1、宗教研究與人文精神的理解問題擴展自說自話的樂趣與困境Humanism & Religious StudiesIrrational& Modernity, Belief & Ration, Scientific & TestableMysterious & Miraculous, Weird &DailyAcademy & Believer, Induction & Reduction of ConversionTheology, Belief & Knowledge called Religious StudiesSacredness & Church, Sacredness& Hieroph

2、any宗教學與神學(Theology) 不是一回事。宗教學是一門“世俗學問”，跟神學不相干。神學是在某個特定的宗教體系內研究神的本質，神與人的關系，信仰的本質等等。宗教學研究的是宗教信仰的本質，宗教的來源(心理的，社會的，歷史的等等)，其社會功能，心理功能等等，宗教史也可以算在宗教學內。 宗教學的研究目的不是為了證明某種宗教優于別種宗教，也不是站在無神論的立場上反宗教。從宗教學的角度來看，任何一種宗教都是人類文化現像，是人類共同的文化創造，都有研究價值。研究宗教是為了盡可能全面地了解它，跟人類學，社會學等人文學科一樣。宗教經驗在人類眾多經驗之中的確具有其獨特、自主及自足存在的性質；宗教經驗的核

3、心乃是在于人與超越者之間的一種感通關系宗教經驗分別存在于其他日常世俗或理性的活動范圍；宗教理解的工作首先不能將宗教信仰者的經驗約化，必須是要從宗教信仰者本身的觀點出發，同情地理解他們的宗教經驗（與超越者相遇的經驗），以及由他們的宗教經驗而產生的各種存在于他們生活之中的意義宗教研究的合法性問題Collective Concept, Definition created by DefiningDefinition within Academic and Cultural Context, Cross-culture Utility of the Concept rooted in Western

4、Church, to be exact, Christian Church and Trend of ModernizationReligion, Religions, ReligiousReligion, teaching, moral, doctrine, Church, Monk, Temple, Sect, Heresy, School, HeterodoxyReligious Studies, Studies of Religion, History of Religions, Theories of Religious StudiesScientific Studies on Re

5、ligion, Religion as a Model and ParadigmSoul and Heart, Emotional and physicalWe should firstly make it clear that towards what we deliver our studies of religion?Legitimacy of Religious Studies: Subject, Approaches, Neutral stand, ends towardsApproaches: Borrowing in name of self-containDefinitions

6、 of religion necessarily involve assumptions about its underlying nature. “Each and every definition of religion implies at least some theoretical conclusions . . . .”One of the many difficulties encountered in reaching a consensus on a legal definition of the term is that, at root, “no convincing g

7、eneral theory of religion exists.”Three of the principal theories about religion are: first, religion in its metaphysical or theological sense (e.g., the underlying truth of the existence of God, the dharma, etc.); second, religion as it is psychologically experienced by people (e.g., the feelings o

8、f the religious believer about divinity or ultimate concerns, the holy, etc.); and third, religion as a cultural or social force (e.g., symbolism that binds a community together or separates it from other communities). Two of the most important forms of definition may be characterized as the “essent

9、ialist” and the “polythetic.” A better definition is: Belief in something sacred (for example, gods or other supernatural beings). A distinction between sacred and profane objects. Ritual acts focused on sacred objects. A moral code believed to have a sacred or supernatural basis. Characteristically

10、 religious feelings (awe, sense of mystery, sense of guilt, adoration), which tend to be aroused in the presence of sacred objects and during the practice of ritual. Prayer and other forms of communication with the supernatural. A world view, or a general picture of the world as a whole and the plac

11、e of the individual therein. This picture contains some specification of an over-all purpose or point of the world and an indication of how the individual fits into it. A more or less total organization of ones life based on the world view. A social group bound together by the above. 人文精神作為一種理解態度Hum

12、anism的翻譯困境Cultural concept of HumanismAttitude of Understanding, Understanding& ExplanationInstinct & Inherency of Human as a GroupMeaning & Sense from traditional and exegetic AccumulationRespect of Self stems from respect towards otherness宗教研究的現狀及其發展Religious Studies & Studies of A Single Religion

13、Comparative Studies of Religion & Gap between different CulturesChinese and Its Culture CircleHistory to Model: Why we believe?Maurice Freedman：中國的農民文化與士人文化不是兩種不同的東西，而是彼此的另一個版本。也就是說，中國的文化基本上的統一性不是來自一個歷史性的源頭或者單一的社會階層，而是一個普遍的宗教觀念體系，這體系由精英分子與農民大眾之間不斷交換觀念和各種習俗而得以成長。Benjamin Schwartz：中國民間文化與精英文化之間雖然分享了某些相同的基本特征，如基于宇宙觀之上的一統帝王觀念，以及以此為中心的大一統的政治社會秩序等，但兩者之間的差異也是相當明顯的。民間文化與精英文化之間的關系不只是互為版本，而是不斷地彼此影響