EngineeringMaterials

Unit1工程(gōngchéng)材料精品資料TestingBeforeClass：Whichstateofironhascommercialuse

(radio)精品資料EngineeringMaterials

NonmetallicmaterialsMetallicmaterials精品資料EngineeringMaterials

TranslationReadingMoreTranslatingSkillsText精品資料Inthedesignandmanufactureofaproduct,itisessentialthatthematerialandtheprocessbeunderstood.Materialsdifferwidelyinphysicalproperties,machinabilitycharacteristics,methodsofforming,andpossibleservicelife.Thedesignershouldconsiderthesefactsinselectinganeconomicalmaterialandaprocessthatisbestsuitedtotheproduct.Engineeringmaterialsareoftwobasictypes:metallicornonmetallic.Nonmetallicmaterialsarefurtherclassifiedasorganicorinorganicsubstances.Sincethereisaninfinitenumberofnonmetallicmaterialsaswellaspureandalloyedmetals,considerablestudyisnecessarytochoosetheappropriateone.精品資料Fewcommercialmaterialsexistaselementsinnature.Forexample,thenaturalcompoundsofmetals,suchasoxides,sulfides,orcarbonates,mustundergoasepara-tingorrefiningoperationbeforetheycanbefurtherprocessed.Onceseparated,theymusthaveanatomicstructurethatisstableatordinarytemperaturesoveraprolongedperiod.Inmetalworking,ironisthemostimportantnaturalelement.Ironhaslittlecommercialuseinitspurestate,butwhencombinedwithotherelementsintovariousalloysitbecomestheleadingengineeringmetal.Thenonferrousmetals,includingcop-per,tin,zinc,nickel,magnesium,aluminum,lead,andothersallplayanimportantpartinoureconomy;eachhasspecificpropertiesanduses.

精品資料

Manufacturingrequirestoolsandmachinesthatcanproduceeconomicallyandaccurately.Economydependsontheproperselectionofthemachineorprocessthatwillgiveasatisfactoryfinishedproduct,itsoptimumoperation,andmaximumperformanceoflaborandsupportfacilities.Theselectionisinfluencedbythequantityofitemstobeproduced.Usuallythereisonemachinebestsuitedforacertainoutput.精品資料Insmall-lotorjobshopmanufacturing,general-purposemachinessuchasthelathe,drillpress,andmillingmachinemayprovetobethebestbecausetheyareadaptable,havelowerinitialcost,requirelessmaintenance,andpossesstheflexibilitytomeetchangingconditions.However,aspecial-purposemachineshouldbeconsideredforlargequantitiesofastandardizedproduct.Amachinebuiltforonetypeofworkoroperation,suchasthegrindingofapistonorthesurfacingofacylinderhead,willdothejobwell,quickly,andatlowcostwithasemiskilledoperator.精品資料

Manyspecial-purposemachinesortoolsdifferfromthestandardtypeinthattheyhavebuiltintothemsomeoftheskilloftheoperator.Asimpleboltmaybeproducedoneitheralatheoranautomaticscrewmachine.Thelatheoperatormustknownotonlyhowtomaketheboltbutmustalsobesufficientlyskilledtooperatethemachine.Ontheautomaticmachinethesequenceofoperationsandmovementsoftoolsarecontrolledbycamsandstops,andeachitemproducedisidenticalwiththepreviousone.This"transferofskill"intothemachine,orautomation,allowslessskillfuloperatorsbutdoesrequiregreaterskillinsupervisionandmaintenance.Oftenitisuneconomicaltomakeamachinecompletelyautomatic,becausethecostmaybecomeprohibitive.精品資料Theselectionofthebestmachineorprocessforagivenproductrequiresknowledgeofproductionmethods.Factorsthatmustbeconsideredarevolumeofproduction,qual-ityofthefinishedproduct,andtheadvantagesandlimitationsoftheequipmentcapableofdoingthework.Mostpartscanbeproducedbyseveralmethods,butusuallythereisonewaythatismosteconomical.精品資料machinability[m?,?i:n?'bil?ti]n.可加工性，可切削性，機械加工性characteristic[,k?r?kt?'ristik]adj.典型的，特有的n.特征,特性metallic[mi't?lik,me-]adj.金屬的，含金屬的n.金屬纖維nonmetallic[,n?nmi't?lik]adj.非金屬的n.非金屬物質organic[?:'ɡ?nik]adj.有機的,組織的,器官的infinite['infin?t]adj.無窮的，極大的n.無限，無窮大alloyed['?l?id,?'l-]adj.合金(héjīn)的；合鑄的；熔合的vt.將…鑄成合金(héjīn)appropriate[?'pr?uprieit,?'pr?upri?t]adj.適當的,合適的vt.占用,撥出commercial[k?'m?:??l]adj．商業上的，商業的n.商業廣告compound['k?mpaund,k?-]n.化合物vt.合成vi.和解adj.復合的oxide['?ksaid]n．氧化物，氧化層，氧化合物精品資料sulfide['s?lfaid]n．硫化物，含硫系列，硫醚carbonate['kɑ:b?neit]n．碳酸鹽vt.使充滿二氧化碳，使變成碳酸鹽undergo[,?nd?'ɡ?u]vt.經歷，經受；忍受prolonged[pr?u'l??d,-'l?:-]adj.延長的，拖延(tuōyán)的，持續很久的iron['ai?n]n.鐵，熨斗；烙鐵adj.鐵的；剛強的optimum['?ptim?m]n．最佳效果,最適合條件adj.最適宜的influence['influ?ns]n.影響，勢力，有影響的人或事vt.影響；改變flexibility[,fleksi'biliti]n．機動性，靈活性，適應性cam[k?m]n.凸輪，偏心輪vt.給(機器)配置偏心輪supervision[,sju:p?'vi??n]n．監督，管理；指導精品資料physicalproperties物理性質atomicstructure原子結構nonferrousmetal有色金屬(yǒusèjīnshǔ)small-lot小批量finishedproduct成品general-purpose普通用途special-purpose專用的，特殊用途的standardizedproduct【工程設計】標準化產品精品資料1.Sincethereisaninfi-nitenumberofnonmetallicmaterialsaswellaspureandalloyedmetals,considerablestudyisnecessarytochoosetheappropriateone.譯文：由于非金屬材料與純金屬和合金的種類一樣繁多(fánduō)，所以在選擇合適的材料時需要做大量的研究工作。說明：句中aswellas和…一樣，不但…而且；Sincethereisaninfi-nitenumberof…作原因狀語從句。tochoosetheappropriateone作目的狀語。considerable[k?n'sid?r?bl]adj.相當大的；重要的，值得考慮的1）relatedphrases：considerableorders大量訂貨；considerabledamage相當大損失2）Todrillthepropersizeholeinanexactlocationrequiresconsiderableskill.在準確的位置上鉆一個尺寸正確的孔要求相當的技巧。3）Sheisawomanwithconsiderableculture.她是一個文化修養很高的女子。精品資料2.Forexample,thenaturalcompoundsofmetals,suchasoxides,sulfides,orcarbonates,mustundergoasepara-tingorrefiningoperationbeforetheycanbefurtherprocessed.譯文：自然金屬化合物如氧化物、硫化物和碳酸鹽在能夠進行深加工前必須經過(jīngguò)分離或提純。說明：句中suchas例如，before引導時間狀語從句。compound['k?mpaund,k?-]n.化合物vt.合成vi.和解adj.復合的1）Hecompoundedwater,sandandsoilandformedbricks.他將水、沙和土摻和一起做成磚。2）Itisthemostpervasivecompoundonearth.它是地球上最普遍的化合物。undergo[,?nd?'ɡ?u]vt.經歷，經受；忍受1）Thecityhasundergonemanychangesduringthelasttenyears.這個城市在過去十年中經歷了很多變化。2）Theideamustundergothetestofexperiment.觀念必須經得起實驗的檢驗。精品資料3.Economydependsontheproperselectionofthemachineorprocessthatwillgiveasatisfactoryfinishedproduct,itsoptimumoperation,andmaximumperformanceoflaborandsupportfacilities.譯文：要達到經濟性要求，就要選擇合適的設備和工序，這樣可以得到理想的產品，還要有最佳的操作、高效的人工執行和設備支持。說明：句中dependson取決于，依賴于；thatwillgiveasatisfactory…作結果狀語從句；itsoptimumoperation,andmaximum…作dependson的并列介詞賓語。process['pr?uses,'pr?-]vt.處理；加工；n.過程，進行，方法，步驟；作用；程序；vi.列隊前進；adj.經過特殊加工（或處理）的1)relatedphrases：DesignProcess設計程序；irreversibleprocess不可逆過程；前處理preprocess。2）Processdataandreportresults.處理數據(shùjù)和報告結果。3）Bigcutterdiameter,highcuttingspeed,goodprocessquality.刀具直徑大，切割速度高，加工面質量好。精品資料4.Theselectionisinfluencedbythequantityofitemstobeproduced.譯文：選擇受生產(shēngchǎn)批量的影響。說明：句中tobeproduced作items的后置定語。influence['influ?ns]n.影響；勢力；有影響的人或事vt.影響；改變1)relatedphrases：influencebasin影響范圍；Influencesurface影響面；shadeinfluence陰影效2）Bothdrinkingandsmokinghavegreatinfluenceonourhealth.喝酒和抽煙對我們的健康都有很大的影響。3）Youngpeoplearequicklyinfluencedbynewideas.年輕人很快地受到新思想的影響。精品資料5.Ontheautomaticmachinethesequenceofoperationsandmovementsoftoolsarecontrolledbycamsandstops,andeachitemproducedisidenticalwiththepreviousone.譯文(yìwén)：在自動機床上，工具的操作和運動是由凸輪和制動器來控制的，并且每一零件的生產過程都與前一個過程相同。說明：句中sequenceofoperation操作順序，作業程序；beidenticalwith與…相同/一致。1）Thenumberonthecardshouldbeidenticalwiththeoneonthechequebook.卡上的號碼應該和支票簿上的相同。2）Thefanasshowedinthisdesigndrawingonlyindicatesitsinstallationposition.Whenthefanismounted,directionofairflowofthefanshouldbeidenticalwiththatrequiredinthisdrawing.本設計圖中所示的風機僅表其安裝位置，風機安裝時，應注意風機的氣流方向與本圖所要求的方向一致。精品資料6.This"transferofskill"intothemachine,orautomation,allowslessskillfuloperatorsbutdoesrequiregreaterskillinsupervisionandmaintenance.譯文：機器或自動化生產中的這種“技能遷移”對操作者的技能熟練程度要求有所降低，但在監督管理和維護(wéihù)方面要求更高。說明：transfer[tr?ns'f?:]n.轉讓；轉移vi.轉讓；轉移；轉學vt.轉讓；使轉移；傳遞；調任1)relatedphrases：datatransfer數據傳送；transferincome轉讓收入2）Technologytransfertothemainland.把技術轉移到大陸。3）Share,browse,access,transfer,organize,rename,copyormoveanyfilesandfoldersbetweenmobilephoneandcomputer!在手機和電腦之間共享，瀏覽，訪問，傳輸，組織，重命名，復制和移動任何文件和文件夾！精品資料I.Fillintheblanksaccordingtothetextwiththewordsgivenbelow.Makechangesifnecessary.1.Thedesignershouldconsiderthese

inselectinganeconomicalmaterialandaprocessthatisbestsuitedtotheproduct.

2.

materialsarefurtherclassifiedasorganicorinorganicsubstances.

metallic,alloy,special-purpose,pure,fact,general-purpose,result,nonmetallic,standardfactsNonmetallic精品資料3.Ironhaslittlecommercialuseinits

state,butwhencombinedwithotherelementsintovarious

itbecomestheleadingengineeringmetal.4.Many

machinesortoolsdifferfromthe

typeinthattheyhavebuiltintothemsomeoftheskilloftheoperator.purealloysspecial-purposestandard精品資料II.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish．1.材料在物理性能、機加工性能、成形方法以及使用壽命等方面(fāngmiàn)有很大不同。Materialsdifferwidelyinphysicalproperties,machinabilitycharacteristics,methodsofforming,andservicelife.2．天然金屬(jīnshǔ)化合物如氧化物、硫化物和碳酸鹽在能夠進行深加工前必須經過分離或提純。Thenaturalcompoundsofmetals,suchasoxides,sulfides,orcarbonates,mustundergoasepara-tingorrefiningoperationbeforetheycanbefurtherprocessed.精品資料3．在自動機床上，工具的操作順序和運動是由凸輪和制動器來控制的，并且每一零件的生產過程(guòchéng)都與前一個過程(guòchéng)相同。Ontheautomaticmachinethesequenceofoperationsandmovementsoftoolsarecontrolledbycamsandstops,andeachitemproducedisidenticalwiththepreviousone.精品資料翻譯是一種再創造，即譯者根據原作(yuánzuò)者的思想，用另一種語言表達出來。這就是要求譯者必須確切理解和掌握原作(yuánzuò)的內容與含意，在確切理解的基礎上，很好地運用譯文語言把原文內涵通順流暢地再現給讀者。一、翻譯的標準科技英語的翻譯標準可概括為“忠實、通順”四個字。忠實，首先指忠實于原文內容，譯者必須把原作(yuánzuò)的內容完整而準確的表達出來，不得任意發揮或增刪；忠實還指保持原作(yuánzuò)風格，盡量表現其本來面目。通順，即指譯文語言必須通俗易懂，符合規范。忠實與通順是相輔相成的，缺一不可。忠實而不通順，讀者會看不懂；通順而不忠實，脫離原作(yuánzuò)的內容與風格，通順就失去了意義。科技英語翻譯的標準(biāozhǔn)與方法精品資料例如：1.Theelectricresistanceismeasuredinohms.誤譯：電的反抗是用歐姆測量的。正譯：電阻的測量單位是歐姆。2.Allmetalsdonotconductelectricityequallywell.誤譯：全部金屬不導電得相等好。正譯：并非所有的金屬都同樣好地導電。3.Themomentthecircuitiscompleted,acurrentwillstartflowingthecoil.正譯：電路(diànlù)一旦接通，電流開始流向線圈。精品資料4.Somespecialalloysteelsshouldbeusedforsuchpartsbecausethealloyingelementsmakethemtougher,stronger,orharderthancarbonsteels.正譯：對這類零件可采用某些特殊的合金鋼，因為合金元素能提高鋼的韌性、強度、硬度。從以上例句可以清楚的看到，不能任意刪改，并不是(bùshi)逐詞死譯；漢語譯文規范化，并非是離開原文隨意發揮。此外，還應注意通用術語的譯法。比如，例1中的“電阻”已成為固定詞組，不能用別的譯法。精品資料二、翻譯的方法翻譯的方法一般來說有直譯（literaltranslation）和意譯（freetranslation）。直譯，即指“既忠實于原文內容，又忠實于原文的形式”的翻譯。意譯，就是指忠實于原文的內容，但不拘泥于原文的形式。翻譯時，我們應靈活運用上述(shàngshù)兩種方法，能直譯的就直譯，需要意譯的就意譯。因為對同一個句子來說，有時并非只能用一種方法，所以我們可以交替使用或同時并用以上兩種方法。精品資料請看下面的句子:1.MilkyWay銀河（意譯）（不可直譯為：牛奶路）2.bull’seye靶心（意譯）（不可直譯為：牛眼睛）3.Newuseshavebeenfoundforoldmetals,andnewalloyshavebeenmadetosatisfynewdemands.老的金屬有了新用途，新的金屬被冶煉出來，以滿足新的需要（本句前半部分用了意譯法，后半部分用了直譯法）。4.Theabilitytoprogramthesedeviceswillmakeastudentaninvaluableassettothegrowingelectronicindustry.對這些器件編程的能力(nénglì)將使學生成為日益增長的電子工業領域中的無價人才（這里asset原意為資產，我們根據上下文意譯成“人才”）。精品資料三、翻譯中的專業性特點科學技術本身的性質要求科技英語與專業內容相互配合，相互一致，這就決定了專業英語與普通英語有很大的差異。專業英語以其獨特的語體，明確表達作者在其專業方面的見解，其表達方式直截了當，用詞簡練。即使同一個詞，在不同學科的專業英語中，其涵義也是不同的。例如：1.Thecomputertookoveranimmenserangeoftasksfromworkersmusclesandbrains.誤譯：計算機代替了工人大量(dàliàng)的肌肉和大腦。正譯：計算機取代了工人大量(dàliàng)的體力和腦力勞動。（這里musclesandbrains引申為“體力和腦力勞動”。）精品資料2.Inanycaseworkdoesn’tincludetime,butpowerdoes.正譯：在任何情況(qíngkuàng)下，功不包括時間，但功率包括時間。（這里work，power在物理專業分別譯為“功”、“功率”。）3．Likechargesrepeleachotherwhileoppositechargesattracted.正譯：同性電荷相排斥，異性電荷相吸引。（charge含義有“負載、充電、充氣、電荷”，按專業知識理解為“電荷”。）從以上例句可知，專業英語專業性強，邏輯性強，翻譯要力求準確、精練、正式。這不僅要求我們能熟練地運用漢語表達方式，還要求具有較高的專業水平。精品資料FerrousandNon-ferrousMaterials超硬合金材料黑色金屬(hēisèjīngshǔ)材料陶瓷材料高速鋼刀具(dāojù)材料金剛石材料精品資料

FerrousandNon-ferrousMaterials

Metalsarefoundeverywhereinourlife.Theyareclassifiedintotwocategories,“ferrous”and“non-ferrous”metals.Ferrousmeansrelatingto,orcontainingironandnon-ferrousmeanshavingnoiron.Thesetwokindsofmetalscanbeusedtomanufactureanequallylargerangeofitems.精品資料NameAlloyofPropertiesUsesMildsteelCarbon0.1%-0.3%Iron99.9%-99.7%Tough.Hightensilestrength.Canbecase-hardened.RustsveryeasilyMostcommonmetalusedinschoolworkshops.Usedingeneralmetalproductsandengineering.HighcarbonsteelCarbon0.6%-1.4%Iron99.4%-98.6%Tough.CanbehardenedandtemperedCuttingtoolssuchasdrills.StainlesssteelIron,nickelandchromiumTough,resistanttorustingandstainingCutlery,medicalinstruments.CastironCarbon2%-6%Iron98%-94%Strongbutbrittle.Comprehensivestrengthveryhigh.Castings,manholecovers,engines.WroughtironAlmost100%ironFibrous,tough,ductile,resistanttorusting.Ornamentalgatesandrailings,notinmuchusetoday.Table1-1Someferrousmetalsandproperties

精品資料NameColourAlloyofPropertiesUsesCopperReddishbrownNotanalloyDuctile,canbebeatenintoshape.Conductselectricityandheat.Electricalwiring,tubing,kettles,bowls,pipes.BrassYellowMixtureofcopperandzinc.65%-35%mostcommonratioHard.Castsandmachineswell.Surfacetarnishes.Conductselectricity.Partsforelectricalfittings,ornaments.AluminumLightgreyAluminum95%Copper4%Manganese1%Ductile,soft,malleable,machineswell.Verylight.Windowframes,aircraft,kitchenware.SilverWhitishgreyMainlysilverbutalloyedwithcoppertogivesterlingsilverDuctile,malleable,solders,resistscorrosion.Jewellry,solders,ornaments.LeadBluishgrayNotanalloySoft,heavy,ductile,losesitssharpunderpressureSolders,Pipes,Batteries，Roofing.Table1-2Somenon-ferrousmetalsandproperties精品資料ferrous['fer?s]adj.[化學]亞鐵的；鐵的，含鐵的category['k?tiɡ?ri]n.種類，分類；范疇case-hardenedadj.表面硬化的；定型的；無情的temper['temp?]n.脾氣；（鋼等）回火；性情；傾向v.調和；使回火stain[stein]vt.沾污；給……著色vi.污染；被沾污n.污點；瑕疵cutlery['kQtl?ri]n.餐具；刀劍制造業；刀叉(dāochā)餐具chromium['kr?umj?m]n.[化學]鉻（24號元素，符號Cr）brittle['britl]adj.易碎的，脆弱的；易生氣的casting['kɑ:sti?]n.投擲；鑄造；鑄件v.投擲；鑄造；投向；扔掉manhole['m?nh?ul]n.人孔；檢修孔；檢查井wrought[r?:t]adj.鍛造的；加工的；精細的tubing['tju:bi?]n.管子；裝管v.把……裝管；使成管狀精品資料zinc[zi?k]vt.鍍鋅于……；用鋅處理n.鋅ornament['?:n?m?nt]n.裝飾；裝飾物；教堂用品vt.裝飾，修飾fibrous['faibr?s]adj.纖維的，纖維性的；纖維狀的ductile['d?ktail,-til]adj.易教導的；易延展的；柔軟malleable['m?li?bl]adj.可鍛的；有延展性的；易適應的；可塑的aluminium[,?lju'minj?m]adj.鋁的n.鋁manganese['m??ɡ?,ni:s,,m??ɡ?'ni:z]n.[化]錳tarnish['tɑ:ni?]n.污點；無光澤vt.vi.玷污；使……失去光澤whitish['hwaiti?]adj.帶白色的；發白的sterling['st?:li?]adj.英幣的；純正的；純銀制的n.英國貨幣；標準(biāozhǔn)純銀solder['s?ld?]vi.焊接vt.焊接；使聯接在一起n.焊料；接合物bluish['blu:i?]adj.帶藍色的；有點藍的精品資料I.ScanthetablesagaintofindthefollowingfactsandtranslatethemintoChinese.

1.aferrousmetalusedtomakecuttingtools2.anon-ferrousmetalusedtomakepartsforelectricalfittings3.aferrousmetalusedtomakecutleryandmedicalinstruments鐵質金屬(jīnshǔ)用于制造切削刀具非鐵質金屬(jīnshǔ)用于制作電氣設備的零件鐵質金屬用于制造刀叉餐具和醫療器械

精品資料I.ScanthetablesagaintofindthefollowingfactsandtranslatethemintoChinese.

4.anon-ferrousmetalusedtomakeelectricalwiring.5.ametalusedtomakemanholecovers6.anon-ferrousmetalusedtomakeaircraft非鐵質金屬用于制作(zhìzuò)電線金屬(jīnshǔ)用于制造檢查井蓋非鐵質金屬用于制作飛機

精品資料II．Studythefollowingsentenceaboutaluminumandaddextrainformationtoit.．Aluminumisusedtomakeaircraft,enginecomponentsandmanyitemsforthekitchen..

Aluminum,whichislight,soft,andductile,isusedtomakeaircraft,enginecomponents—forexample,cylinderheads—andmanyitemsforthekitchen,suchaspotsandbasins.

精品資料鐵質材料和非鐵質材料金屬在生活中隨處可見。金屬劃為兩大類：黑色金屬(含鐵金屬)和有色金屬(不含鐵金屬)。這兩類金屬的應用廣泛(guǎngfàn)程度基本相同。精品資料名稱成分性能用途