1、外文資料翻譯Everyday a signi?cantpercentage ofdrivers in single -occupancyvehiclessearchforaparkingspace.Additionally,lessexperienceddriversorout-of-towners further contribute to the increase of traffic congestion. Searchfor a vacant parkingspace is a typicalexample ofa search process. Everyparkingsearchs

2、trategyis composedofa set ofvaguerules.It isusuallydifficulttodescribethese rulesexplicitly.The typeoftheplannedactivity,timeofaday,dayoftheweek,currentcongestiononparticularroutes,knowledgeofcitystreets,and potentiallyavailableparkingplaceshavesigni?cantin?uenceon a chosen parking search strategy.

3、On the otherhand,thedriversusually discoverdiffierentparking alternativesone byone inatemporal sequence. Clearly, this temporal sequence has a very strong in?uenceon the drivers ?nal decision about the parking place19 .During the past two decades, trafficauthoritiesin many cities(Helsinki,Cologne, M

4、ainz, Stuttgart, Wiesbaden, Aalborg, Hague) have started to informand guide drivers to parkingfacilitieswithreal-timevar-iablemessage signsdirectionalarrows,namesoftheparkingfacilities,status(full,notfull,numberofavailableparkingspaces, etc.).Informationabout the numberofavailable parking spaces cou

5、ldbe displayedon the majorroads, streets andintersections, or it could be distributed through the Internet.Itis logical to ask the question about the bene?ts ofthe parkingguidancesystems. Current practice shows that parking guidance systems usually do notchange the occupancy rate or average parking

6、duration. Drivers easily becomefamiliarwith the parkingguidancesystems, and majorityof them use, thrustandappreciatethehelpof20.Guidancesystemssigni?cantlythe systemsincrease the probability of finding vacant parking space, mitigate frustration ofthedrivers visitorsunfamiliarwiththecitycenter,decrea

7、se thequeues infrontof parkinggarages, decrease the totalamount ofvehicle-milestraveled(particularlyinthecitycenters),decreasetheaveragetriptime,energy1consumption, and air pollution. Parking guidance system is a part of comprehensive parking policy and traffic management system, whose other element

8、s are street parking control (including sanctions for the illegally parked vehicles), parking fare structure, and parking revenue management system.Parking guidance systems help drivers to ?nd vacant parking spaces when they are already on the network, and approaching their ?nal destination. Through

9、out this research the concepts of the parking reservation system and parking revenue management system are proposed. The proposed methodology could be applied for parking lots and parking garages in cities and at the big international airports.The paper is organized as follows: Parking-pricing probl

10、ems are presented in Section 2. Analogies between parking problems and some other industries are presented in Section 3. The parking revenue management system is introduced in Section 4, and the Intelligent parking space inventory control system is introduced in Section 5. The algorithm to create in

11、telligent parking spaces inventory control system is presented in Section 6. Results obtained with the intelligent parkingsystem are given in Section 7, and Sec-tion 8 presents the concluding remarks and further research orientations.1.parking pricingIn majority of cities throughout the world driver

12、s pay for using different parking facilities. In some instances, traffic congestion can be significantly reduced as a result of parking price. The parking revenue is usually used to cover parking facility costs (access gates, ticket printers, parking meters, parking signs, attendants), or to improve

13、 some other traffic and transportation activities. Different parking pricing strategies should be a part of the comprehensive solution approach to the complex traffic congestion problems. There is no doubt that parking pricing represents one of the important demand management strategies. Forexample,

14、 traffic authorities, local governments and private sector could introduce higher parking tariffs for solo drivers or for long-term parkers in congested city areas. They could provide special parking2discounts to vanpoolers. Obviously parking pricing should be carefully studied in the context of the

15、 considered city area (down-town, residential, commercial, retail use areas).In some cities (Madison, Wisconsin) there are already time dependent parking fees that force commuters to switch to diffierent alternatives of public transportation. Trying to promote public transit San Francisco traffic au

16、thorities increased parking tariffs at public and commercial garages. The Chicago authorities raised parking rates fewtimes. Authorities in Seattle signi?cantly reduced parking tariffs for carpool at two Seattle parking facilities in downtown. Active role in parking pricing strategies could also hav

17、e employers paying for employees parking. Employers who remove parking subsidies for the employees could significantly decrease the total number of solo drivers. The main role of any parking pricing strategy shouldbe reducing the total number At the same time, when trying to implement any parking st

18、rategy, it is very important to provide enough parking space for shoppers, to provide preferential parking for residents in considered city area,to provide preferential parking for different parking locations, to consider low income families, and to protect streets in the neighborhood from illegal p

19、arking.The basic economic concepts of supply and demand should be more utilized when solving complex traffic congestion and parking problems (Vickrey, 1969, 1994; Verhoef et al., 1995). So-called value pricing is also known as congestion pricing, or variable tolling. The basic idea behind the concep

20、t of congestion pricing is to force drivers to travel and use transportation facilities more during off-peak hours and less during peak hours. The idea of congestion pricing is primarily connected with the road (drivers pay for using private, faster roads, drivers with lower vehicle occupancy pay fo

21、r using HighOccupancyVehiclelanes,driverspay moreto enter citysdowntownonweekdays)or airportoperators (more expensive landingfees duringpeakhours). In the context of parking problems, this means:that different parking3tariffs should exist for different users; that the parking fees should increase an

22、d/or decrease few times during a day.2.Parking problems and revenue management systems: Analogies with some other industriesAirline industry, hotels, car rental, rail, cruise, healthcare, broadcast industry, energy industry, golf,equipment rental, restaurant, and other industries are utilizing reven

23、ue management concepts when selling their products (Cross, 1997). The roots of the revenue management are in the airl ine industry. The basic characteristics of the industries to which different revenue management concepts were successfully applied are: variable demand over time; variable asset util

24、ization; perishable assets; limited resources; market segmentation; adding new capacity is expensive, difficult or impossible; direct cost per client is negligible part of the total cost of making service available; selling products in advance. The main characteristics of the parking space inventory

25、 control problems are the following:Parking demand is variable over time.Likehotelrooms, or restaurantchairs,parkingspaces also have dailyopportunity to be sold (used by clients).Any parking lot or garage has limited number of parking spaces that can be used by driversMarket segmentation means that

26、different customers are willing to pay different prices for the same asset (hotel room, airline seat, seat in a rented car). Businessman wanting to park a car near a meeting point 15 minutes before the meeting would be ready to pay much higher parking fee than a pensioner planning to walk with his w

27、ife through the downtown, who made parking reservation four day in advance.Building new garages and parking lots could be very expensive and sometimes very difficult.Parking places can be easily reserved in advance.3.Introducing parking revenue management system4A certain number of drivers would may

28、be cancel their reservations before beginning of the parking.These cancellations would also be made at random moments of time. Like in some other industries, a certain number of drivers would not appear in parking garage for which they have a con- ?rmed reservation and purchased ticket. Would these

29、drivers be penalized for their behavior? Depending on ration between parking demand and parking supply,the answer could be Yes or No.In case of a nested reservation system , the high tariff request will not berejected as long as any parking spaces are available in lower tariff classes. Forexample, i

30、f we have four tariff classes, then there is no booking limit for class1, but there are booking limits (BLi, i = 2, 3, . . ., m) for each of the remainingthree classes). Allparkingspaces are alwaysavailableto class 1.There arealwaysacertainnumberof parkingspaces protectedforclass1,certainnumber of p

31、arking spaces protected for classes 1 and 2, and certain number ofparkingspacesprotectedforclasses 1,2and3.Ifwemakearequest-by-requestrevisionof bookinglimits,there is no longer a differencebetween distinct and nested reservation system.In thisresearch (like inthe paper of Teodorovic et al.,2002) an

32、 attemptwas made to make reservation decisions on the-by-request basis. Inthe scenario that we consider, we assume that there are more than two typesoftariffs.The basiccharacteristicof the parkingspace inventorycontrolmodelthat we propose is-timereal decision making about each driver request. Thedev

33、elopedmodeliscalledan intelligent parking space inventorycontrolsyste21 .5智能停車場(chǎng)系統(tǒng)每天都會(huì)有一個(gè)顯著的比例single-occupancy車輛駕駛者在尋找一個(gè)停車位。 此外 , 缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)的司機(jī)或外地人進(jìn)一步有助于增加的交通擁堵。尋找一個(gè)空的停車位是一個(gè)典型的搜索過程。每一個(gè)停車的搜索策略是由一組模糊規(guī)則。 它通常是很難描述這些規(guī)章明確。有計(jì)劃的活動(dòng)的類型, 時(shí)間的一天 , 每周的工作日, 目前擁堵在不同航線上, 城市街道上的知識(shí), 并可能可用的停車的地方有重大影響的搜索策略, 在選定的停車。另一方面, 司機(jī)通常發(fā)現(xiàn)

34、不同種類的選擇一個(gè)一分之一的停車時(shí)間序列。顯然 , 這個(gè)時(shí)間序列具有非常強(qiáng)大的影響力在司機(jī)的停車場(chǎng)的最終決定19 。在過去的二十年里 , 在許多城市交通管理部門 ( 赫爾辛基、科隆、美因茨 , 斯圖加特 , 奧爾堡威斯巴登海牙 ) 已經(jīng)開始通知和指導(dǎo)司機(jī)停車設(shè)施的實(shí)時(shí) var-iable 消息標(biāo)志 ( 箭頭 , 停車設(shè)施的名稱、 狀態(tài) ( 滿 , 而不是完整的 , 數(shù)量的可用的停車位, 等等。 ) 。信息的數(shù)量上可用的停車空間可以顯示在主要道路、街道和十字路口, 或者它可以通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)分發(fā)。這是邏輯來問個(gè)問題帶來的好處的停車誘導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)。目前的實(shí)踐表明,停車誘導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)通常不會(huì)改變的入住率和平均停車時(shí)間

35、。司機(jī)容易熟悉停車誘導(dǎo)系統(tǒng) , 和他們中的絕大多數(shù)使用, 推力和欣賞的幫助系統(tǒng)。20 制導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)的概率大大增加空的停車位, 緩解沮喪的drivers-visitors不熟悉城市中心,減少隊(duì)列的前面停車場(chǎng)、減少的總量vehicle-miles旅行 ( 尤其是在城市中心 ), 減少的平均出行時(shí)間、能源消耗和空氣污染。停車誘導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)的一部分綜合停車政策和交通管理系統(tǒng)的其他元素是街邊停車控制( 包括制裁為非法泊車的車輛), 停車費(fèi)用結(jié)構(gòu), 和停車的收益管理系統(tǒng)。停車誘導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)幫助司機(jī)發(fā)現(xiàn)空置車位當(dāng)他們已經(jīng)在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上, 和接近他們的目的地。在這個(gè)研究的概念和停車場(chǎng)停車預(yù)訂系統(tǒng)提出了收益管理系統(tǒng)。提出的方法可以應(yīng)

36、用在停車場(chǎng)和停車庫在城市和大型國(guó)際機(jī)場(chǎng)。摘要組織如下：Parking-pricing問題給出了第二節(jié)。類比停車問題和其他一些產(chǎn)業(yè)呈現(xiàn)在第三節(jié)。停車的收益管理系統(tǒng)介紹在第四節(jié), 和智能停車空間的庫存控制系統(tǒng)是第5部分中介紹。 該算法創(chuàng)建智能停車空間提出了庫存控制系統(tǒng)在第6節(jié)。所得結(jié)果與“智能”停車第7節(jié)中給出了系6統(tǒng) , Sec-tion 8 會(huì)致閉幕詞及進(jìn)一步的研究方向。停車定價(jià)在多數(shù)城市在世界司機(jī)支付使用不同的停車設(shè)施。在某些情況下 , 交通擁堵可以顯著減少由于停車的價(jià)格。停車收入通常是用于覆蓋停車設(shè)施費(fèi)用 ( 訪問蓋茨 , 票打印機(jī)、 停車米、 停車標(biāo)志 , 服務(wù)員 ), 或提高一些其他交

37、通運(yùn)輸活動(dòng)。不同的停車定價(jià)策略應(yīng)該是一個(gè)部分的綜合解決方案方法復(fù)雜的交通擁堵問題。 毫無疑問 , 停車定價(jià)代表了一個(gè)重要的需求管理策略。例如 , 交通部門、 地方政府和私營(yíng)部門可以引入更高的停車關(guān)稅獨(dú)奏司機(jī)或長(zhǎng)期帕克在擁擠的城市地區(qū)。他們可以為我們提供特別折扣來vanpoolers 停車。顯然停車定價(jià)應(yīng)該認(rèn)真研究的上下文中考慮城市區(qū)域( 中心區(qū)與全國(guó)、住宅、商業(yè)、零售業(yè)使用區(qū)域) 20 。在一些城市 ( 麥迪遜 , 威斯康辛州 ) 已經(jīng)有時(shí)間依賴的停車費(fèi), 迫使乘客切換到不同的替代公共交通。試圖促進(jìn)公共交通舊金山交通當(dāng)局提高停車關(guān)稅在公共和商業(yè)的車庫。芝加哥當(dāng)局幾次上調(diào)停車費(fèi)率。當(dāng)局在西雅圖顯著降低關(guān)稅在兩個(gè)停車拼車西雅圖市中心停車設(shè)施。積極作用也可能停車定價(jià)策略雇主為員工支付“停車。雇主刪除停車補(bǔ)貼的員工可以顯著減少總數(shù)的獨(dú)奏司機(jī)。主要角色的任何停車定價(jià)策略應(yīng)該降低總?cè)藬?shù)在同一時(shí)間 , 當(dāng)試圖實(shí)現(xiàn)任何停車策略, 這是非常重要的, 提供足夠的停車空間給顧客提供優(yōu)惠停車居民在考慮城市區(qū)域, 提供優(yōu)惠停車場(chǎng)停車位置不同, 考慮低收入家庭, 和保護(hù)在附近街道從非法停車。基本經(jīng)濟(jì)概念的供給和需求應(yīng)該更多的利用方法求解復(fù)雜的交通擁堵和停車問題( 維克瑞 , 1969;Verhoef等人 , 1995) 。所謂的定價(jià)也稱為擁擠定價(jià)或可變