新編跨文化交際期末復習資料新編跨文化交際期末復習資料新編跨文化交際期末復習資料V:1.0精細整理，僅供參考新編跨文化交際期末復習資料日期：20xx年X月1.Iceberg:{Edward.7.Hall.--<Thesilenceoflanguage>標志著“跨文化交流”學科的開始}Culturecanbeviewedasaniceberg.Nine-tenthsofanicebergisoutofsight(belowthewaterline).Likewise,nine-tenthsofcultureisoutsideofconsciousawareness.Thepartoftheculturalicebergthatabovethewateriseasytobenoticed.Theout-of-awarenesspartissometimescalled“deepculture”.Thispartoftheculturalicebergishiddenbelowthewaterandisthusbelowthelevelofconsciousness.Peoplelearnthispartofculturethroughimitatingmodels./Abovethewater:whattoeat,howtodress,howtokeephealthy；Belowthewater:belief,values,worldviewandlifeview,moralemotion,attitudepersonalty2.Stereotype:定型主義astereotypeisafixednotionaboutpersonsinacertaincategory,withnodistinctionsmadeamongindividuals.Inotherwords,itisanovergeneralizedandoversimplifiedbeliefweusetocategorizeagroupofpeople.3.Ethnocentrism:民族中心主義Ethnocentrismisthetechnicalnamefortheviewofthingsinwhichone’sowngroupisthecenterofeverything,andallothersarescaledandratedwithreferencetoit.Itreferstoourtendencytoidentifywithourin-groupandtoevaluateout-groupsandtheirmembersaccordingtoitsstandard.4.Culture:Culturecanbedefinedasthecoherent,learned,sharedviewofgroupofpeopleaboutlife’sconcernsthatrankswhatisimportant,furnishesattitudesaboutwhatthingsareappropriate,anddictatesbehavior.5.Culturalvalues:Valuesinformamemberofacultureaboutwhatisgoodandbad,rightandwrong,trueandfalse,positiveandnegative,andthelike.Culturalvaluesdefineswhatisworthdyingfor,whatisworthprotecting,whatfrightenspeople,whatarepropersubjectsforstudyandforridicule,andwhattypesofeventsleadindividualstogroupsolidarity.6.Worldview:Aworldviewisaculture’sorientationtowardsuchthingsasGod,nature,life,death,theuniverse,andotherphilosophicalissuesthatareconcernedwiththemeaningoflifeandwith“being”.7.SocialOrganizations:Themannerinwhichacultureorganizesitselfisdirectlyrelatedtotheinstitutionwithinthatculture.Thefamilieswhoraiseyouandthegovermentswithwhichyouassociateandholdallegiancetoallhelpdeterminehoeyouperceivetheworldandhowyoubehavewithinthatworld.8.Globalization:referstotheestablishmentofaworldeconomy,inwhichnationalbordersarebecominglessandlessimportantastransnationalcorporations,existingeverywhereandnowhere,dobusinessinaglobalmarket.9.Communication:Communicationisanybehaviorthatisperceivedbyothers.Soitcanbeverbalandnonverbal,informativeorpersuasive,frighteningoramusing,clearorunclear,purposefuloraccidental,communicationisourlinktotherestofthehumanity.Itpervadeseverythingwedo.10.Elementsofcommunicationprocess:交流過程的基本原理（1）.context:Theinterrelatedconditionsofcommunicationmakeupwhatisknownascontext.（2）.Theparticipants:incommunicationplaytherolesofsenderandreceiver,sometimes—asinface-to-facecommunication—ofthemessagessimultaneously.（3）.messages:arefarmorecomplex.Theyincludetheelementsofmeanings,symbols,encodinganddecoding.（4）.Achannels:isboththeroutetraveledbythemessagesandthemeansoftransportation.Wemayusesound,sight,smell,taste,touch,oranycombinationofthesetocarryamessage.（5）.noise:isanystimulus,externalorinternaltotheparticipants,thatinterfereswiththesharingofmeaning.Externalnoise:sight,sound…Internalnoise:thoughts,feeling…Semanticnoise:unintendedmeaningarousedbycertainverbalsymbolscaninhibittheaccuracyofdecoding.（6）.Feedback:Asreceiversattempttodecodethemeaningofmessages,theyarelikelytogivesomekindofverbalornonverbalresponse.Thisresponse,calledfeedback,tellsthesenderwhetherthemassagehasbeenheard,seen,orunderstood.11.AbrahamMslow(亞伯拉罕?馬斯洛)–fivebasicneeds五個需求physiologicalneeds—food,water,air,rest,clothing,shelter,andallnecessarytosustainlifesafetyneeds—physicallysafe,psychologicallysecure3.belongingnessneeds—acceptedbyotherpeopleandneedstobelongtoagrouporgroups.4.esteemneeds—recognition,respect,reputation5.self-actualizationneeds-thehighestneedofaperson12.CultureDimensions文化維度ChinaAmericaIndividualism個人VSCollectivism集體CDX:obligationtothegroup,dependenceoftheindividualonorganizationsandinsitutions,a“we”consciousness,anemphasisonbelonging.Eg.Pakistan,WestAfeicanoutgroupIDX:independence,privacy,self,theallimportantI.eg.Australia,theNetherlands,theUnitedStatesingroupUncertaintyavoidance避免不確定性Low-UAIs:intoleratingpeople,intakingrisks,tryingnewthings.Eg.Denmark,Jamaica,Ireland,SingaporeHighUAIs:nottoleratedissent,ensurecertaintyandsecuritythroughextensivesetofrules,regulations,andrituals.Eg.Greece,Guatemala,Powerdistance權力距離High-PDIs:theactionsofauthorities,socialhierarchy.Eg.Guatemala,Malaysia,ThePhilippinesLow-PDIs:usingpoweronlyforlegitimatepurpose.Eg.Australia,theNetherlands,Denmark,IsraelMasculinity陽剛VSfemininity柔美High-MAS:believeinachievementandambitioninjudgingpeopleonthebasisoftheirperformance;intherighttodisplaythematerialgoodsthattheyhavebeenacquired.Eg.Australia,Italy,Japan,MexicoLow-MAS:believelessinexternalachievementsandshowsofmanliness;moreintheimportanceoflifechoicesthatimproveintrinsicaspectsofthequalityoflife.Eg.Chile,Portugal,Sweden,ThailandLong-term長期VS短期Short-termorientationLong-term:lifevaluesocialorderandlong-rangegoals;admirepersistence,thriftiness,humility;asenseofshame;statusdiffererceswithininterpersonalrelationships.Short-term:changingeventhaveadeepappreciationfortradition,personalsteadinessandstability,maintainingthe“face”ofselfandothers,immediategratificationofone’sneeds13.AHigh-context:內向型communicationormessageisoneinwhichmostoftheinformationiseitherinthecontextorinternalizedintheperson,whileverylittleisinthecontextorinternalizedintheperson,whileverylittleisinthecoded,explicit,transmittedpartofthemessage.Eg.Japanese,Chinese,Korean,AfricanAmerican,NativeAmerican.self-effacement隱匿自我ALow-context:外向型communicationisjusttheopposite,themassoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode,andthecontextorsituationplaysaminimalrole.Eg.German-Swiss,German,Scandinavian,American,French,Englishself-enhancement凸顯自我Low-contextinteractionemphasizesdirecttalk,person-orientedfocus,self-enhancementmode,andtheimportanceof“talk”.High-contextinteraction,incomparison,stressesindirecttalk,status-orientedfocus,self-effacementmode,andtheimportanceofnonverbalsignalsandevensilence.Eg:InScene1andspellouteverythingthatisontheirmindswithnorestraints.Theirinteractionexchangeisdirect,tothepoint,bluntlycontentious,andfullofface-threatverbalmessage.Scene1representsonepossiblelow-contextwayofapproachinginterpersonalconflict.InScene2,hasnotdirectlyexpressedherconcernoverthepianonoisewithbecauseshewantstopreservefaceandherrelationshipwith.Rather,onlyusesindirecthintsandnonverbalsignalstogetherpointacross.However,correctly“readsbetweenthelines”ofverbalmessageandapologizesappropriatelyandeffectivelybeforearealconflictcanbubbletosurface.Scene2representsonepossiblehigh-contextwayofapproachinginterpersonalconflict.DirectandIndirectVerbalInteractionStylesself-enhancementandself-effacement凸顯自我，隱匿自我Inthedirectverbalstyle,statementsclearlyrevealthespeaker’sintentionsandareenunciatedinaforthrighttoneofvoice.Intheindirectverbalstyle,verbalstatementstendtocamouflagethespeaker’sactualintentionsandarecarriedoutwithmorenuancedtoneofvoice.14.Colors:Black:death,evil,mourning,sexy;Blue-cold,sad,sky,masculine;Green-envy,greed,money;Pink:feminine,shy,softness,sweet;Red:anger,hot,love,sex;White:good,innocent,peaceful,pure;Yellow:caution,happy,sunshine,warm15.FunctionsofNonverbalCommunication:repeating,complementing,substituting,regulatingcontradicting16.Confucianteachingkeyprinciples:1.Socialorderandstabilityarebasedonunequalrelationshipsbetweenpeople.2.Thefamilyistheprototypeforallsocialrelationships.3.Propersocialbehaviorconsistofnottreatingothersasyouwouldnotliketobetreatedyourself.4.Peopleshouldbeskilled,educated,hardworking,thrifty,modest,patient,andpersevering.Fourbooksandfiveclassical:TheAnalectsofConfucian<論語>,Mencius<孟子>，GreatLearning<大學>，TheDoctrinesofMean<中庸>/Classicofpoetry<詩經>，Bookofdocuments<尚書>,Bookofkites<禮記>,Classicofchanges<周易>,SpringandAutumnAnnals<春秋>.仁義禮智信：merciful,justified,polite,intelligent,honest17.TheSapir-WhorfHypothesis:languagebecomesourshaperofideasratherthansimpleourtoolforreportingideas,languageinfluencedorevendeterminedthewaysinwhichpeoplethought.ThecentralideaoftheSapir-Whorfhypothesisisthatlanguagefunctions,notsimplyasadeviceforreportingexperience,butalso,andmoresignificantly,asawayofdefiningexperienceforitsspeakerInfluence:TheSapir-Whorfhypothesishasalertedpeopletothefactlanguageiskeyedtothetotalculture,andthatitrevealsapeople’sviewofitstotalenvironment.Languagedirectstheperceptionsofitsspeakerstocertainthings;itgivesthemwaystoanalyzeandtocategorizeexperience.Suchperceptionsareunconsciousandoutsidethecontrolofthespeaker.TheultimatevalueoftheSapir-Whorfhypothesisisthatitoffershintstoculturaldifferencesandsimilaritiesamongpeople.18.ThewaypeoplespeakHighinvolvement高度卷入:1.erruptmore3.expecttobeinterrupted4.talkmoreloudlyattimes5.talkmorequickly.Eg.Russian,Italian,Greek,Spanish,SouthAmerican,Arab,AfricanHighconsiderateness高度體諒:1,speakoneatatime2.usepolitelisteningsounds,3.refrainfrominterrupting,4.giveplentyofpositiveandrespectfulresponsestotheirconversationpartners.Eg.MainstreamAmerican19.文化維度Orientation—KluckhohnsandStrodtbeckBeliefsandBehaviorsHumannatureBasicallyevil(American)Mintureofgood&evil.NeithergoodnorevilBasicallygood(American)RelationshiaofmantonatureMansubjugatedbynatureManinharmonywithnature(Chinese)Manthemasterofnature(American)SenseoftimePast-orientedPresent-orientedFuture-oriented(American)ActivityBeing(stressonwhoyouare)Growing(stressonself-developing)Doing(stressonwhatyoudo)(American)SocialrelationshipsAuthoritarianGroup-oriented(Chinese)Individualistic(American)20.ChineseVSEnglish-----Chinese:open,visual,old.English:close,changing,modern21.StumblingBlocksinInterculturalCommunication跨文化交際中的絆腳石(1)Assumptionofsimilarities假定相似(2)Languagedifferences(3)Nonverbalmisinterpretations不用言語表達的誤解(4)Preconception先入為主的概念的固定形式(5)Tendencytoevaluate評價意圖(6)Highanxiety焦慮(7)Conclusion22.EssentialsofHumanCommunication(1)Communicationisadynamicprocess.(2)Communicationissymbolic.(3)Communicationissystemic.(4)Communicationinvolvesmakinginferences.(5)Communicationhasaconsequence23.HowislanguagerelatedtocultureCultureandlanguageareintertwinedandshapeeachother.Inourownenvironmentweawareoftheimplicationsofthesechoices.Alllanguageshavesocialquestionsandinformationquestions.Thepointisthatwordsinthemselvesdonotcarrythemeaning.Themeaningcomesoutofthecontexttheculturalusage.Inadditiontotheenvironment,languagereflectsculturalvalues.24.Morewords/expression→importantroleincultureInChinesewehavemanykinshipterms,someofwhichseemtohavenoequivalentsinEnglish.ComparedwithChinese,Englishhasfewerkinshipterms.Thedifferenceisnotjustlinguistic;itisinfundamentallycultural.25.Aculture’sconceptionoftimecanbeexaminedfromthreedifferentperspectives:1.informaltime;2.perceptionsofpast,present,andfuture;3.monochromicandpolychromic.26.Monochronic(