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1、2021屆高考英語二輪復習備考專項沖刺專題12定語從句含解析2021屆高考英語二輪復習備考專項沖刺專題12定語從句含解析2021屆高考英語二輪復習備考專項沖刺專題12定語從句含解析專題12 【定語從句】解題指導觸類旁通尋方法,求策略,掌握“套路”“一判三看”破解定語從句一判:判斷是不是定語從句設空處無提示詞,而設空前的主句完整;設空后的句子不完整,且對設空前的某一名詞或代詞起限定作用,考慮填定語從句關系詞。注意是否已有并列連詞(如but、 and)和從屬連詞(如if、 when),注意是否是強調結構。若是疑問句可將其變為陳述句語序。一看:在先行詞的后面出現逗號的,是非限制性定語從句。that不
2、能引導非限制性定語從句。which引導非限制性定語從句可代表主句的全部或部分內容,which意為“這一點.as引導非限制性定語從句,可置句中或句首或句尾,意為“正如。 其后的謂語動詞多是be seen、 be known、 be reported、 be mentioned、 be said、 be often the case等。二看:尋找先行詞,判斷屬性(指人還是指物,表時間地點,還是原因)先行詞指人:that/who/whom/whose;先行詞指物:that/which/whose等;表時間/地點/原因:when/where/why。三看:判斷所缺成分,確定關系詞缺少主語:that/w
3、hich/who;缺少動詞的賓語:that/which/who/whom;缺少介詞的賓語:whom/which;缺少定語:whose;缺少時間、地點或原因狀語時:用when、 where、 why。定語從句的1個難點當先行詞為表示抽象地點的名詞,如point、 situation、 case、 stage等,若在從句中作狀語,用關系副詞where引導定語從句;若作主語或賓語,則用關系代詞that/which.先行詞指人時不能用which, whom只作賓語.that兩個不能:不能用在介詞后,不能引導非限制性定語從句。先行詞表時間或地點,關系詞在從句中作主語或賓語時,用that、 which;作
4、狀語用when、 where。that在定語從句中作賓語時可省略,其余情況一般不可省略。what引導的名詞性從句作介詞和動詞的賓語,是常考點應多關注.“缺什么,補什么”,準確選用關系詞1如果先行詞指人,且定語從句中缺少主語,限制性定語從句中用who/that,非限制性定語從句中用who.2如果先行詞指人,且定語從句中缺少賓語,限制性定語從句中用who/that/whom,非限制性定語從句中用whom。3如果先行詞指物,且定語從句中缺少主語或賓語,限制性定語從句中用which/that,非限制性定語從句中用which。4如果先行詞指時間或地點,且定語從句中缺少時間狀語或地點狀語,定語從句中用wh
5、en/where;如果從句中缺少的是主語或賓語,則用that/which。5不論先行詞指人還是物,只要關系詞在定語從句中作定語就用whose。6如果先行詞指人,“介詞關系代詞”結構引導的定語從句中的關系詞用whom;如果先行詞指物,“介詞關系代詞”結構引導的定語從句中的關系詞用which。考點突破針對提能明考點,攻重難,有效提升 考點一、關系代詞引導的定語從句1關系代詞及其用法關系代詞用法who用于指人,在從句中作主語或賓語whom用于指人,在從句中作賓語,可用who代替;若從句中的介詞提到關系代詞前,只能用whom直接跟在介詞后作賓語,不可用who代替which用于指物,在從句中作主語或賓語
6、that既可指人又可指物,指人時通常可與who, whom互換,指物時通常可與which互換。在從句中作主語、賓語或表語whose表示所屬關系,既可指人又可指物,在從句中作定語。指物時相當于of which;指人時相當于of whomas引導限制性定語從句,作關系代詞,既可指人又可指物,在從句中作主語、賓語、表語。引導非限制性定語從句,先行詞為整個主句,意為“正如;像”2。關系代詞的用法區別關系代詞that和which的用法區別只用that的情況先行詞是all, few, little, much, something, anything, nothing等不定代詞時先行詞被the only,
7、 the very, the same, all等修飾時先行詞是序數詞、形容詞最高級或被序數詞或形容詞最高級修飾時先行詞既有人又有物時只用which的情況引導非限制性定語從句時關系代詞指物,且前有介詞時關系代詞as和which的用法區別as引導非限制性定語從句,可放在主句前、中、后,as常譯為“正如,正像”。從句的謂語動詞多為see, know, expect, say, mention, report等which引導非限制性定語從句修飾前面整個句子時,只能置于主句后,常譯為“這一點,這件事”等,which引導的從句與主句之間常含有并列或因果關系(2018北京卷)She and her fam
8、ily bicycle to work, which helps them keep fit.她和她的家人騎自行車上班,這有助于他們保持健康。(2017北京卷)The little problems that we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.在日常生活中我們遇到的小問題可能是偉大發明的靈感來源。(2017天津卷)My eldest son, whose work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.我的大兒子的
9、工作需要他奔波于世界各地,他現在在紐約。(重慶卷)Well reach the sales targets in a month which/that we set at the beginning of the year。我們將在一個月內達到年初所定的銷售目標。(江蘇卷)The number of smokers, as is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.正如報道的那樣,煙民的數量僅在一年內就已經下降了17%。【名師點津】(1)whom, which, that在從句中作賓語時可省略;但介詞提前時不能省略,也不能用
10、that;(2)as用在限制性定語從句中時,常用于下列句式:such名詞as(像一樣的,像之類的);the same名詞as(和同樣的)。Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China。像在我們車間使用的機器是中國制造的。考點二、關系副詞引導的定語從句關系副詞用法when指時間,在從句中作時間狀語,相當于“表時間的介詞(in,at,on,during等)which”where指地點,在從句中作地點狀語,相當于“表地點的介詞(in, at, on, under等)which”why指原因,在從句中作原因狀語,相當于“forw
11、hich”(天津卷)The days are gone when physical strength was all you needed to make a living.完全靠體力謀生的時代已經一去不復返了。(福建卷)Students should involve themselves in community activities where they can gain experience for growth.學生們應該參與社團活動,在這些活動中他們可以獲得成長的經驗。Do you know the reason why he didnt attend the meeting yes
12、terday? 你知道他昨天沒參加會議的原因嗎?【名師點津】當先行詞為situation, case, stage, point等,且關系詞在定語從句中作狀語時,也要用關系副詞where引導。(2019天津卷)Their child is at the stage where she can say individual words but not full sentences。他們的孩子處于能說一些個別的單詞但不能說完整句子的階段.考點三、“介詞關系代詞”結構引導的定語從句1“介詞關系代詞”結構引導的定語從句。其中關系代詞只能用which和whom,且不能省略.(安徽卷)Some exper
13、ts think reading is the fundamental skill upon which school education depends.一些專家認為閱讀是學校教育所依賴的基本技能。2“the名詞of which/whom”結構引導的定語從句.這類定語從句一般為非限制性定語從句,且該結構中的名詞和后面的關系代詞為所屬關系。(江蘇卷)The newly.built caf,the walls of which (whose walls) are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially
14、after hard work。這家新建成的咖啡館的墻被刷成了淺綠色,對我們來說,這真是一個安靜的地方,特別是在辛苦工作后。3“表示全部或部分的詞語of which/whom”結構引導的定語從句。常見的表示部分的詞或結構有:不定代詞(all, both, none, some, most等);數詞(基數詞、序數詞、百分數、分數、several等);the形容詞的比較級/最高級.(浙江卷)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of which has been proved.科學
15、家們提出了很多關于人類為什么哭泣時流淚的理論,這些理論尚未得到證實。(江蘇卷)Many young people, most of whom were welleducated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.很多年輕人都去了偏遠地區追求自己的夢想,他們中大部分都受過良好的教育。4“介詞which名詞”結構引導的定語從句。常見的類似結構:during which time 在此期間at which time 在這時at which point 在這一時刻for which reason 由于這個原因 in which case
16、在這一情況下(遼寧卷)He may win the competition, in which case he is likely to get into the national team。他可能會贏得這場比賽,如果這樣的話他就可能進入國家隊.【名師點津】“復合介詞短語which”結構引導的定語從句常與先行詞用逗號分開,定語從句常用倒裝語序。He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree。他住在一所大房子里,房子前面有一棵又大又高的樹。跟蹤檢測遷移應用練模擬,練規范,夯基提能I。高考真題診斷單句語法填空1。(2
17、019全國卷)Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, _ she opened with her late husband Les.2。(2018全國卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 _ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early
18、 deaths from all causes.3.(2019全國卷)They were well trained by their masters _ had great experience with caring for these animals。4。(2018全國卷)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005-when the government started a soil。testing program _ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to far
19、mersand 2011,fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.5.(2020全國卷III)In ancient China lived an artist _ paintings were almost lifelike.【答案詳解】1.答案:which 解析:根據設空處前邊有逗號可知,設空處為非限制性定語從句代替前邊的句子,先行詞為the pet shop,故用引導詞which引導。句意:現在,艾琳阿斯特伯里每天早上9點到下午5點在麥克萊斯菲爾德的寵物店工作,這家寵物店是她和她已故的丈夫萊斯一起開的.2。答案:that/which 解析:分析
20、句子結構可知,名詞study為先行詞表示事物,其后為定語從句故用that或which引導,在從句中做主語.句意:該綜述的兩位作者還在2014年發表了一項研究,該研究表明,每天只要跑步5到10分鐘,就能降低患心臟病和各種原因導致的早死的風險。3.答案:who/that 解析:根據語境可知,masters為先行詞表示人,故用who或that引導定語從句,在從句中做主語。句意:他們的主人在照顧這些動物方面經驗豐富,訓練有素。4.答案:that/which 解析:根據語境可知program為先行詞,表示事物,其后為定語從句故用that或which引導,在從句中做主語。句意:中國農業部發現,從2005年
21、政府開始土壤測試項目(向農民提供特定肥料建議)到2011年,化肥使用量減少了770萬噸.5.答案:whose 解析:根據語境可知,此處引導定語從句,先行詞為artist,在從句中作定語修飾paintings,故用whose。句意:中國古代有一位畫家,他的畫栩栩如生。II.精選典題定語從句專題對點訓練單句語法填空6.(2020太原期中)In the past few years, more than half of the bookstores in China have closed down, _ is the result of the competition with online bo
22、okstores。7。(2020保定摸底)For instance, in Lima, the capital of Peru, there are more than 50 Chinese medicine clinics, about 70 percent of _ were set up by local doctors.8。(2020大連雙基測試)The 55。km Hong Kong。Zhuhai。Macao Bridge, _ was opened on Oct.24, 2018, connects Guangdong Province with Chinas two specia
23、l administrative regions, Hong Kong and Macao。9.(2020陜西漢中一模)Our office wasnt far from Chinatown, _ I found some very good Chinese restaurants。10。(2020天津河西質量調研)This was returned because the person to _ this letter was addressed had died three years ago。11。(2020大慶一中二模)As more and more people own priva
24、te cars, parking has become a big headache for many car owners, especially for those _ live in downtown areas without enough parking spaces.12。(2020齊齊哈爾一模)The video, _ length was just 7 seconds, has been viewed more than 19 million times in just two days。13。(2020衢州模擬)He decided to go to Stanford bec
25、ause there were many opportunities for people _ wanted to work in Silicon Valley.14.(2020煙臺期末)His interest started a few years ago, _ he was in college and studying wildlife science。15.(2020河北一模)He wrote a letter _ he explained what had happened in the accident.【答案詳解】6。答案:which 解析:根據設空處前邊有逗號可知,設空處為非
26、限制性定語從句代替前邊的句子,故用引導詞which。句意:在過去的幾年里,中國超過一半的書店倒閉了,這是與網上書店競爭的結果。7。答案:which 解析:分析句子結構可知,設空處是“代詞of+which/whom引導的非限制性定語從句。先行詞是many theories,指物,故關系代詞只能用which。句意:例如,在秘魯首都利馬,有50多家中醫診所,其中70%是當地醫生開設的。8.答案:which 解析:根據語境可知先行詞為bridge,根據設空處前邊有逗號可知,bridge之后為非限制性定語從句,故用引導詞which。句意:港珠澳大橋全長55公里,于2018年10月24日通車,連接了廣東省
27、和中國兩個特別行政區香港、澳門.9。答案:where 解析:分析句子結構可知,先行詞為 Chinatown,在從句中做地點狀語,后接定語從句時,應該用關系副詞where引導。句意:我們的辦公室離唐人街不遠,在那里我發現了一些非常不錯的中國餐館。10.答案:whom 解析:分析句子結構可知,設空處是“to+which/whom”引導的定語從句。先行詞是person,指人,故關系代詞只能用whom。句意:這封信被退回了,因為收信人三年前就去世了。11.答案:who 解析:考察定語從句的引導詞,根據語境可知those為先行詞,為不定代詞表示人,在從句中做主語。定語從句的引導詞只能用who不能用tha
28、t。句意:隨著越來越多的人擁有私家車,停車已經成為許多車主頭疼的問題,特別是那些居住在市中心沒有足夠停車位的人.12.答案:whose 解析:分析句子結構可知,先行詞是 the video,空處在定語從句中作定語,這里限定 length, 故填 whose。句意:這段時長僅7秒的視頻,在短短兩天內的瀏覽量就超過了1900萬次。13。答案:who/that 解析:分析句子結構可知先行詞為people, 故用who引導定語從句,who在從中作主語.關系代詞that可以指人,填that也可以。句意:他決定去斯坦福,因為那里有很多機會提供給那些想在硅谷工作的人。14.答案:when 解析:根據語境可知
29、,先行詞是表示時間的a few years ago,且從句中缺少狀語,故填關系副詞when。句意:他的興趣是幾年前開始的,當時他還在大學學習野生動物科學。15。答案:where 解析:分析句子結構可知,先行詞為letter表示物,后接定語從句時,從句中缺少狀語,應該用關系副詞where,表示在信中。句意:他寫了一封信,在信中解釋了事故發生的原因。III。精選典題定語從句專題對點訓練單句改錯16.This is such a place that all the people across the world are dreaming of visiting。 17.It has also be
30、en a social center that we can connect with other children and find out activities that are going on。 18。Above all, they hosted an American student last year, through that they gained lots of experience。 19。There are many problems when I am abroad alone,especially when I am in the Czech Republic,its
31、 official language is not English.20.At noon, we play Room Escape, an interesting game what challenged our IQ and teamwork。【答案詳解】16。答案:thatas或在visiting后加it 解析:that之后為定語從句,所以要用關系詞引導;因句子中含有such 因此定語從句的引導詞只能用as.或在visiting后加it,將句子變成結果狀語從句,it代替上文提到的place。17.答案:第一個thatwhere 解析:考查定語從句。分析該句結構可知,此處為定語從句先行詞為a
32、ctivities,關系詞指代先行詞且在從句中作地點狀語,故用where引導該定語從句。18.答案:thatwhich 解析:根據語境可知,原句中that代替逗號之前的句子指事,關系詞在定語從句中作through的賓語, 且介詞through在前面, 故改為which。19.答案:itswhose 解析:句中含有一個非限制性定語從句,先行詞是the Czech Republic。關系詞在從句中作定語,所以用whose,故將its改為whose.20.答案:whatthat/which 解析:根據語境可知game是先行詞,指物,之后為定語從句,bridge在從句中作主語,故用that或which
33、引導該從句。故將what改為that或which。IV。精選典題定語從句專題對點訓練短文語法填空There was a time_21_I was tired of learning English and disliked speaking English。 And this was the reason_22_my father forced me to join in a 30day training in an English club before I went to senior high school。 When I first came to the club,_23_I me
34、t many strangers, I missed my parents very much. So I packed up my things and wanted to go home。 Fortunately, my guide,_24_teacher was Yu Minhong,communicated with me face-toface,from_25_I gained some useful instructions.He also introduced a good partner to me,and we got along well with each other. Gradually I adapted to the life there. Everyday I would talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities_26_we did。 I should be grateful to my father and the guide,_27_encouraged met of all in love with English。 Now I feel it interesting to learn English,
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