1、哈貝馬斯的普遍語(yǔ)用學(xué)廖美珍2007 年 10 月Main Ideasreconstruct1The task of universal pragmatics is to identify and universal conditions of possible mutual understandingreconstruct2The validity basis of speechuttering something intelligibly,giving (the hearer) something to understand,making herself thereby understand

2、able, andcoming to an understanding with another personOrchoose an intelligible expressioncommunicate a true propositionexpress her intentions truthfullycorrect with respect to prevailing norms and valuesOrComprehensibilityTruthTruthfulnessRightnessThe aim of reaching understanding is to bring about

3、 an agreement that terminates in the inter-subjective mutuality of reciprocal comprehension, shared knowledge, mutual trust, and accord with one another. Agreement is based on recognition of the four corresponding validity claims.Understandingin its narrow sense: two subjects understand an expressio

4、n in the same way;in its broad sense: an accord exists between two subjects concerning the rightness of an utterance in relation to a mutually recognized normative background. In addition, the participants in communication can reach understanding about something in the world, and they can make their

5、 intentions understandable to one another.Reaching understanding is the process of bringing about an agreement on the presupposed basis of validity claims that are mutually recognized.The task of mutual interpretation, then, is to achieve a new definition of the situation that all participants can s

6、hare.6 哈貝馬斯：交往行為模式（1）韋伯的行為分類 由于哈貝馬斯的交往行為模式基于對(duì)韋伯的社會(huì)行為理論 的批判，所以我們簡(jiǎn)單介紹韋伯的關(guān)于社會(huì)行為的分類。Typesofactionindescending orderofrationalitySubjective meaning covers these elementsMeansEndsValuesConsequencesPurposive- rational Value-rational Affectual Traditional+-+-+ - - -2）哈貝馬斯的語(yǔ)言交際模式（a）理論基礎(chǔ)：奧斯丁的言語(yǔ)行為理論（特別是奧斯丁關(guān)于言語(yǔ)

7、行 為的三分說(shuō)中的“言外行為”和“以言取效行為”的區(qū)分）(b)言語(yǔ)行為的分類(哈貝馬斯，1976 , What is universalpragmatics?)Social actionCommunicative actionStrategic actionSocial actionCommunicative actionStrategic actionAction oriented toward Consensual action Reaching understandingOpenly strategic action Latently strategic actionAction ori

8、ented toward Consensual action Reaching understandingOpenly strategic action Latently strategic actionAction DiscourseManipulationSystematicallyAction Discoursedistorted communication在哈貝馬斯看來(lái)，奧斯丁的言外行為屬于交往行為 (communicative acts )，是其普遍語(yǔ)用學(xué)理論的核心；奧斯丁的以言 取效行為屬于策略行為，不是他要研究的重點(diǎn)，也不是普遍語(yǔ)用學(xué)的 組成部分。、形式語(yǔ)用學(xué)特征 行為類型典型

9、的言 語(yǔ)行 為論辯 形式體現(xiàn)的 知識(shí)言能 語(yǔ)功行為 取向基木 立場(chǎng)有效 性要 求世界關(guān)聯(lián)策略行為Teleological action以言 表意 行為 命令 式理論 話語(yǔ)技術(shù)性 和策略 上有用 的知識(shí)影響 對(duì)方以目 的為 取向客觀 立場(chǎng)現(xiàn)實(shí) 性客觀 世界會(huì)話行為Constative speech acts記述 式理論 話語(yǔ)經(jīng)驗(yàn)- 理論知 識(shí)呈現(xiàn) 事態(tài)以溝 通為 取向客觀 立場(chǎng)真實(shí) 性客觀 世界規(guī)范行為Normative regulated action調(diào)節(jié) 式實(shí)用 話語(yǔ)道德- 實(shí)用知 識(shí)建立 人際 關(guān)系以溝 通為 取向規(guī)范 立場(chǎng)正確 性社會(huì) 世界戲劇行為表現(xiàn) 式治療 和審 美話 語(yǔ)審美- 實(shí)用

10、知 識(shí)自我 表現(xiàn)以溝 通為 取向表現(xiàn) 立場(chǎng)真誠(chéng) 性主觀 世界專門研究交往行為：以溝通，共識(shí)，理解為交際目的。語(yǔ)言交際模式Domains of realityModes of communication: Basic attitudesValidity claimsGeneralfunctions of speech“The” world of external natureCognitive:ObjectivatingattitudeTruthRepresentation of facts“Our” world of societyInteractive:Conformativeattitud

11、eRightnessEstablishment oflegitimate interpersonal relations“My” world of internal natureExpressive: Expressive attitudeTruthfulnessDisclosure of speaker s subjectivityLanguage -Comprehensibility -哈貝馬斯論目的Habermas maintains that every communication act bears an intrinsic telos, which is oriented towa

12、rd reaching mutual understanding. Communication is goal-oriented in the sense that every communicative engagement involves questioning, arguing and transcending presuppositions in order to transform opinions or situations judged true or untrue. Habermas s theory develops this aspect of communication

13、 while promoting the claim that communicative action is oriented toward understanding based on consensus among speaker.I shall speak of communicative action whenever the actions of the agents involved are coordinated not through egocentric calculations of success but through acts of reaching understanding. In communicative action participants are not primarily orie