五+二英語語法專題（一）名詞專有名詞(ProperNouns)普通名詞(CommonNouns)個體名詞(IndividualNouns)集體名詞(CollectiveNouns)物質名詞(MaterialNouns)抽象名詞(AbstractNouns)不可數名詞(UncountableNouns)可數名詞(CountableNouns)專有名詞主要是指人名、地名或某類人或事物的名稱，如Beijing，China等。注意：專有名詞的第一個字母要大寫普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個抽象概念的名詞，如：book，sadness等。名詞CollectiveNouns:

表示若干個個體組成的集合體Eg:army;audience;crew;family;team;police;government;public集體名詞有時作單數看待，有時作復數看。一般來說，視為整體時作單數看，突出它的成員時作復數看。Hisfamily_____notlarge.(be)Cf:Hisfamily______allmusiclovers.(be)在一些情況下，集體名詞后單復數動詞都可以用，沒什么差別。Eg:Theaudiencewas(were)excitedbytheshow.isare有少數集體名詞通常用作單數。Eg:Thegangisbeinghuntedbythepolice.OurcompanyissendinghimtoworkinBerlin.個別集體名詞則多作復數看待。Eg:Thepolicearelookingforhim.

MaterialNouns:指無法分為個體的物質。Eg:beer;cake;cloth;cotton;detergent;fur;ice;paint;paper;soil一般來說，物質名詞是不可數的，因而沒有復數形式。但有一些特殊情況：1)有些物質名詞可用作可數名詞，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一種”Eg:Twostrongblackcoffees,please.

(兩份）Threebeers,please.

(三杯）Itwasaspecialtea.

(一種）2)個別物質名詞的復數形式可以表示特別的意義。Eg:rains（雨季）sands（沙灘）snows(積雪）waters(海域)…名詞的數

不可數名詞一般沒有單復數之分，它包括抽象名詞、物質名詞和專有名詞。例如：health,advice,glass,wood,English,America不可數名詞作主語，謂語動詞須用單數形式。不可數名詞的特點(1)Tablesaremadeof____.(84全國)

A.wood

B.woods

C.wooden

D.somewoods

(2)Fatherwenttohisdoctorfor____abouthishearttrouble.(87全國)

A.anadvice

B.advice

C.advices

D.theadvices(3)Hegainedhis______byprinting______offamouswriters.(95全國)

A.wealth;work

B.wealths;works

C.wealths;work

D.wealth;works(1)沒有復數形式；(2)不能直接在前面加不定冠詞；(3)表示其數量不能直接在前面加數詞，而要用apieceof之類的結構。

ABD名詞的單復數情況加法例詞一般情況以s,x,ch,sh,結尾以輔音＋y結尾以輔音+o結尾以f或fe結尾的詞加-s加-es去y加-ies多數加-es

把f/fe改成vesBrothers;schoolsBuses;watchesLadies;countriesHeroes;tomatoesHalves;leaves;可數名詞有單、復數之分。可數名詞的復數形式有以下幾種：Notes:*1:stomachstomachs*2:以元音+y或以專有名詞+y結尾的名詞，直接在詞尾加-s.Eg:boys;toys;Henrys*3:以元音+o

videos;studios以oo結尾

zoos;bamboos;kangaroos一些外來詞(特別是音樂方面的詞)pianos一些縮寫詞

kilos;photos;memos一些專有名詞

Eskimos;Filipinos直接在詞尾加-s.*4:以f/fe結尾只加-s的詞：proofs;gulfs;cliffs;roofs;serfs;beliefs;chiefshandkerchief（手帕，手絹）的復數形式兩者都可以。

單復數相同的情況：sheep;deer;means;fish;works;species;Chinese;Japanese以及由漢語音譯表示度量衡、貨幣等單位的名詞。Eg:yuan,jiao,fen,jin,mu

只有復數形式的情況：trousers(褲子);glasses(眼鏡);compasses(圓規)apairofthanks;clothes;remains;goods;people;cattle不規則復數：1.manmenEg:woman–women;chairman-chairmen2.ooeeEg:foot-feet;tooth-teeth;goose-geese3.+enEg:child-children;ox-oxen4.ouseiceEg:mouse-mice;louse-lice（虱子）有些外來詞的不規則復數形式：Eg:analysis-analyses;basis-bases;thesis-theses;crisis-crisescriterion-criteria;phenomenon-phenomena;medium-mediaatomatosometomatoessomepotatoessomeheroes名詞復數的規則變化(5)輔音字母+o結尾，加es讀/z/但piano,photo,kilo,tobacco加s元音字母+o結尾，加s讀/z/radio-radiosfoot--feetchild-childrentooth--teethmouse--mice名詞復數的不規則變化(1)goose-geeseox-oxenman--menwoman--womenmendoctorswomenteachersonesheeptwosheepaChinesetwoChineseaJapaneseseveralJapanese名詞復數的不規則變化(2):單復數形式相同onefish一條魚fishes不同種類的魚／各種各樣的魚threefish三條魚somefish一些魚肉可數名詞不可數名詞deer-deermeans-meansseries-series

species-speciesworks-works（工廠）Some______visitedourschoollastWednesday.A．German B．Germen C．Germans D．Germens國家人的名詞需要記住三種情況：1、單復數同形：Chinese;Japanese;Swiss2、需要變形：English-Englishman3、加–s或-es：German–Germans詳見下表。_______willmakeatriparoundtheworldduringthecomingChristmas.(1993上海)A.TheEvens B.TheEvens’ C.TheEvenses D.TheEvenses’專有名詞的復數與定冠詞連用，常用來表示“一家人”或一家之中的兩個或幾個重要的人。如：---Whodidyouspendlastweekendwith?---_____.(98上海)APalmer’s BThePalmers’ CThePalmers DThePalmer’sMrSmithhastwo______,bothofwhomareteachersinaschool.A．brothers-in-law B．brother-in-lawsC．brothers-in-laws D．brothers-inlaw以連字符號連接的合成名詞一般將中心名詞變成復數，如：managers-in-chief;fathers-in-law。如果沒有中心名詞就在該合成詞的最后加–s。如：grown-ups。(1)DrSmithisgoingtopulloutoneofmy______.(86全國)

A.teeth

B.tooth

C.teeths

D.toothes(2)_____turngreeninspring.(86全國)

A.Leaf

B.Leafs

C.Leave

D.Leaves

(3)_____willmakeatriparoundtheworldduringthecomingChristmas.A.TheEvens B.TheEvens’ (93上海)C.TheEvensesD.TheEvenses’當可數名詞的數大于一時要用復數形式。特殊用法ADC可數名詞與不可數名詞的修飾語及轉換1.Ineed______cloth,forI'mhopingtomake______clothes.(93上海)

A.alotof;many

B.much;much

C.many;many

D.many;alot

2.Wewaited______forthebus.(95全國)

A.longtime

B.alongtime

C.thelongtime

D.somelongtime

3._____workhasbeendonetoimprovethepeople‘slivingstandard.(85全國)

A.ManyB.Agreatmany

C.Alargenumberof

D.Agreatdealof

4.Theyoungdancerslookedsocharmingintheirbeautifulclothesthatwetook______picturesofthem.(03上海)

A.manyof

B.massesof

C.thenumberof

D.alargeamountof

5.Wehaveonlyasofa,atableandabedinournewapartment.Weneedtobuy______morefurniture.(05上海春)

A.any

B.many

C.little

D.some

ABDBD6.Ihear_______boysinyourschoollikeplayingfootballintheirsparetime,thoughotherspreferbasketball.(2006遼寧)

A.quitealot

B.quiteafew

C.quiteabit

D.quitealittle

7.Wealwayskeep________sparepaper,incaseweranout.(2006浙江)

A.toomuch

B.anumberof

C.plentyof

D.agoodmany

8.Manypeopleagreethat____ofEnglishisamustininternationaltradetoday.(96)A.aknowledgeB.knowledgesC.knowledgeD.theknowledgeBC1.有些物質名詞表示不同種類時可以有復數形式。如，fishes,fruits,teas,allweathers。

2.有些抽象名詞表示具體的事物時，是可數名詞。如,shame/pity(憾事),interest(樂事),pleasure(樂事),surprise(意外事),disappointment(令人失望的人或事),success(成功的人或事),difficulty(難事),help(幫手)等。A不可數名詞與可數名詞的轉換3.表示“一場/段/件/種……”時，要用a或an，此時多有形容詞或of短語修飾。如，afinerain(一陣細雨),aheavysnow(一場大雪),alongtime(很長一段時間)。4.表示“一杯/罐/瓶”的tea,coffee,drink,beer等，可以用a(n)或數詞修飾，也有復數形式。如twoteasandacoffee(兩杯茶和一杯咖啡)；5.有的名詞可數與否由意思而定。如：

paperglasstimeexerciseexperienceroom

不可數紙玻璃時間鍛煉經驗空間余地可數試卷玻璃杯次、倍習題、體操經歷、房間6.有些不可數名詞，無論在什么情況下也沒有復數形式的，即使受形容詞修飾也不能加不定冠詞的。如advice,fun,homework,information,news,progress,equipment,furniture,baggage/luggage,jewellery,clothing等。名詞的修飾語只能修飾可數名詞的有each,either,neither,another,these,those,both,(a)few,several,many,agreat/goodmany,alargenumberof,scoresof,dozensof等。2.只能修飾不可數的有(a)little,much,abitof,agreatdealof,alargeamountof等。

3.既可修飾可數名詞又可修飾不可數名詞的有some,any,half,most,all,alotof,lotsof,plentyof,alargequantityof,quantitiesof等。名詞作定語1.Thevillageisfarawayfromhereindeed.It’s______walk.(2004上海春)

A.afourhour

B.afourhour’s

C.afour-hours

D.afourhours’

2.Hedroppedthe________andbrokeit.(1993全國)

A.cupofcoffee

B.coffee'scup

C.cupforcoffee

D.coffeecup3.The______isjustaroundthecornerandyouwon’tmissit.(01北京春)

A.bicycle’sshop

B.bicycleshop

C.bicyclesshop

D.bicycles’sshop4.Ittookusquitealongtimetogethere.Itwas_____journey.A.three-hour B.athreehour（05北京春）

C.athree-hourD.threehours一般用單數形式。如astonebridge(石橋),ameetingroom(會議室),morningexercise(早操),LondonAirport(倫敦機場),astorybook(故事書)，ashoeshop(鞋店)。DDBC2.man,woman要與所修飾的名詞的數一致。如awomanteacher(一位女教師),twowomenteachers(兩位女教師)。

3.sports,sales,clothes,goods,arts,customs等只用復數形式。如

asportsmeet(運動會),agoodstrain(貨車),customshouse(海關),asalesmanager(營業主任)。4.數詞+名詞”作定語,若有連字符，名詞用單數；若無連字符，名詞用所有格。名詞的搭配問題1We’vemissedthelastbus.I’mafraidwehaveno______buttotakeataxi.(N19993)A.wayB.choiceC.possibility D.selection

可以將“havenochoicebuttodo…”視為一個結構，現在考查這類搭配的題有很多，如：

IamsureDavidwillbeabletofindthelibrary—hehasaprettygood_______ofdirection.（05浙江卷）A．ideaB．feelingC．experienceD．sense類似的題還有：1.Here’smycard.Let’skeepin__________.(N1994)A.touch B.relation C.connection D.friendship2.Youcantakeasmanyasyoulikebecausetheyarefreeof_______.(1998上海)A.fare B.charge C.money D.pay3.Themanagerhasgotagoodbusiness_______sothecompanyisdoingwell.（03北京春季）

A．idea B．sense C．thought D．Thinking4.Ikeepmedicinesonthetopshelf,outofthechildren’s______.（04天津）

Areach Bhand Chold Dplace問題2Aroughestimate,Nigeriais__________GreatBritain.（05上海卷）

A.threetimesthesizeas B.thesizethreetimesofC.threetimesasthesizeof D.threetimesthesizeof注意名詞用來表示比較的特殊用法。它的結構為“倍數+the+名詞+of+對象”。常用在該結構中的名詞為：thesizeof;theweightof;thelengthof…….名詞的格所有格的形式：一般的名詞所有格在后面加’s，如：

Mary’sbook

以–s結尾的復數名詞所有格在后面僅加’，如：

Teachers’Day,thestudents’reading-room

以–s結尾的專有名詞所有格，如：

Engels’sworks或Engels’works’s結尾的所有格形式多用于有生命的東西的名詞。但有時其它的名詞也可以，如：today’snewspaper,fifteenminutes’ride等與時間有關的名詞。凡不能加’s構成所有格的名詞，都可以與of結成短語，來表示所有格關系。就是有生命的東西的名詞也可如此，特別是當這個名詞有較長的定語時。如：

Doyouknowthenameofthegirlstandingatthegate?一個名詞所有格所修飾的詞，如果前面已經提到，往往可以省略，避免前后重復。如：

Thisisnotmypen,butMary’s.有時某些’s結尾的所有格形式可以表示地點，如某人的家或店鋪、教堂等：

WecanmeetatMary’s.Hewenttohissister’sfordinneryesterday.Ihadthedressmadeatthetailor’satthecornerofthestreet.LastweekwevisitedSt.Paul’s.名詞所有格(ThePossessiveCaseofNouns)somepatterns:I’lltaketheriskforfriendship’ssake.Shewasatherwit’send.Nowtheycouldsingattheirheart’scontent.Weshouldgetthechildrenoutofharm’sway.Wehadbestkeepthematarm’slength.Forgoodness’sake,stoparguing.Janegotthemoney’sworthoutofthecoat.(為了友誼）（黔驢技窮）（盡情地）（不受損害）（保持距離）（看在上帝的份上）（很合算）1._______turngreeninspring.(NMET1986)A.LeafB.LeafsC.LeaveD.Leaves2.Hedroppedthe_______andbrokeit.A.cupofcoffeeB.coffee’scupC.cupforcoffeeD.coffeecup(NMET1993)3.Ineed_______cloth,forI’mgoingtomake_______clothes.(上海1993)A.alotof;manyB.much;muchC.many;manyD.many;alot歷年高考試題4.Hegainedhis_______byprinting_______offamouswriters. (NMET1995)A.wealth;workB.wealths;worksC.wealths;workD.wealth;works5.Manycountriesareincreasingtheiruseofnaturalgas,windandotherformsof_______.A.energyB.sourceC.powerD.material

(上海1996)6.You’llfindthismapofgreat_______inhelpingyoutogetroundLondon.(NMET1998)A.priceB.costC.valueD.usefulness7.----Whodidyouspendlastweekendwith?----_______.(上海1998)A.Palmer’sB.ThePalmers’C.ThePalmersD.ThePalmer’s8.Myparentsalwaysletmehavemyown_______ofliving.(上海1998)A.wayB.methodC.mannerD.fashion9.Thelionisconsideredthekingoftheforestasitisa(n)_______ofcourageandpower.A.exampleB.signC.markD.symbol(上海1998)10.Wevolunteeredtocollectmoneytohelpthe_______oftheearthquake.(上海1998)A.victimsB.folksC.fellowsD.villagers11.Ifyoudon’ttakeawayallyourthingsfromthedesk,therewon’tbeenough_______formystationery.(上海1998)A.areaB.placeC.roomD.surface12.Itiswidelyacceptedthatyoungbabieslearntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadto_______.(上海2000)A.rewardsB.prizesC.awardsD.results10.Wevolunteeredtocollectmoneytohelpthe_______oftheearthquake.(上海1998)A.victimsB.folksC.fellowsD.villagers11.Ifyoudon’ttakeawayallyourthingsfromthedesk,therewon’tbeenough_______formystationery.(上海1998)A.areaB.placeC.roomD.surface12.Itiswidelyacceptedthatyoungbabieslearntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadto_______.(上海2000)A.rewardsB.prizesC.awardsD.results13.Inthebotanicgardenwecanfinda(n)_______ofplantsthatrangefromtalltreestosmallflowers.(上海2001)A.speciesB.groupC.amountD.variety14.----Canyoushootthatbirdatthetopofthetree?----No,it’soutof_______. (上海2001)A.rangeB.reachC.controlD.distance15.ThelifeofLondonismadeupofmanydifferent_______.(上海2001)

A.elementsB.sectionsC.materialD.realities16.Forthesakeofherdaughter’shealth,shedecidedtomovetoawarm_______.A.weatherB.temperatureC.seasonD.climate(上海2002)17.Toregaintheir______afteranexhaustinggame,theplayerslayinthegrass.(上海2002)A.forceB.energyC.powerD.health18.IsawBobplaythepianoatJohn’spartyandonthat_______hewassimplybrilliant.A.sceneB.circumstanceC.occasion