgettingyouintothatschool.AllthetalksIhadwithyourauntandthetroubleshewenttotoseeMrsLianaboutit…”“YourLordshipistoohardonhim,”protestedhiscompanions,whohadrisen.“Afewyearsatschoolandyourworthysonissuretoshowhismettleandmakeaname.He’snotachildanymore.It’snearlytimeforbreakfast,heshouldbeoff.”Theliterarygentlemenrosetotheirfeetwithnervouslaughter.“Come,come,SirZheng!Youaretoohardonhim!Twoorthreeyearsfromnowouryoungfriendwillbecarryingallbeforehim!Hehaslefthisold,childishwaysbehindhimnow-haven’tyouboy?Quitereformed.Come!”…“Iamsureitmustbetimenowforyourbreakfast.Tobreakfast!Tobreakfast!”ShehurriedforwardtoclaspKeqing’shand,exclaiming,“Howthinyou’vegrown,mypoorlady,inthefewdayssincelastIsawyou!”“Mydearestchild!It’sonlyafewdayssinceIlastsawyou,butlookhowthinyouhavegrown!”“Holyancestors!”sworeMingyanbehindhim.“Aren’tyoutellingeveryonenow?”Tealeaf,runningoutbehindhim,wasfrantic:“Mydearlittlegrandfather,that’sexactlywhatyouaredoing!”“Isthisyourworthywife?”askedDr.Zhang.“Yes,sir,”saidJiaRong.“Dositdown!Wouldyoulikemetodescribehersymptomstoyoubeforeyoutakeherpulse?”“Isthisthelady?”askedthedoctor.“Yes,thisismywife,”JiaRongreplied.“Dositdown!Iexpectyouwouldlikemetodescribehersymptomsfirst,beforeyoutakethepulse?”ThefatheroftheImperialLadyofHonourZhouhasalreadystartedbuildingaseparatecourtforhervisithome;andWuTianyu,fatheroftheImperialConcubineWu,islookingforasiteoutsidethecity.TheImperialConcubineLadyZhou’sfatheralreadyhasthebuildersatworkonaspecialwingforvisitationsinhishouse,andLadyWu’sfather,WuTian-you,hasbeenoutsidethecitylookingforasite.“IwasplayingwithCousinBaochai.Yingerwasmeantomeandcheatedme.ThenBrotherBaoyuturnedmeout.”“I’vejustbeenplayingatBao-chai’s.OriolecheatedmeandBao-yuturnedmeout.”“Well,”shecriedwithalaugh,“thisisthefirsttimeI’veseteyesonsucharavishingbeauty.Herwholeairissodistinguished!Shedoesn’ttakeafterherfather,son-in-lawofourOldAncestress,butlooksmorelikeaJia.NowonderourOldAncestresscouldn’tputyououtofhermindandwasforevertalkingaboutyou.Butpoorill-fatedlittlecousin,losingyourmothersoyoung!”Withthatshedabbedhereyeswithahandkerchief.“She’sabeauty,Granniedear!IfIhadn’tseteyesonhertoday,Ishouldn’thavebelievedthatsuchabeautifulcreaturecouldexist!Andeverythingabouthersodistingué!Shedoesn’ttakeafteryoursideofthefamily,Grannie.She’smorelikeaJia.Idon’tblameyouforhavinggoneonsoaboutherduringthepastfewdays-butpoorlittlething!WhatacruelfatetohavelostAuntielikethat!”andshedabbedathereyeswithahandkerchief.“Whendidyouarrive,brother?”askedYucuncheerfully.“I’dnoideayouwereintheseparts.Whatacoincidence,meetingyouhere.”…andYu-cunnowreturnedtheother’sgreetingwithapleasedsmile.“Mydearfellow!Howlonghaveyoubeenhere?Ireallyhadnoideayouwereintheseparts.ItwasquiteanaccidentthatIcameheretodayatall.Whatanextraordinarycoincidence!”“Howareyou,mydear?”saidGrannieLiu,advancingwithasmile.ZhouRui’swifescrutinizedherquestioninglyforsomemomentsbeforefinallyrecognizingher.“Why,it’sGrannieLiu!Howareyou?It’ssomanyyearssinceIsawyoulast,I’dforgottenallaboutyou!Comeinandsitdown!”“Howcanyousaysuchathing,sister,notleavingmealegtostandon?It’snotlikeyoutobesosuspiciousandunkind.”“Idon’tknowwhereyougotthatideafrom,sis,”hesaid.“It’sveryunlikeyoutomakeasnideremarklikethat.”“Thesecondthingisthis.Whetheryoulikestudyingornot,infrontoftheoldmasterandotherpeoplestoprunningitdownandmakingsarcasticremarksaboutit.Atleastpretendtolikestudying,soasnottoprovokeyourfatherandgivehimachancetospeakwellofyoutohisfriends…”“Thesecondthingisthis,”saidAroma.“Idon’tcarewhetheryoureallylikestudyingornot,butevenifyoudon’t,I’dlikeyouatleasttopretendthatyoudowhenyou’rewiththeMasteroranyothergentlemen,andnotalwaysbemakingsarcasticremarksaboutit.Ifyoucouldonlyputonanappearanceoflikingit,hewouldhavelesscausetobeangrywithyou,andcouldeventakeabitofprideinyouwhenhewastalkingtohisfriends…”Dai-yuwasthefirsttospeak:“That’syourNanniequarrellingwithAroma,”shesaid.“Tothinkhowthatpoorgirlgoesoutofherwaytobenicetotheoldwoman,yetstillshemanagestofindfaultwithher!Shereallymustbegettingsenile.”Bao-yuwasforrushingoverstraightaway,butBao-chairestrainedhim:“Don’tgoquarrellingwithyourNannie,whateveryoudo!She’sonlyasillyoldwoman.Youhavetoindulgeherabit.”Ashewasgoingshesuddenlycalledafterhimsothathestopped:“Aren’tyougoingtosaygood-byetoyourcousinBao-chai?”“You’dbettergo,”Baochaiurgedhim.“Evenifyoudon’twantanythingtoeatyoushouldkeepDaiyucompany,she’snotfeelinghappy.”“Youhadbettergonow.”Xifengsmiled.“Don’tbesocruel.Letmestayalittlelonger.”“Ahno,cruelcousin!Letmestayalittlelonger!”“Dearbrother!”Baoyucried.“It’sme—Baoyu!”“Jing-qing,oldfellow!It’sme!It’sBao-yu”-Hecalledhimseveraltimes…“Iamnearlyfiftyanddon’tintendtomarryagain,”Ruhaitoldher……andRu-haiaddedhisownreasons.“I’mhalfacenturyoldnow,mydear,andIhavenointentionoftakingasecondwife…”“Don’tstandonceremony,sir,”saidYucun,rising.“Iamaregularguesthere,Idon’tmindwaiting.”Yu-cunrosetohisfeettoo.“Pleasedonotdistressyourselfonmyaccount,sir.Iamaregularvisitorhereandcaneasilywaitabit.”Whentheyhaddrunkteahebroachedthesubject,saying,“YesterdayIwasoverwhelmedwithadmirationbyallMr.Fengtoldmeofyourcharacter,learningandprofoundknowledgeofmedicine,sir.”Hewaitedun