梁曉帆教育部實驗室安全衛生研習人因工程學I

人因工程定義背景介紹：人因工程背景介紹

背景介紹個人意外發生程序模型暴露於危害狀態危害的感知危害的認知決定避免避免的能力安全的行為不安全的行為機會機會意外沒有意外否否否否是是是是感應能力、感知能力、警醒狀況等經驗、訓練、心智能力、記憶能力等經驗、訓練、態度、動機、冒險程度、個性等人體計測、生物力學、運動能力等(Ramsey,1985)危害的感知人類接收外界訊息的管道:

危害的感知視覺系統概述視覺系統概述刺激原：光線能夠刺激眼睛的視網膜而產生視覺的輻射能可見光譜380~780nanometer光線的強度光源光強度(LuminousIntensity)，單位：燭光(Candela,cd)光通量(LuminousFlux)，單位：流明(Lumen,lm)放射至物體表面照度(Illumination)，單位：呎燭光(Footcandle,fc[lm/ft2])照度(Illuminance)，單位：勒克斯(Lux,lx[lm/m2])反射亮度(Luminance)，單位：呎朗伯(Footlambert,fL[lm/ft2])；cd/m2反射比(Reflectance)視覺系統概述CIE色彩圖根據三原色(RGB)繪製人類所能感受的所有顏色Munsell色錐以色調、飽和度與明度來描述顏色視覺系統概述接收系統：眼睛與視覺神經物體反射的光線角膜(Cornea)水樣液(AqueousHumor)瞳孔(Pupil)水晶體(Lens)[折射]玻璃液(VitreousHumor)網膜(Retina)網膜(Retina)錐狀細胞(Cone)分佈：集中在中央小窩(Fovea)附近特性：視銳度高、能辨色彩，但需在光線充足的情況下作用桿狀細胞(Rod)分佈：網膜的四周特性：視銳度低、只能辨別黑白，但可在光線不足的情況下作用視覺系統概述物體大小視角物體細節視銳度(VisualAcuity)眼睛能夠分辨物體細節的能力=1/視角衡量方法：最小可判離敏銳度(MinimumSeparableAcuity)物體對比對比敏感度(ContrastSensitivity)景深感知經驗法則Light:WavelengthLight:IntensityBrightness:SubjectiveexperienceofvisualintensityCIEcolorspaceBasedonhumancolorperceptionRGB(red,green,blue)Allcolorsthatcanbehumanlyperceivedcanbeplottedwithinthisspace.Theareawithinthetrianglerepresentsthecolorsthatcanbedisplayedbyatypicaltelevisionmonitor.The"+"indicatesthe"whitepoint"ofthemonitor.x=X/(X+Y+Z)y=Y/(X+Y+Z)Munsell’scolordimensionsEye:TheRetinaEye:RodsandConesEye:RodsandConesObjectsize:VisualangleForvisualanglesislessthan10degrees:VA:VisualAngleH:HeightoftheobjectD:Distance(1minuteofarc:1/60of1degree)Objectdetail:VisualacuityVisualacuity=MeasurementsMinimumseparableacuityGeneralmeasurementofsmallestdetaildetectableVernieracuityArelinesaligned?LandoltringIsthegapinaringdetectable?SnellenacuityMeasurementofdetailrevolvedat20ft.(6m.)20/20ContrastsensitivityModulationcontrast(C)Lmax:ThemaximumluminanceLmin:TheminimumluminanceThresholdcontrast(CM)TheminimumamountofcontrastthatcanjustbedetectedContrastSensitivity(CS)ThereciprocalofthethresholdcontrastInfluencesonContrastSensitivitySpatialfrequency(cycles/degree)Mostsensitivearound2-4cycles/degreeContrastBlackprintongrayThelevelofilluminationofthestimulusReadingmapinpoorlightEyeitselfAgeDynamicenvironmentMotionDepthperception:Top-downprocessingLinearperspectiveConvergingofparallellines(theroad)RelativesizeTwotrucksInterpositionTwobuildingsLightandshadingLocation&3-DTexturalgradientsTheconefieldRelativemotionDistantobjectSmallermovement危害的感知聽覺系統與其他感覺系統概述聽覺系統與其他感覺系統概述刺激原：聲音能夠刺激耳朵而產生聽覺的振動波頻率每秒鐘壓力變化的週期次數，單位：赫(Hertz,Hz)強度聲壓水準(SoundPressureLevel,SPL)SPL(dB)=20log(P1/P2)P1andP2:Pressures複合音位置聽覺系統與其他感覺系統概述接收系統：耳朵外耳、中耳以及內耳響度(Loudness)強度0db=Apuretoneof1,000Hzat20microNewtons/m2音調(Pitch)頻率20~20000Hz音色(Timbre)複合音感知位置位置EarLoudnessandpitchPsychophysicalscalingLoudness(Sone)1sone=theloudnessofa40dbtoneof1000HzLoudnessapproximatelydoubleswitheach10dbincreaseinsoundintensityLoudnessandpitch(Cont.)FrequencyinfluenceRange:20to20000HzMostsensitivetosoundsofaround4000HzEqualloudnesscontours(phon)1phon=1dbofloudnessofa1000Hztone40phons=1sone50phons=2sones60phones=4sones30phones=0.5sonesMaskingPrinciplesfordesignTheminimumintensitydifferencenecessarytoensurethatasoundcanbeheardisaround15dbabovethemask.Soundstendtobemaskedmostbysoundsinacriticalfrequencybandsurroundingthesoundthatismasked.Low-pitchsoundsmaskhigh-pitchsoundsmorethantheconverse.聽覺系統與其他感覺系統概述觸覺/膚覺鍵盤、手套、盲人點字、虛擬實境等肢體位置的感覺(Proprioception)與肢體移動的感覺(Kinesthesis)搖桿、滑鼠、方向盤等前庭(平衡)感覺(Vestibularsense)空間迷向(Spatialdisorientation)動暈癥(Motionsickness)感知的一般原理由上而下(Top-down)與由下而上(Bottom-up)程序Top-downWhatshouldbethere經驗、知識、預期心理Bottom-upWhatisthere感應訊號偵檢理論(SignalDetectionTheory,SDT)敏感度Bottom-up操作者行為Top-down感知的一般原理辨別(Discrimination)相似程度絕對判斷(AbsoluteJudgment)Vs.相對判斷(Relative

Judgment)Bottom-upvs.Top-downProcessingExperienceStimulusWorldKnowledge(expectanciesanddesires)ThesensesPerceptionBottom-upProcessingTop-downProcessingWhatisthereWhatshouldbethereDetectionSignalDetectionTheory(SDT)DiscriminatesignalsfromnoiseDiscriminationJudgmentofdifferencesbetweentwosourcesofinformationthatarepresentAbsolutejudgmentJudgmentoftheabsolutevalueofavariablesignaledbyacodedstimulus危害的認知與避免的決定人類之認知與決策概述危害的認知與避免的決定資訊程序模型(InformationProcessingModel)接收資訊、處理資訊與回應資訊工作記憶(WorkingMemory)容量(Capacity)：72chunks時間(Time)：半衰期(Halflife)3chunks:7seconds1chunk:70seconds注意力(Attention)相似度(Similarity)bandd危害的認知與避免的決定資訊程序模型(InformationProcessingModel)長期記憶(Long-termMemory)物件記憶強度頻率(Frequency)與新近度(Recency)物件記憶聯結(Association)物件之間相互的聯結遺忘：指數曲線低頻率(Frequency)與新近度(Recency)低聯結(Association)干擾的聯結(InterferingAssociations)資訊的組織(OrganizationofInformation)語意網路(SemanticNetworks)基模(Schemas)心智模式(MentalModel)危害的認知與避免的決定決策模型(DecisionMakingModel)線索之接收與整合(Cuereceptionandintegration)AttentiontolimitednumberofcuesCueprimacyInattentiontolatercuesCuesalienceOverweightingofunreliablecues假設之產生(Hypothesisgeneration)AlimitednumberofhypothesesaregeneratedAvailabilityheuristicRepresentativenessheuristicOverconfidence危害的認知與避免的決定決策模型(DecisionMakingModel)假設之評估與選擇(Hypothesisevaluationandselection)CognitivefixationConfirmationalbias行動之產生與選擇(Generatingandselectingactions)RetrieveasmallnumberofactionsAvailabilityheuristicforactionAvailabilityofpossibleoutcomes危害的認知與避免的決定決策模型(DecisionMakingModel)風險評估低估vs.高估Known-UnknownUnderstood-NotunderstoodCommon-UncommonMundane-DramaticLittlemediacoverage-MuchmediacoverageNoncontrovertial-ControvertialMeincontrol-YouincontrolVoluntary-NonvoluntaryFunrisks-WorkrisksFewinjuries/events-Manyinjuries/eventsSensoryperception-UnabletosenseBenignexperience-Hurtfulexperience(Buys,1982)InformationprocessingmodelModelHumanProcessor(Card,MoranandNewell,1983)ProcessorsPerceptualProcessor(Cycletime:100[50~200]msec.)CognitiveProcessor(Cycletime:70[25~170]msec.)MotorProcessor(Cycletime:70[30~100]msec.)Simplereaction:Cycletime:240[105~470]msec.MemoriesVisualImageStore(Decaytime:200[70~1000]msec.;Capacity:17[7~17]letters)AuditoryImageStore(Decaytime:1500[900~3500]msec.;Capacity:5[4.4~6.2]letters)WorkingMemory(Decaytime:withoutattention:7[5~226]msec.,1chunk:73[73~226]msec.,3chunks:7[5~34]msec.;Capacity:3[2.5~4.1]chunks,7[5~9]chunks)Long-TermMemory(Decaytime:;Capacity:)Chunking:於認知過程中,個人組織訊息成有意義之單位(Miller,1956):72(5~9)chunksExample:TREECATDOGvs.TREECATDOGLong-termmemory:SemanticnetworksLong-termmemory:SchemasDecisionmakingmodelInformation-processingframeworkCuereceptionandintegrationHypothesisgenerationHypothesisevaluationandselectionGeneratingandselectingactions避免的能力人體計測與生物力學概述避免的能力人體的差異年齡、性別、種族、職業、世代、暫時的每日變化等人體計測資料庫軍方與民間臺灣地區勞工人體計測資料庫本資料庫所量測到的人體計測資料包含為動態尺寸42項以及靜態尺寸266項兩大類，將所有的尺寸彙總後共有308項。目前樣本數1200筆，樣本背景以勞工為主。靜態資料庫量測人體靜止時之維度(如身高、肩寬等)動態資料庫量測人體工作時之維度(如站立時右手可及之區域等)工作站設計AnthropometricdataMeasurementdevicesandmethodsMartin’santhropometricinstrumentsMoranttechnique(gridsystem)PhotographicmethodsDigitalhumanmodelingGeneralprinciplesforwork-spacedesign(Cont.)VisibilityandnormallineofsightNormallineofsightThepreferreddirectionofgazewhentheeyesareatarestingconditionAbout10to15belowthehorizontalplaneVisualdisplayshouldbeplacedwithin15inradiusaroundthenormallineofsightGeneralprinciplesforwork-spacedesign(Cont.)ComponentarrangementFrequencyofuseprincipleImportanceprincipleSequenceofuseprincipleConsistencyprincipleControl-displaycompatibilityprincipleofco-locationClutter-avoidanceprincipleFunctional-groupingprincipleDesignofstandingandseatedworkareasChoicebetweenstandingandseatedworkareasAnalysisofjobcomponentsWorksurfaceheightGeneralrulesofthumbStandingworkingheightsat5to10cmbelowelbowlevelSeatedworkingheightsatelbowlevelWorksurfacedepthNormalworkareaThehorizontalareacoveredbyasweepoftheforearmwithoutextendingtheupperarmMaximumworkareaThehorizontalareacoveredbyasweepofthearmbyextendingthearmfromtheshoulderWorksurfaceinclinationSlightlyslantedsurfaces(about15)shouldbeusedforreading避免的能力骨骼肌肉系統連結組織關節生物力學模型牛頓力學三定律下背抬舉模型NIOSH抬舉準則座椅設計ThemusculoskeletalsystemFunctionsTosupportandprotectthebodyandbodypartsTomaintainpostureandproducebodymovementTogenerateheatandmaintainbodytemperatureBones206bonesProtectinternalorgans(e.g.,skullandtheribcage)Supportbodymovement(e.g.,longbonesoftheupperandlowerextremities)Themusculoskeletalsystem(Cont.)ConnectivetissuesTendons(肌腱)TransmittheforcesexertedbythemusclestotheattachedbonesLigaments(韌帶)ConnectthearticularextremitiesofbonesandhelpstabilizethearticulationsofbonesatjointsCartilage(軟骨)AtranslucentelastictissueFascia(筋膜)CoversbodystructuresandseparatesthemfromeachotherThemusculoskeletalsystem(Cont.)JointsSynovialjoints(滑液關節)NotissueexistsbetweenthehighlylubricatedjointsurfacesFibrousjoints(纖維關節)SuchasthoseconnectingthebonesoftheskullthroughfibroustissuesCartilaginousjoints(軟骨關節)SuchasthosebridgingvertebralbonesandintervertebraldiscsThemusculoskeletalsystem(Cont.)TypesofmovementallowedNo-mobilityjointsDonotsupportmovement(e.g.,theseamsintheskullofanadult)HingejointsPermitmotioninonlyoneplane(e.g.,elbow)PivotjointsAllow2degreesoffreedominmovement(e.g.,wrist)Ball-and-socketjointsAllow3degreesoffreedominmovement(e.g.,thehipandshoulder)Biomechanicalmodels3Newton’slawsSingle-segmentplanar(2-D)staticmodelW=mgW:Weightofobject(N)m:themassofobject(kg)g:thegravitationalacceleration(9.8m/s2)Won-each-hand=(20kg9.8m/s2)/2=98N(forcesattheelbow)=0-16N-98N+Relbow=0;Relbow=114N(momentsattheelbow)=0-16N(0.18m)-98N(0.36m)+Melbow=0;Melbow=38,16N-mLow-backproblemsLow-backbiomechanicsoflifting(momentsattheL5/S1disc)=0Fback-muscle5cm=Wloadh+Wtorsob(forcesattheL5/S1disc)=0Fcompression=(Wload+Wtorso)

Cos+Fback-muscleNIOSHliftingguideBiomechanicsCriterionforthecompressiveforceattheL5/S1disc=3.4kNPhysiologyThelimitofmaximumenergyexpenditureforalifting=2.2to4.7kcal/minPsychophysicsThemaximum-acceptable-weight-of-lift=theacceptableliftingcapacityofabout99%ofmaleworkersand75%offemaleworkers(about90%ofa50-50mixed-sexworkingpopulation)NIOSHliftingguide(Cont.)NIOSHliftingguide(Cont.)AnexampleH=16”V=44”D=18”A=80F=3lifts/minC:GoodcouplingJobduration:8hrs/dayWeightlifted=15lbsRWL=510.6250.8950.920.7440.551.0=10.74(lbs)LI=15/10.74=1.40NIOSHliftingguide(Cont.)Manualmaterialhandling1991NIOSHliftingequationJobanalysistoolSevenmajorparametersindesigningworkplacesanddevicesformaterialhandlingMaterialhandlingdevices(MHDs)Materialhandlingdevices(Cont.)NIOSHliftingguide(Cont.)SeatedworkandchairdesignLordosis(前彎)vs.kyphosis(後彎

)ChairdesignBackrest:110-120LumbarsupportArmrestsTiltableandcushionedseatsurfaceAdjustedseatheightOthersAdequatelegspaceRegularbreaksUpper-extremitycumulativetraumadisordersTermsCumulativetraumadisorders(CTDs,累積性傷害)

RepetitiveStrainInjuries(RSIs)CommonformsofCTDTendon-relatedCTDTendonitis(肌腱炎)Tenosynovitis(腱鞘炎)Neuritis(神經炎)NervedamageIschemia(缺血)TissueanemiaBursitis(滑液囊炎)InflammationofabursaUpper-extremityCTDs(Cont.)FingersHandandwristElbowShoulder梁曉帆教育部實驗室安全衛生研習人因工程學II

個人意外發生程序模型暴露於危害狀態危害的感知危害的認知決定避免避免的能力安全的行為不安全的行為機會機會意外沒有意外否否否否是是是是感應能力、感知能力、警醒狀況等經驗、訓練、心智能力、記憶能力等經驗、訓練、態度、動機、冒險程度、個性等人體計測、生物力學、運動能力等(Ramsey,1985)定義危害(Hazard)有可能造成災害(受傷或死亡)的狀態風險(Risk)造成災害(受傷或死亡)的機率或可能性危險(Danger)危害風險91年全產業職業災害統計：災害類型91年全產業職業災害統計：受傷部位相關單位勞工安全衛生研究所民國81年8月勞工安全衛生研究所成立。勞工安全衛生研究所為隸屬行政院勞工委員會之研究機構，其主要任務為運用科學技術，調查、分析工作環境中的各種危害因子，並進而提出改善對策。中華民國人因工程學會緣起：人因工程在國內有系統的發展，大約是從民國七十三年，國科會邀請國內人因工程小組，討論它的發展方向開始的，經過好幾次會議的熱烈討論，才確定了『人因工程』的中文名稱和它的發展方向（之前的中文譯名不一，如『人體工學』、『人類工程學』、『人類因素學』等），從那時起，人因工程就是國科會工程處在工業工程方面的一個發展重點；而中華民人因工程學會是民國八十一年七月間，由國內各大教授及研究機構相關人員提議成立，以整合國內人因工程人力資源，共同合作提升國內人因工程學術研究及相關技術水準，並促進國際相關研究之交流。提議之後，獲得學術界、教育界、及產業界人士的支持，經七個月的籌備，於八十二年二月十四日在新竹國立清華大學成立，共有一百六十餘位會員參加成立大會。相關單位中華民國人因工程學會發展：在過去的幾年期間，國內人因工程的專業人才漸漸增多，人因工程的研究推廣每年都有令人滿意成果與成長，原來主要由國科會支持的研究推廣工作，近年來也陸續擴展到其他相關政府機構，如：勞委會、原委會、交通部、經濟部等，民間產業在這方面的需求也日漸增多，國科會在工程處中正式成立了工業工程學門，人因工程也被列為五個子學門之一，可以顯示出它的重要性與潛力，另外在國科會生物處的範圍內，在醫學工程在生物力學、殘障輔助設施、復健等方面，也需要人因工程的配合支持。安全與意外防治危害因子(Hazardfactors)危害確認方法(Hazardidentificationmethods)危害控制方法(Hazardcontrolmethods)危害因子任務相關項目人員年齡、能力、經驗、用藥與酒精、性別、壓力、警醒與疲勞、動機、易錯性等工作警醒與疲勞、物理工作負荷、心理工作負荷、休息週期、輪班、步調、程序等設備與工具控制與顯示、電危害、機械危害、熱危害、壓力危害、有毒物質、爆裂危害、組件失效等危害因子環境物理環境照明、噪音、振動、溫度、溼度、懸浮粒子、火災危害、輻射危害、跌倒等社會/心理環境管理方法、社會常規、士氣、訓練、誘因危害確認方法危害評估矩陣(HazardAssessmentMatrix,MIL-STD-882B)初步危害分析(PreliminaryHazardsAnalysis)失效模式及效應分析(FailureModesandEffectsAnalysis,FMEA)失誤樹分析(FaultTreeAnalysis)HazardidentificationandcontrolHazardcriticalityandriskMIL-STD-882BFrequencySeverityCatastrophicCriticalMarginalNegligibleFrequent13713Probable25916Occasional461118Remote8101419Improbable12151720Hazardidentificationandcontrol(Cont.)HazardidentificationPreliminaryhazardsanalysisEvaluatethecombinationsoftaskactions,potentialusers,andenvironmentstodevelopalistofthemostobvioushazardsthatwillbeassociatedwithasystemSpecifythecauseofeachhazardandthemostlikelyeffectonthesystemEstimatethelikelihoodthatanaccidentwouldoccurastheresultofthehazardandtheseverityoftheconsequencesListpotentialcorrectivemeasuresforeachhazardFailuremodesandeffectscriticalityanalysis(FMECA)IncludehazardcriticalityoftheeffectandforeseeablemisuseinFMEAComponentssubsystemssystemFaulttreeanalysisWorkdowntoidentifyallpossiblecausesoftheeventEventcauses危害控制方法「以物就人」消除危害改變程序或設計人機介面：顯示與控制設計有毒材料改為無毒材料尖角改為圓角降低危害降低危害嚴重性與發生機率備份(Redundancy)失效範圍控制提供安全設施SafeguardsFail-safedevices危害控制方法「以人就物」提供警告標示SignalwordDanger:AnimmediatehazardthatwouldlikelyresultinsevereinjuryordeathWarning:HazardsthatcouldresultinpersonalinjuriesordeathCaution:HazardsorunsafepracticesthatcouldresultinminorpersonalinjuryorpropertydamageDescriptionofhazardConsequencesassociatedwithhazardBehaviorneededtoavoidthehazard提供安全程序(人員訓練)提供個人保護裝備行政管理控制或法規maxliang@.twPerceptualprinciplesMakedisplayslegible(oraudible)Avoidabsolute