Unit3英漢文化與商務翻譯Tylor’sdefinitionofculture:Cultureisthatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.PeterNewmark’sdefinitionofculture:Cultureisthewayoflifeanditsmanifestationsthatarepeculiartoacommunitythatusesaparticularlanguageasitsmeansofexpression.Cultureandlanguage“Nolanguagecanexistunlessitissteepedinthecontextofculture,andnoculturecanexistwhichdoesnothaveatitscenter,thestructureofnaturallanguage”(Sapir-Whorf).沒有一種語言不是植根于某種具體的文化之中的；也沒有一種文化不是以某種自然語言的結構為其中心的。AJudaskissHideone’slightunderabushelCastpearlsbeforeswineYoucan’tmakebrickswithoutstraw.謀事在人，成事在天阿彌陀佛文化與宗教不同的英漢動、植物形象dog鳳凰龍：龍鳳呈祥羊：三羊開泰雄雞蝙蝠“歲寒三友”：松、竹、梅Cultureshock顏色詞的文化差異數字的文化差異相應的翻譯策路Domestication:targetlanguagecultureorientedForeignization:sourcelanguagecultureoriented真是“天有不測風云，人有旦夕禍福”。“Truly,‘Stormsgatherwithoutwarninginnature,andbadluckbefallsmenovernight.’…..”(Yang)“Iknow‘theweatherandhumanlifearebothunpredictable.’”(Hawkes)Nobusinesstoosmall,noproblemtoobig.（IBM）沒有不做的小生意，沒有解決不了的大問題。Askformore.（百事流行鞋）渴望無限Intelligenceeverywhere.(摩托羅拉)智慧演繹，無處不在。Feelthenewspace.(三星電子)感受新境界Unit4英漢詞語對比與翻譯DictionBy“diction”wemeantheproperchoiceofwordsandphrasesintranslationonthebasisofaccuratecomprehensionoftheoriginal.Greatcareiscalledforinthetranslationof“familiar”EnglishwordsintoChinese,astheirmeaningsvarywiththechangeincollocationorcontext.Tensionisbuildingup.

形勢緊張起來。張力在增大。電壓在增加。壓力在增強。

……Themeaningofawordisitsuseinthelanguage.

Eachword,whenusedinanewcontext,isanewword.

1)Thiswarisbecomingthemostimportantstoryofthisgeneration.2)Itisquiteanotherstorynow.3)Somereporterswhowerenotincludedinthesessionbrokethestory.

4)Ayoungmancametothepoliceofficewithastory.5)Theoldman’slifestoryisoneofthesaddest.6)LastDec.thePostfirstreportedthatprobeswerebeingmadeineachofthosecities,butofficialsrefusedtoconfirmthestory.7)ThestoryabouthimbecamesmallerandbyandbyfadedoutfromtheAmericanTV.

1)這場戰爭將成為這一代人的最重大的事件。

2）現在的情況完全不同了。

3）有些沒讓參加那次會議的記者把內情捅出去了。

4）一個年輕人來到警署報案。

5）這個老人一生的遭遇算是最慘的了。

6）去年12月，《郵報》首先報道偵查工作已在那些城市里進行，但官員們拒絕證實這條消息。

7）報道中對他的渲染減少了，不久就從美國電視上銷聲匿跡了。I.CorrespondenceBetweenEnglishandChineseatWordLevel

Fromtheaboveillustrationswemaycometorealizethatinmostcasesthereisnoexistingpatternforsentencetranslation,noraretherefixedrulesforwordtransformation.Generallyspeaking,thecorrespondencebetweenEnglishandChineseatwordlevelmaybecategorizedasfollows:

1.Word-for-wordCorrespondence

Thisismostevidentlyshowninpropernounsandtechnicalterms.Forexample:

MarxismaspirinatypicalpneumoniaAPECCarbondioxide馬克思主義阿斯匹林非典型肺炎亞太經合組織二氧化碳2.OneWordwithMultipleEquivalentsoftheSameMeaning

Thisisacommoncaseintranslation.Forexample:wife:

妻子、愛人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳婦、堂客、拙荊、內人……potato:

馬鈴薯、洋芋、土豆、山藥蛋……3.OneWordwithSeveralEquivalentsofDifferentMeaningsThisisalsoverycommonintranslation.Forexample:cousin:

堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹……president:

總統、總裁、主席、董事長、議長、社長、校長……4.EquivalentsInterwovenwithOneAnother

Inthiscase,acertainwordmaybetreateddifferentlyaccordingtovariouscircumstancesorcollocations.Forexample:

SaySpeakTalktell說講談訴

5.WordsWithoutEquivalents

Inthiscase,anexplanationisgiveninsteadofanequivalent.Forexample:

telecommuters:

在家辦公的上班族

woopie:

well-offolderpeople

clock-watcher:

老是看鐘等下班的人

whitegoods/browngoods

CulturalconnotationofawordPink-collarGold-collarGray-collarSteel-collarOpen-collarAmericanPlanContinentalPlanEuropeanPlanpp.53-58BuyAmerican(Act)AdministratorVs.secretaryLonelinessindustrySuburbaninhabitants商務語篇中的詞義特點一、商務英語詞匯的專業性和規范性F.O.B.(FreeonBoard)離岸價格C.I.F.(Cost,InsuranceandFreight)到岸價格C&F(CostandFreight)離岸加運費價格B/L(BillofLading)提貨單Claim,ifany,mustbemadewithin30daysafterthearrivalofthegoodsatthedestination,afterwhichnoclaimswillbeentertained.如果發生索賠，必須于貨到目的地后30天內提出，過期不予受理。Sincemanyrepeatordersfromourregularcustomersarerushingin,promptshipmentcannotbeguaranteedafterthemiddleofthismonth.由于經常來往客戶的續訂貨單大量涌來，本月中旬之后，我們很難保證即期交貨。Thisagreementandanyrightsorobligationhereunderarenottransferableorassignablebyonepartytothisagreementwithouttheconsentoftheotherpartyhereto.本協議以及本協議所規定的權力或義務不經另一方同意不得擅自轉讓。二、商務英語詞匯的一詞多義現象Inanoverheatedmarket,theaveragebuyerisoftenbetteroffonthesidelines.在市場過熱的情況下，普通消費者大可坐享商家競爭的漁利。Averageisoftwokinds:generalaverageandparticularaverage.海損有兩種，一種是共同海損，另一種是單獨海損。Inamarket-basedsystemsuchastheU.S.,hostileacquisitionsarepossiblethroughproxycontestsandtenderoffers.在美國這樣的以市場為主導的經濟體制下，惡意并購很可能通過代理商競爭和假裝好意的惡意收購來實現。Inthewest,recruitmentsforexecutivepositionsarethroughproxiesordirectlyinthemarketplacethroughtenderoffers.在西方國家行政主管的招聘通常通過（獵頭公司等）代理進行，或通過廣告直接從市場上招聘。Moreexamples:pg:60-61商務詞匯的翻譯技巧一、詞性轉換法Wehavedecidedtoplaceatrialorderforthefollowingonthetermsstatedinyourletter.根據來函條款，我公司決定試訂下列貨物。Theproductsofourfactoryarechiefly

characterizedbytheirfineworkmanshipanddurability.我廠產品的主要特點是工藝精湛，經久耐用。二、增補法1.增補同義詞Boththebuyerandthesellerarebusyatnegotiationsofbusiness,contractanddraft.Largecompaniesshouldderiveenormoussurvivaladvantagefromtherichnessoftheirresources,thereachoftheireconomicandpoliticalinfluence,thebreathoftheirexperience,andthedepthoftheirinformationaboutcustomersandemployees.大型企業資源豐富，經濟實力雄厚，政治影響深遠，見多識廣，洞悉顧客愿望，了解雇員要求，理應享有巨大的生存優勢。2.增補范疇詞Unlesstheseissuesareaddressedasamatterofurgency,theconsequentdemotivation

ofstaffwillundoubtedlyhaveanegativeimpactontheperformanceofthecompany.Thechangesofrequirementsforthecommoditiesinthemarketareaffectedbytheinternalandexternalfactors.3.增補產品名稱ThefiveToyota,twentyHitachiandthirtyXeroxhavelongbeenreadyforshipment,butshipmentcannotbeeffectedbecauseofthelatearrivalofyourL/C.4.重復法Hebecameanoilbaron–allbyhimself.Infact,theblatantuseofmoneytomotivatepeopleeithertojoinanorganizationortostayonhascreatedmoremotivationproblemsthanithassolved.5.語義補償Somecomplainedaboutthemanagementandleadershipskillsofdifferentbranchmanagers.有些人抱怨說某些部門經理的管理和領導技巧尚待提高。BainCapitalwasabletohelpcreateenormousvaluedespitethepopulartheories.盡管未按種種時髦的管理理論去做，貝恩資本公司仍舊得以幫助客戶創造了巨額價值。三、引申法1.詞義的轉化Undertheguidanceofitsdynamicpresident,thecompanyhasturnedfrombeingaloss-makerintoanexporter.在有活力的總裁的領導下，該公司從一個虧損者轉變為出口商。在有活力的總裁的領導下，該公司從原來的一個虧損企業變成了能向海外出口產品的公司。Individually,withthehelpofeagermultinationalpartnerswantingtoaddnewproductstotheirstable,Chinesebrandscouldbecomeaglobalphenomenonwithinadecade,markedontheirexoticappeal.中國公司通過與急切要拓展現有系列產品的跨國公司的合作，同時利用自己的異國情調，在十年內個別地成為一種環球現象。在一些想在其產品系列里添加新產品的外國公司的協助下，中國品牌可以依靠其中國特色，在十年內一個一個地都成為全球知名品牌。2.詞義的具體化Themargin