2017年10月21日雅思閱讀機經真題回憶及答案解析本次考試的文章兩篇舊題一篇新題，第一篇是關于托馬斯楊這個人的人物傳記，第二篇是跟仿生科學相關的，講人們可以利用自然中的現象改善生活，第三篇介紹了四種不同的性格和它們對團隊合作的影響。本次考試第一篇及第三篇文章較容易，最難的為第二篇文章，但是很多考生花費很多時間在第二篇上，導致沒時間做簡單的第三篇文章，所以希望大家考試中能靈活選擇做題順序。二、具體題目分析Passage1：題目：ThomasYoung斷題7+簡答題6文章大意：關于托馬斯楊的個人傳記參考文章：ThomasYoungTheLastTrueKnow-It-AllAThomasYoung(1773-1829)contributed63articlestotheEncyclopediaBritannica,including46biographicalentries(mostlyonscientistsandclassicists)andsubstantialessayson"Bridge,”"Chromatics,""Egypt,""Languages"and"Tides".Wassomeonewhocouldwriteauthoritativelyaboutsomanysubjectsapolymath,ageniusoradilettante?Inanambitiousnewbiography,AndrewRobinsonarguesthatYoungisagoodcontenderfortheepitaph"thelastmanwhokneweverything."Younghascompetition,however:Thephrase,whichRobinsontakesforhistitle,alsoservesasthesubtitleoftwootherrecentbiographies:LeonardWarren's1998lifeofpaleontologistJosephLeidy(1823-1891)andPaulaFindlen's2004bookonAthanasiusKircher(1602-1680),anotherpolymath.BYoung,ofcourse,didmorethanwriteencyclopediaentries.HepresentedhisfirstpapertotheRoyalSocietyofLondonattheageof20andwaselectedaFellowaweekafterhis21stbirthday.Inthepaper,Youngexplainedtheprocessofaccommodationinthehumaneyeonhowtheeyefocusesproperlyonobjectsatvaryingdistances.Younghypothesizedthatthiswasachievedbychangesintheshapeofthelens.Youngalsotheorizedthatlighttraveledinwavesandhebelievedthat,toaccountfortheabilitytoseeincolor,theremustbethreereceptorsintheeyecorrespondingtothethree"principalcolors"towhichtheretinacouldrespond:red,green,violet.Allthesehypothesisweresubsequentlyprovedtobecorrect.CLaterinhislife,whenhewasinhisforties,YoungwasinstrumentalincrackingthecodethatunlockedtheunknownscriptontheRosettaStone,atabletthatwas"found"inEgyptbytheNapoleonicarmyin1799.Thestonecontainstextinthreealphabets:Greek,somethingunrecognizableandEgyptianhieroglyphs.Theunrecognizablescriptisnowknownasdemoticand,asYoungdeduced,isrelateddirectlytohieroglyphic.HisinitialworkonthisappearedinhisBritannicaentryonEgypt.Inanotherentry,hecoinedthetermIndo-EuropeantodescribethefamilyoflanguagesspokenthroughoutmostofEuropeandnorthernIndia.Thesearethelandmarkachievementsofamanwhowasachildprodigyandwho,unlikemanyremarkablechildren,didnotdisappearintooblivionasanadult.DBornin1773inSomersetinEngland,Younglivedfromanearlyagewithhismaternalgrandfather,eventuallyleavingtoattendboardingschool.Hehaddevouredbooksfromtheageoftwo,andthroughhisowninitiativeheexcelledatLatin,Greek,mathematicsandnaturalphilosophy.Afterleavingschool,hewasgreatlyencouragedbyhismother'suncle,RichardBrocklesby,aphysicianandFellowoftheRoyalSociety.FollowingBrocklesby'slead,Youngdecidedtopursueacareerinmedicine.HestudiedinLondon,followingthemedicalcircuit,andthenmovedontomoreformaleducationinEdinburgh,GottingenandCambridge.AftercompletinghismedicaltrainingattheUniversityofCambridgein1808,YoungsetuppracticeasaphysicianinLondon.HesoonbecameaFellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansandafewyearslaterwasappointedphysicianatSt.George'sHospital.EYoung'sskillasaphysician,however,didnotequalhisskillasascholarofnaturalphilosophyorlinguistics.Earlier,in1801,hehadbeenappointedtoaprofessorshipofnaturalphilosophyattheRoyalInstitution,wherehedeliveredasmanyas60lecturesinayear.Thesewerepublishedintwovolumesin1807.In1804YounghadbecomesecretarytotheRoyalSociety,aposthewouldholduntilhisdeath.Hisopinionsweresoughtoncivicandnationalmatters,suchastheintroductionofgaslightingtoLondonandmethodsofshipconstruction.From1819hewassuperintendentoftheNauticalAlmanacandsecretarytotheBoardofLongitude.From1824to1829hewasphysiciantoandinspectorofcalculationsforthePalladianInsuranceCompany.Between1816and1825hecontributedhismanyandvariousentriestotheEncyclopediaBritannica,andthroughouthiscareerheauthorednumerousbooks,essaysandpapers.FYoungisaperfectsubjectforabiography-perfect,butdaunting.Fewmencontributedsomuchtosomanytechnicalfields.Robinson'saimistointroducenon-scientiststoYoung'sworkandlife.Hesucceeds,providingclearexpositionsofthetechnicalmaterial(especiallythatonopticsandEgyptianhieroglyphs).Somereadersofthisbookwill,likeRobinson,findYoung'saccomplishmentsimpressive;otherswillseehimassomehistorianshave-asadilettante.Yetdespitetherichmaterialpresentedinthisbook,readerswillnotendupknowingYoungpersonally.WecatchglimpsesofaplayfulYoung,doodlingGreekandLatinphrasesinhisnotesonmedicallecturesandtranslatingtheversesthatayoungladyhadwrittenonthewallsofasummerhouseintoGreekelegiacs.Youngwasintroducedintoelitesociety,attendedthetheatreandlearnedtodanceandplaytheflute.Inaddition,hewasanaccomplishedhorseman.However,hispersonallifelookspalenexttohisvibrantcareerandstudies.GYoungmarriedElizaMaxwellin1804,andaccordingtoRobinson,"theirmarriagewasahappyoneandsheappreciatedhiswork."Almostallweknowaboutheristhatshesustainedherhusbandthroughsomerancorousdisputesaboutopticsandthatsheworriedaboutmoneywhenhismedicalcareerwasslowtotakeoff.VerylittleevidencesurvivesaboutthecomplexitiesofYoung'srelationshipswithhismotherandfather.Robinsondoesnotcreditthem,oranyoneelse,withshapingYoung'sextraordinarymind.DespitethelackofdetailsconcerningYoung'srelationships,however,anyoneinterestedinwhatitmeanstobeageniusshouldreadthisbook.參考答案：判斷題：1.“Thelastmanwhokneweverything”hasalsobeenclaimedtootherpeople.TURE2.AllYoung’sarticleswerepublishedinEncyclopediaBritannica.FALSE3.Likeothers,Youngwasn'tsobrilliantwhengrewup.FALSE4.Young'stalentsasadoctoraresurpassinghisotherskills.NOTGIVEN5.Young'sadvicewassoughtbypeopleresponsibleforlocalandnationalissues.TRUE6.Youngwasinterestedinvarioussocialpastimes.TRUE7.Youngsufferedfromadiseaseinhislateryears.NOTGIVEN填空題：8.HowmanylifestoriesdidYoungwriteforEncyclopediaBritannica?469.WhataspectofscientificresearchdidYoungdoinhisfirstacademicpaper?humaneye10.WhatnamedidYoungintroducetorefertoagroupoflanguages?Indo-European11.WhoinspiredYoungtostartthemedicalstudies?RichardBrocklesby12.WheredidYounggetateachingposition?RoyalInstitution13.WhatcontributiondidYoungmaketoLondon?gaslighting(答案僅供參考)Passage2：題目:Learnthenature題型：段落細節配對4+填空題5+人名理論配對4新舊程度：新題文章大意：講仿生科學的，寫出大自然里有很多現象可以被學習和利用，用于科學研究改善人類社會和生活。參考文章：暫無參考答案：段落細節配對:暫無填空題：18.sun19.fog20.wind21.mouth22.roof人名理論配對題：暫無(答案僅供參考)Passage3：題名：CommunicatingStylesandConflict題型：段落主旨大意題8+判斷題5+選擇題1文章大意：四種不同性格的分類和在職場中的表現參考文章：CommunicatingStylesandConflictKnowingyourcommunicationstyleandhavingamixofstylesonyourteamcanprovideapositiveforceforresolvingconflict.SectionAAsfarbackasHippocrates’time(460-370B.C.)peoplehavetriedtounderstandotherpeoplebycharacterizingthemaccordingtopersonalitytypeortemperament.Hippocratesbelievedtherewerefourdifferentbodyfluidsthatinfluencedfourbasictypesoftemperament.Hisworkwasfurtherdeveloped500yearslaterbyGalen(130-200A.D.).Thesedaysthereareanynumberofself-assessmenttoolsthatrelatetothebasicdescriptionsdevelopedbyGalen,althoughwenolongerbelievethesourcetobethetypesofbodyfluidthatdominateoursystems.SectionBThevalueinself-assessmentsthathelpdeterminepersonalitystyle,learningstyles,communicationstyles,conflict-handlingstyles,orotheraspectsofindividualsisthattheyhelpdepersonalizeconflictininterpersonalrelationships.Thedepersonalizationoccurswhenyourealizethatothersaren’ttryingtobedifficult,buttheyneeddifferentormoreinformationthanyoudo.They’renotintendingtoberude;theyaresofocusedonthetasktheyforgetaboutgreetingpeople.Theywouldliketoworkfasterbutnotattheriskofdamagingtherelationshipsneededtogetthejobdone.Theyunderstandthereisajobtodo,butitcanonlybedonerightwiththeappropriateinformation,whichtakestimetocollect.Whenusedappropriately,understandingcommunicationstylescanhelpresolveconflictonteams.Veryrarelyareconflictstruepersonalityissues.Usuallytheyareissuesofstyle,informationneeds,orfocus.SectionCHippocratesandlaterGalendeterminedtherewerefourbasictemperaments:sanguine,phlegmatic,melancholicandcholeric.Thesedescriptionsweredevelopedcenturiesagoandarestillsomewhatapt,althoughyoucouldupdatethewording.Intoday’sworld,theytranslateintothefourfairlycommoncommunicationstylesdescribedbelow:SectionDThesanguinepersonwouldbetheexpressiveorspiritedstyleofcommunication.Thesepeoplespeakinpictures.Theyinvestalotofemotionandenergyintheircommunicationandoftenspeakquickly,puttingtheirwholebodyintoit.Theyareeasilysidetrackedontoastorythatmayormaynotillustratethepointtheyaretryingtomake.Becauseoftheirenthusiasmtheyaregreatteammotivators.Theyareconcernedaboutpeopleandrelationships.Theirhighlevelsofenergycancomeonstrongattimesandtheirfocusisusuallyonthebiggerpicture,whichmeanstheysometimesmissthedetailsortheproperorderofthings.Thesepeoplefindconflictordifferencesofopinioninvigoratingandlovetoengageinaspiriteddiscussion.Theylovechangeandareconstantlylookingfornewandexcitingadventures.SectionEThephlegmaticperson—coolandpersevering—translatesintothetechnicalorsystematiccommunicationstyle.Thisstyleofcommunicationisfocusedonfactsandtechnicaldetails.Phlegmaticpeoplehaveanorderlymethodicalwayofapproachingtasks,andtheirfocusisverymuchonthetask,notonthepeople,emotions,orconcernsthatthetaskmayevoke.Thefocusisalsomoreonthedetailsnecessarytoaccomplishatask.Sometimesthedetailsoverwhelmthebigpictureandfocusneedstobebroughtbacktothecontextofthetask.Peoplewiththisstylethinkthefactsshouldspeakforthemselves,andtheyarenotascomfortablewithconflict.Theyneedtimetoadapttochangeandneedtounderstandboththelogicofitandthestepsinvolved.SectionFThemelancholicpersonwhoissoftheartedandorientedtowarddoingthingsforotherstranslatesintotheconsiderateorsympatheticcommunicationstyle.Apersonwiththiscommunicationstyleisfocusedonpeopleandrelationships.Theyaregoodlistenersanddothingsforotherpeople—sometimestothedetrimentofgettingthingsdoneforthemselves.Theywanttosoliciteveryone’sopinionandmakesureeveryoneiscomfortablewithwhateverisrequiredtogetthejobdone.Attimesthisfocusonotherscandistractfromthetaskathand.Becausetheyaresoconcernedwiththeneedsofothersandsmoothingoverissues,theydonotlikeconflict.Theybelievethatchangethreatensthestatusquoandtendstomakepeoplefeeluneasysopeoplewiththiscommunicationstyle,likephlegmaticpeople,needtimetoconsiderthechangesinordertoadapttothem.SectionGThecholerictemperamenttranslatesintotheboldordirectstyleofcommunication.Peoplewiththisstylearebriefintheircommunication—thefewerwordsthebetter.Theyarebigpicturethinkersandlovetobeinvolvedinmanythingsatonce.Theyarefocusedontasksandoutcomesandoftenforgetthatthepeopleinvolvedincarryingoutthetaskshaveneeds.Theydon’tdodetailworkeasilyandasaresultcanoftenunderestimatehowmuchtimeittakestoachievethetask.Becausetheyaresodirect,theyoftenseemforcefulandcanbeveryintimidatingtoothers.Theyusuallywouldwelcomesomeonechallengingthem,butmostotherstylesareafraidtodoso.Theyalsothriveonchange,themorethebetter.SectionHAwell-functioningteamshouldhaveallofthesecommunicationstylesfortrueeffectiveness.Allteamsneedtofocusonthetask,andtheyneedtotakecareofrelationshipsinordertoachievethosetasks.Theyneedthebigpictureperspectiveorthecontextoftheirwork,andtheyneedthedetailstobeidentifiedandtakencareofforsuccess.Weallhaveaspectsofeachstylewithinus.Someofuscaneasilymovefromonestyletoanotherandadaptourstyletotheneedsofthesituationathand—whetherthefocusis