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2021年全國碩士研究生招生考試

英語（二）試題

（科目代碼：202）

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SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions：

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)fbreachnumberedblankandmarkA,

B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Ifsnotdifficulttosettargetsfbrstaff.Itismuchharder,1,tounderstandtheir

negativeconsequences.Mostwork-relatedbehaviorshavemultiplecomponents.2

oneandtheothersbecomedistorted.

TravelonaLondonbusandyou'll3seehowthisworkswithdrivers.Watch

peoplegetonandshowtheirtickets.Aretheycarefullyinspected?Never.Dopeopleget

onwithoutpaying?Ofcourse!Arethereinspectorsto4thatpeoplehavepaid?

Possibly,butveryfew.Andpeoplewhorunfbrthebus?TheyareHowabout

jumpinglights?Busesdosoalmostasfrequentlyascyclists.

Why?BecausethetargetisgPeoplecomplainedthatbuseswerelateand

infrequent.7,thenumberofbusesandbuslaneswereincreased,anddriverswere

8orpunishedaccordingtothetimetheytook.Anddrivershitthesetargets.But

they9hitcyclists.Ifthetargetwaschangedto[0youwouldhavemore

inspectorsandmoresensitivepricing.Ifthecriterionchangedtosafety,youwouldget

more11driverswhoobeyedtrafficlaws.Butboththesecriteriawouldbeatthe

expenseoftime.

Thereisanother12:peoplebecameimmenselyinventiveinhittingtargets.

Haveyou13thatyoucanleaveonaflightanhourlatebutstillarriveontime?

Tailwinds?Ofcoursenot!Airlineshavesimplychangedthetimea14ismeantto

take.Aone-hourflightisnowbilledasatwo-hourflight.

The15ofthestoryissimple.Mostjobsaremultidimensional,withmultiple

criteria.Chooseonecriterionandyoumaywell16others.Everythingcanbedone

fasterandmadecheaper,butthereisa\7_.Settingtargetscananddoeshave

unforeseennegativeconsequences.

Thisisnotanargumentagainsttarget-setting.Butitisanargumentfbrexploring

consequencesfirst.Allgoodtargetsshouldhavemultiplecriteria18criticalfactors

suchastime,money,qualityandcustomerfeedback.Thetrickisnotonlyto19just

oneoreventwodimensionsoftheobjective,butalsotounderstandhowtohelppeople

better20theobjective.

英語（二）試題.1.（共14頁）

1.[A]therefore[B]however[C]again[D]moreover

2.[A]Emphasize[B]Identify[C]Assess[D]Explain

3.[A]nearly[B]curiously[C]eagerly[D]quickly

4.[A]claim[B]prove[C]check[D]recall

5.[A]threatened[B]ignored[C]mocked[D]blamed

6.[A]punctuality[B]hospitality[C]competition[D]innovation

7.[A]Yet[B]So[C]Besides[D]Still

8.[A]hired[B]trained[C]rewarded[D]grouped

9.[A]only[B]rather[C]once[D]also

10.[A]comfort[B]revenue[C]efficiency[D]security

11.[A]friendly[B]quiet[C]cautious[D]diligent

12.[A]purpose[B]problem[C]prejudice[D]policy

13.[A]reported[B]revealed[C]admitted[D]noticed

14.[A]break[B]trip[C]departure[D]transfer

15.[A]moral[B]background[C]style[D]form

16.[A]interpret[B]criticize[C]sacrifice[D]tolerate

17.[A]task[B]secret[C]product[D]cost

18.[A]leadingto[B]callingfbr[C]relatingto[D]accountingfor

19.[Ajspecify[B]predict[C]restore[D]create

20.[A]modify[B]review[C]present[D]achieve

SectionHReadingComprehension

Directions：

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,

CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

英語（二）試題.2.（共14頁）

Text1

“Reskilling”issomethingthatsoundslikeabuzzwordbutisactuallya

requirementifweplantohaveafuturewherealotofwould-beworkersdonotgetleft

behind.Weknowwearemovingintoaperiodwherethejobsindemandwillchange

rapidly,aswilltherequirementsofthejobsthatremain.ResearchbytheWorld

EconomicForumfindsthatonaverage42percentoftheMcoreskillsMwithinjobroles

willchangeby2022.Thatisaveryshorttimeline.

Thequestionofwhoshouldpayforreskillingisathornyone.Forindividual

companies,thetemptationisalwaystoletgoofworkerswhoseskillsarenolongerin

demandandreplacethemwiththosewhoseskillsare.Thatdoesnotalwayshappen.

AT&Tisoftengivenasthegoldstandardofacompanywhodecidedtodoamassive

reskillingprogramratherthangowithafirc-and-hirestrategy.Othercompanies

includingAmazonandDisneyhadalsopledgedtocreatetheirownplans.Whenthe

skillsmismatchisinthebroadereconomythough,thefocususuallyturnstogovernment

tohandle.EffortsinCanadaandelsewherehavebeenarguablylanguidatbest,andhave

givenusasituationwherewefrequentlyhearofemployersbeggingforworkers,evenat

timesandinregionswhereunemploymentishigh.

Withthepandemic,unemploymentisveryhighindeed.InFebruary,at3.5per

centand5.5percentrespectively,unemploymentratesinCanadaandtheUnitedStates

wereatgenerationallowsandworkershortageswereeverywhere.AsofMay,those

rateshadspikedupto13.3percentand13.7percent,andalthoughmanyworker

shortageshaddisappeared,notallhaddoneso.Inthemedicalfield,totakeanobvious

example,thepandemicmeantthattherewerestillclearshortagesofdoctors,nursesand

othermedicalpersonnel.

Ofcourse,itisnotlikeyoucantakeanunemployedwaiterandtrainhimtobea

doctorinafewweeks,nomatterwhopaysfbrit.Butevenifyoucannotclosethatgap,

maybeyoucancloseothers,anddoingsowouldbetothebenefitofallconcerned.That

seemstobethecaseinSweden:Whenforcedtofurlough90percentoftheircabin

staff,ScandinavianAirlinesdecidedtostartupashortretrainingprogramthatreskilled

thelaid-ofFworkerstosupporthospitalstaff.Theeffortwasacollectiveoneand

involvedothercompaniesaswellasaSwedishuniversity.

英語（二）試題.3.（共14頁）

21.ResearchbytheWorldEconomicForumsuggests.

[A]anincreaseinfull-timeemployment

[B]anurgentdemandfornewjobskills

[C]asteadygrowthofjobopportunities

[D]acontroversyaboutthe“coreskills”

22.AT&Tiscitedtoshow.

[A]analternativetothefire-and-hirestrategy

[B]animmediateneedforgovernmentsupport

[C]theimportanceofstaffappraisalstandards

[D]thecharacteristicsofreskillingprograms

23.EffortstoresolvetheskillsmismatchinCanada.

[A]havedrivenuplabourcosts

[B]haveprovedtobeinconsistent

[C]havemetwithfierceopposition

[D]haveappearedtobeinsufficient

24.WecanlearnfromParagraph3thattherewas.

[A]acallfbrpolicyadjustment

[B]achangeinhiringpractices

[C]alackofmedicalworkers

[D]asignofeconomicrecovery

25.ScandinavianAirlinesdecidedto.

[A]createjobvacanciesfbrtheunemployed

[B]preparetheirlaid-ofTworkersfbrotherjobs

[C]retraintheircabinstafffbrbetterservices

[D]financetheirstaffscollegeeducation

英語（二）試題.4.（共14頁）

Text2

Withtheglobalpopulationpredictedtohitcloseto10billionby2050,and

forecaststhatagriculturalproductioninsomeregionswillneedtonearlydoubletokeep

pace,foodsecurityisincreasinglymakingheadlines.IntheUK,ithasbecomeabig

talkingpointrecentlytoo,foraratherparticularreason:Brexit.

BrexitisseenbysomeasanopportunitytoreversearecenttrendtowardstheUK

importingfood.Thecountryproducesonlyabout60percentofthefooditeats,down

fromalmostthree-quartersinthelate1980s.Amovebacktoself-sufficiency,the

argumentgoes,wouldboosttheformingindustry,politicalsovereigntyandeventhe

nation'shealth.Soundsgreat-buthowfeasibleisthisvision?

AccordingtoareportonUKfoodproductionfromtheUniversityofLeeds,UK,

85percentofthecountry'stotallandareaisassociatedwithmeatanddairyproduction.

Thatsupplies80percentofwhatisconsumed,soevencoveringthewholecountryin

livestockfarmswouldn'tallowustocoverallourmeatanddairyneeds.

Therearemanycaveatstothosefigures,buttheyarestillgrave.Tobecomemuch

moreself-sufficient,theUKwouldneedtodrasticallyreduceitsconsumptionofanimal

foods,andprobablyalsofarmmoreintensively-meaningfewergreenfieldsandmore

factory-styleproduction.

Butswitchingtoamainlyplant-baseddietwouldn'thelp.Thereisagoodreason

whytheUKisdominatedbyanimalhusbandry:mostofitsterraindoesn'thavetheright

soilorclimatetogrowcropsonacommercialbasis.Just25percentofthecountry's

landissuitableforcrop-growing,mostofwhichisalreadyoccupiedbyarablefields.

Evenifweconvertedallthesuitablelandtofieldsoffruitandveg—whichwould

involvetakingoutallthenaturereservesandremovingthousandsofpeoplefromtheir

homes-wewouldachieveonlya30percentboostincropproduction.

Just23percentofthefruitandvegetablesconsumedintheUKarecurrently

home-grown,soevenwiththemostextrememeasureswecouldmeetonly30percent

ofourfreshproduceneeds.Thatisbeforewelookforthespacetogrowthegrains,

sugars,seedsandoilsthatprovideuswiththevastbulkofourcurrentcalorieintake.

英語（二）試題.5.（共14頁）

26.Somepeoplearguethatfoodself-sufficiencyintheUKwould

[A]behinderedbyitspopulationgrowth

[B]contributetothenation'swell-being

[C]becomeapriorityofthegovernment

[D]poseachallengetoitsfarmingindustry

27.ThereportbytheUniversityofLeedsshowsthatintheUK

[A]farmlandhasbeeninefficientlyutilized

[B]factory-styleproductionneedsreforming

[C]mostlandisusedfbrmeatanddairyproduction

D.moregreenfieldswillbeconvertedfbrfarming

28.Crop-growingintheUKisrestricteddueto.

[A]itsfanningtechnology

[B]itsdietarytradition

[C]itsnaturalconditions

[D]itscommercialinterests

29.ItcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraphthatBritishpeople

[A]relylargelyonimportsfbrfreshproduce

[B]enjoyasteadyriseinfruitconsumption

[C]areseekingeffectivewaystocutcalorieintake

[Darctryingtogrownewvarietiesofgrains

30.Theauthor'sattitudetofoodself-sufficiencyintheUKis

[A]defensive

[B]doubtful

[C]tolerant

[D]optimistic

英語（二）試題.6.（共14頁）

Text3

WhenMicrosoftboughttaskmanagementappWunderlistandmobilecalendar

Sunrisein2015,itpickedtwonewcomersthatwereattractingconsiderablebuzzin

SiliconValley.MicrosoffsownOfficedominatesthemarketfor“productivity”

software,butthestart-upsrepresentedanewwaveoftechnologydesignedfromthe

groundupforthesmartphoneworld.

Bothapps,however,werelaterscrapped,afterMicrosoftsaidithadusedtheirbest

featuresinitsownproducts.Theirteamsofengineersstayedon,makingthemtwoof

themany44acqui-hiresMthatthebiggestcompanieshaveusedtofeedtheirgreathunger

fbrtechtalent.

ToMicrosoft'scritics,thefatesofWunderlistandSunriseareexamplesofa

remorselessdrivebyBigTechtochewupanyinnovativecompaniesthatlieintheir

path.uTheyboughttheseedlingsandclosedthemdown,“complainedPaulArnold,a

partneratSanFrancisco-basedSwitchVentures,puttinganendtobusinessesthatmight

onedayturnintocompetitors.Microsoftdeclinedtocomment.

Likeotherstart-upinvestors,Mr.Arnold'sownbusinessoftendependsonselling

start-upstolargertechcompanies,thoughheadmitstomixedfeelingsabouttheresult:

“Ithinkthesethingsaregoodfbrme,ifIputmyselfishhaton.Butaretheygoodfbr

theAmericaneconomy?Idon'tknow/,

TheUSFederalTradeCommissionsaysitwantstofindtheanswertothat

question.Thisweek,itaskedthefivemostvaluableUStechcompaniesfbrinformation

abouttheirmanysmallacquisitionsoverthepastdecade.Althoughonlyaresearch

projectatthisstage,therequesthasraisedtheprospectofregulatorswadingintoearly-

stagetechmarketsthatuntilnowhavebeenbeyondtheirreach.

Giventheircombinedmarketvalueofmorethan$5.5trillion,riflingthroughsuch

smalldeals-manyofthemmuchlessprominentthanWunderlistandSunrise-might

seembesidethepoint.Betweenthem,thefivebiggesttechcompanieshavespentan

averageofonly$3.4billionayearonsub-$1billionacquisitionsoverthepastfive

years-adropintheoceancomparedwiththeirmassivefinancialreserves,andthemore

than$130billionofventurecapitalthatwasinvestedintheUSlastyear.

However,criticssaythebigcompaniesusesuchdealstobuytheirmostthreatening

potentialcompetitorsbeforetheirbusinesseshaveachancetogainmomentum,insome

casesaspartofa“buyandkill“tactictosimplyclosethemdown.

英語（二）試題.7.（共14頁）

31.WhatistrueaboutWunderlistandSunriseaftertheiracquisitions?

[A]Theirengineerswereretained.

[B]Theirmarketvaluesdeclined.

[C]Theirtechfeaturesimproved.

[D]Theirproductswerere-priced.

32.Microsoffscriticsbelievethatthebigtechcompaniestendto

[A]exaggeratetheirproductquality

[B]eliminatetheirpotentialcompetitors

[C]treatnewtechtalentunfairly

[D]ignorepublicopinions

33.PaulArnoldisconcernedthatsmallacquisitionsmight.

[A]weakenbigtechcompanies

[B]worsenmarketcompetition

[C]harmthenationaleconomy

[D]discouragestart-upinvestors

34.TheUSFederalTradeCommissionintendsto.

[A]limitBigTech'sexpansion

[B]encourageresearchcollaboration

[C]examinesmallacquisitions

[D]supervisestart-ups'operation

35.Forthefivebiggesttechcompanies,theirsmallacquisitionshave

[A]broughtlittlefinancialpressure

[B]raisedfewmanagementchallenges

[C]setanexamplefbrfuturedeals

[D]generatedconsiderableprofits

英語（二）試題.8.（共14頁）

Text4

We'refairlygoodatjudgingpeoplebasedonfirstimpressions,thinslicesof

experiencerangingfromaglimpseofaphototofive-minuteinteraction,anddeliberation

canbenotonlyextraneousbutintrusive.Inonestudyoftheabilityshecalled“thin

slicing,“thelatepsychologistNaliniAmbadyaskedparticipantstowatchsilent1O-second

videoclipsofprofessorsandtoratetheinstructorsoveralleffectiveness.Theirratings

correlatedstronglywithstudents'end-of^semesterratings.Anothersetofparticipants

hadtocountbackwardfrom1,000byninesastheywatchedtheclips,occupyingtheir

consciousworkingmemory.Theirratingswerejustasaccurate,demonstratingthe

intuitivenatureofthesocialprocessing.

Critically,anothergroupwasaskedtospendaminutewritingdownreasonsfbrtheir

judgment,beforegivingtherating.Accuracydroppeddramatically.Ambadysuspected

thatdeliberationfocusedthemonvividbutmisleadingcues,suchascertaingesturesor

utterances,ratherthanlettingthecomplexinterplayofsubtlesignalsformaholistic

impression.Shefoundsimilarinterferencewhenparticipantswatched15-secondclipsof

pairsofpeopleandjudgedwhethertheywerestrangers,friends,ordatingpartners.

Otherresearchshowswe'rebetteratdetectingdeceptionfromthinsliceswhenwe

relyonintuitioninsteadofreflection.4tIfsasifyou'redrivingastickshift,MsaysJudith

Hall,apsychologistatNortheasternUniversity,“andifyoustartthinkingaboutittoo

much,youcan'trememberwhatyou'redoing.Butifyougoonautomaticpilot,you're

fine.Muchofoursociallifeislikethat.”

Thinkingtoomuchcanalsohannourabilitytoformpreferences.Collegestudents'

ratingsofstrawberryjamsandcollegecoursesalignedbetterwithexperts,opinions

whenthestudentsweren'taskedtoanalyzetheirrationale.Andpeoplemadecar-buying

decisionsthatwerebothobjectivelybetterandmorepersonallysatisfyingwhenaskedto

fbcusontheirfeelingsratherthanondetails,butonlyifthedecisionwascomplex一

whentheyhadalotofinformationtoprocess.

Intuition'sspecialpowersareunleashedonlyincertaincircumstances.Inonestudy,

participantscompletedabatteryofeighttasks,includingfourthattappedreflective

thinking(discerningrules,comprehendingvocabulary)andfourthattappedintuitionand

creativity(generatingnewproductsorfiguresofspeech).Thentheyratedthedegreeto

whichtheyhadusedintuition("gutfeelings/*"hunches,““myheart”).Useoftheir

guthurttheirperformanceonthefirstfourtasks,asexpected,andhelpedthemonthe

rest.Sometimestheheartissmarterthanthehead.

英語（二）試題.9.（共14頁）

36.NaliniAmbady'sstudydealswith_____.

[A]thepowerofpeople'smemory

[B]thereliabilityoffirstimpressions

LC]instructor-studentinteraction

D]people'sabilitytoinfluenceothers

37.InAmbady'sstudy,ratingaccuracydroppedwhenparticipants

[A]focusedonspecificdetails

[B]gavetheratinginlimitedtime

[C]watchedshortervideoclips

[D]discussedwithoneanother

38.JudithHallmentionsdrivingtoshowthat.

[A]reflectioncanbedistracting

[B]memorymaybeselective

[C]socialskillsmustbecultivated

[D]deceptionisdifficulttodetect

39.Whenyouaremakingcomplexdecisions,itisadvisableto

[A]collectenoughdata

[B]listyourpreferences

[C]seekexpertadvice

[D]followyourfeelings

40.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?

[A]Generatingnewproductstakestime.

[B]Intuitionmayaffectreflectivetasks.

[C]Vocabularycomprehensionneedscreativity.

[D]Objectivethinkingmayboostintuitiveness.

英語（二）試題.10.（共14頁）

PartB

Directions：

Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitable

subheadingfromthelistA-Gfbreachnumberedparagraph(41-45).Therearetwo

extrasubheadingswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWER

SHEET.(10points)

[A]Staycalm.

[B]Stayhumble.

[C]Decidewhethertowait.

[D]Berealisticabouttherisks.

[E]Don'tmakejudgements.

[F]Identifyasharedgoal.

[G]Askpermissiontodisagree.

Howtodisagreewithsomeonemorepowerfulthanyou

Yourbossproposesanewinitiativeyouthinkwon'twork.Yourseniorcolleague

outlinesaprojecttimelineyoubelieveisunrealistic.Whatdoyousaywhenyou

disagreewithsomeonewhohasmorepowerthanyoudo?Howdoyoudecidewhether

ifsworthspeakingup?Andifyoudo,whatexactlyshouldyousay?Here'showto

disagreewithsomeonemorepowerfulthanyou.

41._____________________________

Youmaydecideit'sbesttoholdoffonvoicingyouropinion.Maybeyouhaven't

finishedthinkingtheproblemthrough,oryouwanttogetaclearersenseofwhatthe

groupthinks.Ifyouthinkotherpeoplearegoingtodisagree,too,youmightwantto

gatheryourarmyfirst.Peoplecancontributeexperienceorinformationtoyour

thinking-allthethingsthatwouldmakethedisagreementstrongerormorevalid.Ifs

alsoagoodideatodelaytheconversationifyouareinameetingorotherpublicspace.

Discussingtheissueinprivatewillmakethepowerfulpersonfeellessthreatened.

42._____________________________

Beforeyoushareyourthoughts,thinkaboutwhatthepowerfulpersoncares

about—itmaybethecredibilityoftheirteamorgettingaprojectdoneontime.You're

morelikelytobeheardifyoucanconnectyourdisagreementtoahigherpurpose.When

youdospeakup,don'tassumethelinkwillbeclear.You'llwanttostateitovertly,

contextualizingyourstatementssothatyou'reseennotasadisagreeablesubordinatebut

英語(二)試題.11.(共14頁)

asacolleaguewho'stryingtoadvanceacommonobjective.Thediscussionwillthen

becomemorelikeachessgamethanaboxingmatch.

43._____________________________

Thisstepmaysoundoverlydeferential,butifsasmartwaytogivethepowerful

personpsychologicalsafetyandcontrol.Youcansaysomethinglike,“Iknowweseem

tobemovingtowardafirst-quartercommitmenthere.Ihavereasonstothinkthatwon't

work.Edliketolayoutmyreasoning.WouldthatbeOK?”Thisgivesthepersona

choice,allowinghimtoverballyoptin.And,assuminghesaysyes,itwillmakeyou

feelmoreconfidentaboutvoicingyourdisagreement.

44._____________________________

Youmightfeelyourheartracingoryourfaceturningred,butdowhateveryoucan

toremainneutralinbothyourwordsandactions.Whenyourbodylanguage

communicatesreluctanceoranxiety,itundercutsthemessage.Itsendsamixedmessage,

andyourcounterpartgetstochoosewhatsignalstoread.Deepbreathscanhelp,ascan

speakingmoreslowlyanddeliberately.Whenwefeelpanicky,wetendtotalklouder

andfester.Simplyslowingthepaceandtalkinginaneventonehelpstheotherperson

cooldownanddoesthesameforyou.Italsomakesyouseemconfident,evenif

youaren't.

45._____________________________

Emphasizethatyou'reonlyofferingyouropinion,notgospeltruth.Itmaybea

well-informed,well-researchedopinion,butit'sstillanopinion,sotalktentativelyand

slightlyunderstateyourconfidence.Insteadofsaying:"Ifwesetanend-of^quarter

deadline,wewillnevermakeit,"say,"Thisisjustmyopinion,butIdon'tseehowwe

willmakethatdeadline."Havingassertedyouropinion(asaposition,notasafact),

demonstrateequalcuriosityaboutotherviews.Remindthepersonthatthisisyourpoint

ofview,andtheninvitecritique.Beopentohearingotheropinions.

英語（二）試題.12.（共14頁）

SectionIDTranslation

46.Directions：

TranslatethefollowingtextintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationontheANSWER

SHEET.(15points)

Wetendtothinkthatfriendsandfamilymembersareourbiggestsourcesof

connection,laughter,