1、定語(yǔ)從句的類型： 1 限定性定語(yǔ)從句 主句和定語(yǔ)從句之間無(wú)逗 號(hào)； 直接由引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句The man who youre talking to is my friend. 由介詞 +關(guān)系代詞 whom/which 引導(dǎo)The man to whom you re talking is my friend.I need a pen with which I can write a letter. =I need a piece of paper on which I can write a letter. 介詞的選用可依據(jù)從句中的相關(guān)詞組確定,該介 詞通?？梢苑旁陉P(guān)系代詞之前,也可放在從句

2、之尾；例如：The man who/whom/that I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University. =The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University. The palace which/that I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century. =The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th cen

3、tury. 2 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句 主句和定語(yǔ)從句之間用 逗號(hào)隔開 ； 直接由引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句； 由介詞 +關(guān)系代詞 whom/which 引導(dǎo)；I live in a house far away from the city, in front of which is a big tree. There is an apple tree standing at the gate, on which are many apples. This is the man to whom I gave the book. 由“代詞/名詞+of+whom/which” 或“ of which/ whom

4、 +名詞/代詞” 先行詞指 人用 whom,指物用 which引導(dǎo)；One,some,any,none, all, both, several, many, most, neither,either等詞、數(shù)詞、分?jǐn)?shù)或百分比與 of whom 或 of which 連用；He has five children, two of whom are abroad. 比較： He has five children, and two of them are abroad. We have three books, none of which is/are interesting. 比較： We hav

5、e three books, but none of them is/are interesting. 除 why 和 that 不能引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句外,其 余引導(dǎo)詞都可以,用法同限定性定語(yǔ)從句一樣；但要 留意以下區(qū)分；1.在形式上非限定性定語(yǔ)從句與主句有逗號(hào)隔開；2.非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的作用：它只是補(bǔ)充說明先 行詞的情形,翻譯時(shí)可譯成兩個(gè)句子；The engineer, whose leg was badly hurt, was quickly sent to hospital. 那位工程師被很快送往醫(yī)院,其腿部受了重傷 The engineer whose leg was badly h

6、urt was quickly sent to hospital. 那位腿部受了重傷的工程師被很快送往醫(yī)院 3.在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中,任何引導(dǎo)詞都不能省 略包括引導(dǎo)詞在此定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)在內(nèi) ；指人 做主語(yǔ)時(shí)只能用 who, 做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)用 whom；指物做主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)都用 which； 關(guān)系副詞用 when 或 where,也不能省略；The man, _ is sitting on the chair, is my father. The woman, _ I met yesterday, is my English teacher. The city, _ is far away, is v

7、ery beautiful. He went to America, _ his parents live. He joined the Army yesterday, _ I left, too. 4.whose引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句：The house, whose window faces south, is mine. =The house, the window of which faces south, is mine. =The house, of which the window faces south, is mine. 二.定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的基本用法；1.who/

8、that 指人是主格在定語(yǔ)從句中代替先行詞,又作定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ),不能省略；Do you know the gentleman who/that is sitting there？2.whom/who/that 指人是賓格, 在定語(yǔ)從句中代替先行詞,又作定語(yǔ)從句的賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)賓或介賓 ； 當(dāng)作動(dòng)賓 動(dòng)詞后接賓語(yǔ) 時(shí),關(guān)系代詞可省略；Do you know the gentleman whom/who/that we met just now？ 當(dāng)作介賓 介詞后接賓語(yǔ) 時(shí)：介詞不提前時(shí),關(guān)系代詞可省略；介詞提前時(shí), 關(guān)系代詞不行省, 即介詞 +whom指 人時(shí)介詞后的關(guān)系代詞只能用 whom；The m

9、an whom/who/that I spoke with is my teacher. The man with whom I spoke is my teacher. 注：固定的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞+介詞如 look for,take care of等不能把動(dòng)詞與介詞拆開,既介詞不能提 至引導(dǎo)詞前；She is the right girl who/whom/that we are looking for. 3.whose： 指人或物,是全部格 “ 的”形式；Whose+n.一起在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、 賓語(yǔ)動(dòng)賓或介賓即先行詞的什么東西怎樣了,whose 不能省略；Whose+n. = the +

10、n. + of which/whom= of which/ whom+ the =n. I didn t find the desk whose leg was broken. 主語(yǔ) He is the student whose pencil I broke yesterday. 動(dòng)賓 The boss in whose company I work is very kind. 介賓 4.which/that 指物,指代先行詞且在定語(yǔ)從句中作 主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ) 動(dòng)賓或介賓 ； 當(dāng)作動(dòng)賓時(shí),關(guān)系代詞可省略； 當(dāng)作介賓時(shí)：介詞不提前時(shí),關(guān)系代詞可省略；介詞提前時(shí), 關(guān)系代詞不行省, 即介詞 +whic

11、h 指 物時(shí)介詞后的關(guān)系代詞只能用 which；The house which/that was destroyed in the earthquake is weak. The pen which/that you found yesterday is mine. The games that/which the young men competed in were difficult. The games in which the young men competed were difficult. 注：介詞 +關(guān)系代詞即介詞 +whom/which先行 詞指人用 whom,指物用 whi

12、ch； 5.as指人或物,在定語(yǔ)從句中可作主語(yǔ), 賓語(yǔ),表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ),不能省略；主要用于“ the same assuch as；so as；as as ；as follows 固定 結(jié)構(gòu)中,形式固定此時(shí)的引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句；要用 as代替 whom, which, 或 that 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句：Such people as knew Hill thought he was honest. Such people as Hill knew thought he was honest. My hometown is no longer the same as it was. Here is so b

13、ig a stone as no one can lift. The child knows as much as grow-ups know. I d like to have the same books as are used in your school. He is not such a person as I expected. He will marry as pretty a girl as he can find. 注： which 和 as可引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句：可 以指代主句中的一部分或整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容,which 和 as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容,有 時(shí)可

14、以互換；因此,當(dāng) as/which 指代前面的整個(gè)句子,或前句中的部分內(nèi)容作定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用單 數(shù). Our team lost the game, as/which was reported in the newspaper. She was terrified, as/which I could see from her eyes. He married her, as/which was natural. 區(qū)分：as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中間或放在主句末尾；而 制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句后面；which 引導(dǎo)的非限He married her, as/wh

15、ich was natural. =As was natural, he married her. Mark Twin is a great writer, which/as is known to all. =As is known to all, Mark Twin is a great writer. as引導(dǎo)的從句有 “正如”、“正像” 之意,而 which 就無(wú)此意；常用句型有：as we all know, as is known to all, as everybody can see, as is expected, As is known/ said/ reported/ t

16、old/ we all know 等；如：As we all know, paper was first made in China. To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish. 主句和從句有因果關(guān)系時(shí),用 which. Our class has won the football match, which made us very happy. Bamboos are hollow, which makes them very light. 從句含否定意義經(jīng)常用 which. She didn t pass the e

17、xam, which we couldn t expect. She didn t pass the exam, as we expected. 6.when關(guān)系副詞：指時(shí)間；在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),不能省略；此時(shí)的when 仍可用介詞 +which 替換此時(shí)先行詞肯定是表時(shí)間的名詞 ；I still remember the time when I joined the League. =I still remember the time on which I joined the League. =I still remember the time which/that I joined

18、the League on. 7.where關(guān)系副詞：指地點(diǎn)；在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),不能省略；此時(shí)的when 仍可用介詞 +which 替換此時(shí)先行詞肯定是表地點(diǎn)的名詞 ；I still remember the school where I joined the League. =I still remember the school in which I joined the League. =I still remember the school which/that I joined the League in. 注：對(duì)關(guān)系副詞when, where 的熟悉；. 先行詞是時(shí)間的名詞,

19、并非都用關(guān)系副詞 when 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句；I ll never forget the time which/that I spent in Beijing. . 先行詞是地點(diǎn)的名詞,并非都用關(guān)系副詞 where 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句；This is the factory which/that he visited yesterday. . 當(dāng)句型為 It/This/That iswas the firstsecond last time 引起的句子時(shí)用that 連接其后的句子；此時(shí)的 time 是次數(shù),不是時(shí)間；It/This is the first time that we travel. It

20、/This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson. 8. why 指緣由,在定語(yǔ)從句中作緣由狀語(yǔ),先行 詞通常為 reason,不能省略；且 why 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句只能是限定性定語(yǔ)從句；Why= for which I don t know the reason why he was late yesterday.The reason whyfor which he was late is that he missed the bus. 注：當(dāng)先行詞為 why；reason時(shí),關(guān)系副詞并非都用This is the reason tha

21、t/ which he gave/ explained to us. 【判定用關(guān)系代詞仍是關(guān)系副詞】從句缺少的是主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)仍是狀語(yǔ)是確定用關(guān)系 代詞仍是關(guān)系副詞的關(guān)鍵；試比較：I will never forget the day which/that I spent in Hongkong. spent是及物動(dòng)詞,后缺賓語(yǔ),因此用關(guān)系代詞 或省略 I will never forget the day when/on which Hongkong returned to its motherland. 從句主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)完整,缺狀語(yǔ),因此用關(guān)系副 詞或介詞加關(guān)系代詞 The reason tha

22、t/whichhe gave for not coming to school yesterday isnt believable. gave是及物動(dòng)詞,后缺賓語(yǔ),因此用關(guān)系代詞 或省略 isn The reason why he didn t come to school yesterday t believable. 從句主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)完整,缺狀語(yǔ),因此用關(guān)系副詞或介詞加關(guān)系代詞 三. 值得留意的幾個(gè)問題：第一. 當(dāng)先行詞是物時(shí),關(guān)系代詞 that/which只 用 that 的情形；1.當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)；This is the best film that has be

23、en shown this year. This is the first book that I borrow from the library. He is the first student that/who came to school today. 2.當(dāng)先行詞為兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上分別指人和物的名 詞時(shí)；He talked about the teachers and the school that he had visited. 3.當(dāng)先行詞本身是 all 的,用 that；all that=what All that what I want to say to you is “ Th

24、ank you” .=All what I want to say to you is “ Thank you” .Go over all that what we learned. =Go over all what we learned.that在定語(yǔ)從句中 充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)可以省略 4.先行詞為 something, anything, nothing,everything, thing 時(shí),用 that. I ll tell you anything that I know.5.當(dāng)先行詞前有 all, much, little , many, a few, every, some, any,

25、no, only, the very,one of, the only, the last, the next等修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)；This is one of the books that Im very interesting in. This is one of the books in which Im very interesting. This is the only book that I read. He is the only one of the boys that likes playing the piano. All the glasses that were on the t

26、able fell off onto the floor. 6.人,物 ,當(dāng)先行詞在以 who 或 which 開頭的特別疑問句中時(shí),用that 引導(dǎo)以防止混淆 . Who is the man that is talking with the lady？Which of you that know the answer can come to the front？7.當(dāng)先行詞是在定語(yǔ)從句中作表語(yǔ)時(shí),用 that. He likes the girl that she used to be. 其次. 當(dāng)先行詞是物時(shí),關(guān)系代詞 that/which只 用 which 的情形；1.作介賓且介詞置于

27、引導(dǎo)詞之前時(shí) . The room in which he lives is very large. 2.引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí) 主,賓都用 which,都不能省略 . Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world. The house, which I visited yesterday, is very large. 3.which 指整個(gè)句子的內(nèi)容或部分內(nèi)容, 引導(dǎo)非限 定性定語(yǔ)從句 . He always makes fun of me, which upsets me. 第三.其他特別

28、情形 . 1.先行詞是 these, those指人時(shí),關(guān)系代詞只用 who. Those who are playing over there are my students. 2.先行詞是人稱代詞 he, she 時(shí),關(guān)系代詞只 用 who. He who doesnman. t reach the Great Wall is not a true 3.不定代詞 someone,anyone, everyone,no one,somebody, anybody, everybody 作先行詞時(shí),關(guān)系 代詞用 who. Anybody who breaks the rules would b

29、e punished. 4.先行詞是 the only one of +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),在 定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式由于此時(shí)的先行詞是 數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) . the only one,而不是 of 后的可He is the only one of the boys that likes playing the piano. This is the only one of the books that is borrowed. 先行詞是 one of +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),在定語(yǔ)從句 中作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式 由于此時(shí) 的先行詞是 of 后的可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),而不是 one.

30、 This is one of the students who are late. 5.當(dāng)主句缺先行詞時(shí), 用 the one 代替,但須留意：the one只能代替可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) .如為不行數(shù)名詞時(shí), 指 什么用什么 . Is this school the one I visited yesterday？Is pop music the music he likes best？6. 當(dāng)先行詞是 the way,在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)方式狀語(yǔ)時(shí) the way 表“以 方式/方法” ,引導(dǎo)詞通常用that 或省略,也可用 in which. I don t like the way that yo

31、u speak.=I don t like the way in which you speak.=I don t like the way which/that you speak in.【“介詞+關(guān)系代詞 ”十種情形】在定語(yǔ)從句中,介詞+關(guān)系代詞結(jié)構(gòu)是一種較為復(fù)雜的問題；現(xiàn)就幾種常見的介詞 +關(guān)系代詞的結(jié)構(gòu)淺析如下：1.介詞+which 在定語(yǔ)從句中分別作時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和緣由狀語(yǔ),代替相應(yīng)的關(guān)系副詞when,where 和 why；如：I still remember the day on which when I first came to school.我仍舊記得初來(lái)學(xué)校的那一天；The

32、factory in which =where I work is a large one. 我工作的工廠是一個(gè)大工廠；This is the reason for which =why he was late.這 就是他為什么遲到的緣由；2.介詞+which指物/ whom指人在定語(yǔ)從句中 作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),表示存在關(guān)系,定語(yǔ)從句主謂一般要倒置；They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy.他來(lái)到一處農(nóng)舍,前邊坐著一個(gè)小男孩；I saw a man, on the head of whom stood a bird.我

33、 觀察一個(gè)人,他的頭上站著一只鳥；3.介詞+ which指物/ whom指人在定語(yǔ)從句中 作目的、方式或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)；這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞一般受 動(dòng)詞或介詞后的名詞所制約；如：Could you tell me for whom youve bought this coat你能告知我這件衣服是給誰(shuí)買的嗎？The man, from whom I learned the news, is an engineer.這人是一位工程師,我是從他那里得到這消 息的；4.介詞+which/whom,用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的定語(yǔ)從句中,作狀語(yǔ),說明動(dòng)作的動(dòng)身者；如：The wolf by which the sheep wa

34、s killed was shot.傷 害羊的那只狼被打死了；The man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hunter.打死狼的那人是個(gè)好獵手；5.不定代詞 +of+which/whom ,在定語(yǔ)從句中作主 語(yǔ),說明整體中的部分, 常用的不定代詞有： both,all,any, some, each, none, most 等；如：There are a lot of books here, none of which belongs to me.這兒有很多書,可一本也不屬于我；Yesterday Mary bought a few clothes

35、, all of which were expensive.昨天瑪麗買了一些衣服,他們都很貴；6.數(shù)詞+of+which/whom ,在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ),說明整體與部分的關(guān)系； 數(shù)詞可以是基數(shù)詞、序數(shù)詞、分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)；如：In our class there are fifty-four students,twenty-five of whom are girls.我們班有 54 名同學(xué), 25 人是女生；Two watches were stolen, one of which was mine. 兩只手表被偷了,其中一只是我的；7.名詞+of+which 代替 whose+名詞,在定語(yǔ)從句

36、 中作定語(yǔ)；如：I saw some trees, the leaves of which =whose leaves were black with disease.我觀察一些樹,他們的 葉子因害病而發(fā)黑；I live in a house, the windows of which are all broken.我住在一所房子里,其窗都破了；8.介詞+ which指物/ whose指人修飾后邊的名詞；如：It rained all night and all day, during which time the ship was broken into pieces.雨下了一天一夜,就在

37、這期間輪船撞碎了；The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.司機(jī)就是那個(gè)人, 她從他的房間偷走地 圖；9.形容詞最高級(jí) +of+which/whom 結(jié)構(gòu),在定語(yǔ)從句中,作定語(yǔ),表部分關(guān)系；如：China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.中國(guó)有成千上萬(wàn)個(gè)島嶼,其中最大的 是臺(tái)灣島；In our class there are twenty girls, the cleverest of whom is Li Hua.我們班有 20

38、名女生,最聰慧的是李華；10.介詞+which+不定式；此種用法多見于正式文 體中,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句；如：At last he had something about which to write home. 他最終有了給家里寫信的內(nèi)容了；He had no key with which to open the door.他沒有 開門的鑰匙；He has a small room in which to live. 【運(yùn)用定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)應(yīng)留意的幾個(gè)問題】1. 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),定語(yǔ)從句的 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)和先行詞的人稱和數(shù)保持一樣；This is one of the books whic

39、h were written by Mark Twain. 這是馬克吐溫所寫的書中的一本； 先行詞 were； 是 books,因此動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用 2. 關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞在從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)句子 成分,因此要留意防止從句中句子成分的重復(fù)顯現(xiàn)；This is the most beautiful place that I have visited it. This is the most beautiful place that I have visited. 這是我參觀過的最美的地方；去掉 it,因 that 代替先行詞 the most beautiful place在定語(yǔ)從句中作 visit 的賓 語(yǔ),再加 it 就余外了； The school where I worked there is a big one. The school where I worked is a big one.我所工作過 的學(xué)校是一所高校校； 去掉 there,因 where 既引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,又在從句中代替in the school 作狀語(yǔ)； 3. 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不行省略；T