1、 HYPERLINK http:/club.topsa/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=2700887&extra=page%3D1%26filter%3Dauthor%26orderby%3Ddateline%26orderby%3Ddateline 2012年職稱英語理工、綜合和衛生教材（電子版已經發布，歡迎下載）完形填空（6篇） 第三篇 Germs on Banknotes 第十篇 Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food Fights Loneliness*第十一篇 Climate Change Poses Major Ri

2、sks for Unprepared Cities*第十二篇 Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk+第十三篇 Solar Power without Solar Cells+第十五篇 “Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage注：1、+表示A級文章；*表示B即文章；其他為C級文章2、閱讀理解3、2012年詞匯部分與2011年教材相比未作任何變化 第三篇 Germs on BanknotesPeople in different countries us

3、e different types of 1 yuan in China, pesos in Mexico, pounds in the United Kingdom, dollars in the United States, Australia and New Zealand. They may use 2 currencies, but these countries, and probably all countries, still have one thing in common1: Germs on the banknotes.Scientists have been study

4、ing the germs on money for well over2 100 years. At the turn of the 20th 3 , some researchers began to suspect that germs living on money could spread disease.Most studies of germy money have looked at the germs on the currency 4 one country. In a new study, Frank Vriesekoop3 and other researchers c

5、ompared the germ populations found on bills of different 5 .Vriesekoop3 is a microbiologist at the University of Ballarat in Australia4. He led the study, which compared the germ populations found on money 6 from 10 nations. The scientists studied 1,280 banknotes in total; all came from places where

6、 people buy food, like supermarkets street vendors and cafes, 7 those businesses often rely on cash.Overall, the Australian dollars hosted the fewest live bacteria no more than 10 per square centimeter. Chinese yuan had the most about 100 per square centimeter. Most of the germs on money probably wo

7、uld not cause harm.What we call “paper” money usually isnt made from paper. The U. S. dollar, for example, is printed on fabric that is mostly 8 .Different countries may use different 9 to print their money. Some of the currencies studied by Vriesekoop and his 10 such as the American dollar were mad

8、e from cotton. Others were made from polymers.The three 11 with the lowest numbers of bacteria were all printed on polymers. They included the Australian dollar, the New Zealand dollar and some Mexican pesos. The other currencies were printed on fabric made 12 of cotton. Fewer germs lived on the pol

9、ymer notes. This connection suggests that 13 have a harder time staying alive on polymer surfaces. Scientists need to do more studies to understand how germs live on moneyand whether or not we need to be concerned. Vnesekoop is now starting a study that will 14 the amounts of time bacteria can stay

10、alive on different types of bills.Whatever Vriesekoop finds, the fact remains: Paper money harbors germs We should wash our 15 after touching it; after all5, you never know where your money s been. Or whats living on it詞匯：pesos/pi:svs/ n 比索 bacterium /kktirim/ n 細菌（單數）germ/d:m/ n病菌 bacteria /bktiri細

11、菌（復數）banknote/bknvt/ n紙幣 centimeter/senti,mi:t。/ n厘米microbiologist /,maikrv,baildist/n.微生 polymer/plim / n. 高分子聚合物物學家 harbor/ha:b/ v懷有，藏有vendor/vendI/n小販 注釋：1.have one thing in common ：有一個共同點2. well over ：大大超過3. Frank Vriesekoop : Frank Vriesekoop 博士是巴拉瑞特大學的食品微生物學家，他率領一個全球研究小組對至少10個國家的紙幣展開了分析。他的研究結果

12、是：相對于比較落后貧窮的國家，富裕發達國家的紙幣所攜帶的病菌較少。重要的是，世界各地紙幣上的病菌數量都沒有達到令人擔心的程度。研究還發現紙幣使用的年限和材質對紙幣的污染程度也有影響。4. University of Ballarat in Australia：澳大利亞巴拉瑞特大學。該校建立于1994年，位于維多利亞省的巴拉瑞特市。5. after all：畢竟練習:1. A coins B money C cheques D loans2. A different B clean C hard D foreign 3. A anniversary B year C decade D centu

13、ry4. A along B with C within D outside 5. A countries B areas C regions D provinces6. A delivered B borrowed C gathered D designed 7. A because B though C when D where8. A plastic B rubber C cotton D paper9. A languages B colors C substances D materials10. A family B team C advisor D boss11. A expen

14、sesB banks C statements D currencies12. A nearly B mostly C likely D merely13. A dirt B water C germs D oil14. A compareB connect C conduct D command15. A arms B hands Cface D clothes答案與題解:1.B 冒號后面說的是各國使用錢幣的名稱:“yuan in China ，pesos in Mexico，pounds in the United Kingdom ，dollars in the United States

15、，Aus往alia and New Zealand” ，所以填人的詞必 定與這些錢幣有關，而且應該是錢幣的總括詞。因此選 money 最為恰當。coins 是“硬幣”，cheques 是“支票” ，loans是“貸款”，它們都不會是答案。2.A 本題的句子說的是:雖然各國使用的紙幣各不相同，它們有一個共同點，那就是紙幣上 有病菌。四個選項中 different 是答案。3.D 選century 最合理。選 anniversary (周年)，year (年)或decade都不合邏輯。4.C 本段第二句提供了解答本題的線索。Frank Vriesekoop 的研究與以前的科學家的研究不同，他比較了

16、各國錢幣上的病菌數量， 在他之前的科學家的研究范圍局限于一個國家的紙幣。四個選項中只有 within 表達“在(一個國家)里”的意思。5. A 經過第四題選詞的思索過程，本題的形容詞很自然會在 different 之后用 countries，指不同的國家。6. C 上一句說 Vriesekoop 比較不同國家紙幣攜帶病菌的數量。本題的句子明確指出他對比 的紙幣涉及十個國家。四個選項中只有 gathered (收集)與上下文的意思相匹配。7. A填詞所在的句子與前面的主句存在因果關系。為什么要從食品店和食品攤收集紙幣呢?因為這些地方常要用現金支付。本題答案是 because。8. C fabri

17、c 是“織物”，其制作原料不會是 plastic(塑料)或 rubber( 橡膠)。選 paper 也不對， 因為本句是說明紙幣的制作原料通常不是紙。制作 fabric 的原料是 cotton( 棉花)，這是合乎常理的。而且該段倒數第二句也提供了答案。所以答案是 cotton。9.D 本段說紙幣的材料一般不是紙，通常是用棉花織物或高分子聚合物制作的。所以選擇materials( 材料、原料)是正確的。10. B 本題應當選 team。與 family (家庭成員)，advisor (顧問)或 boss (老板)合作研究不是 沒有可能，但總有些離譜。與團隊合作研究比較合理。11. D 本段第二句

18、提供了線索，它列出三種紙幣，即 the Australian dollar ，the New Zealanddollar 和 some Mexican pesos。選 currencies 是最合理的。另外三個選項都不合適; expenses是“支出”，banks 是“銀行” ，statements 是“賬單”。12. B 本題只有選 mostly，上下文意思才連貫。13. C 前一句說用高分子聚合物制作的錢幣含菌數量較少。本題的句子接著分析說，在高分子聚合物上存活較難。誰存活較難？當然是病菌。本題答案是germs0 dirt, water 和oil 是非生物，不存在生存的問題。14.A 四個

19、選項填入句子后，句子成了： “compare/connect/conduct/command the amounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different types of bills”, 很明顯；connect （連接）/conduct （實施）/command（控制）amounts of time是無法成立的。只有compare(比較）不同紙幣上病菌存活的時間才是Vriesekoop 要研究的新課題。15. B人們通常是用手接觸紙幣的。所以接觸紙幣后要洗手。答案是hands。第十篇Chicken Soup for the Soul：Com

20、fort Food Fights LonelinessMashed potatoes, macaroni and cheese, may be bad for your arteries 1 according to a study in Psychological Science, theyre good for your heart and 2 The study focuses on “comfort food” and how it makes people feel For me 3 ,food has always played a big role in my family,”

21、says Jordan Troisi, a graduate student at the University of Buffalo, and lead author on the studyThe study came out of the research program of his coauthor Shira GabrielIt has 4 non-human things that may affect human emotionsSome people reduce loneliness by bonding with their 5 TV show, building vir

22、tual relationships with a pop song singer or looking at pictures of loved onesTroisi and Gabriel wondered if comfort food could have the same effect 6 making peoplethink of their nearest and dearest. In one experiment, in order to make 7 feel lonely, the researchers had them write for six minutes ab

23、out a fight with someone close to themOthers were given an emotionally neutral writing assignment. Then, some people in each 8 wrote about the experience of eating a comfort food and others wrote about eating a new food 9 ,the researchers had participants 10 questions about their levels of lonelines

24、s Writing about a fight with a close person made people feel lonelyBut people who were generally 11 in their relationships would feel less lonely by writing about a comfort foodWe have found that comfort foods are consistently associated with those close to ussays TroisiThinking about or consuming t

25、hese foods later then serves as a reminder of those close othersIn 12 essays on comfort food, many people wrote about the 13 of eating food with family and friends. In another experiment, 14 chicken soup in the lab made people think more about relationships, but only if they considered chicken soup

26、to be a comfort foodThis was a question they had been asked long before the experiment, along with many other questions, so they wouldnt remember it. Throughout everyones daily lives they experience stress, often associated with our 15 with others, Troisi saysComfort food Can be an easy remedy for l

27、oneliness詞匯：mashed /mt/ adj被搗成糊漿的macaroni/ macaroni/ n通心粉cheese / ti:z / n奶酪artery/ artery / n動脈assignment / sainmnt / n指定作業reminder / reminder/ n起提醒作用的東西remedy /remedy/ n治療方法，藥物virtual/v:tul/ adj虛擬的注釋：fort food：爽心食品2. graduate student：研究生3. The University of Buffalo：布法羅大學，建校于1846 年，位于水牛城（ Buffalo C

28、ity) ，屬于紐約州立大學，因此稱為紐約州立大學水牛城分校。4. lead author：首席作者5. their nearest and dearest：他們最接近和最親愛的人6. levels of loneliness：孤獨程度7. only if: 只有（在情況下）8. Throughout everyones daily lives：在每一個人的日常生活中。through 有“貫穿”的意思。練習：1AbutB ifC thoughD while2ApersonalityB movementC emotionsDwill3AprivatelyB usefullyC awfullyD

29、personally4Alooked forB looked atClooked afterDlooked up5AfavoriteB trustfulC boringD annoying6AwithB onC byD at7AprofessorsB participantsC assistantsDscientists8AgroupB classC section D part9APreviouslyB FormallyC InitiallyD Finally10ArememberB explainCrewriteDcomplete11AsadB secureC shyD angry12Ay

30、ourB ourC hisD their13AaccidentB harmC experienceDmodel14AeatingB exchangingC buyingD keepingl 5AexpressionsB estimationC cooperation Dconnections答案與題解：l. A本句前半句說土豆泥、通心粉等對血管有害（ bad) ，后半句說這些食物對心臟有利(good) 。很明顯，前半句與后半句意思相反，所以要選轉折連接詞but加以連接。2. C 根據常識判斷，吃土豆泥不會對personality （性格） .movement （移動）或will （意志力）產生

31、有利影響。隨后的文章，多處提到吃爽心食品（ favorite food ）有助于排解孤獨感。所以選emotions 是正確的。3.D本題的答案是personally0 For me personally （就我個人而言）與下文的意思很連貫。privately （私下地）、usefully （有用地）或awfully （可怕地）與下文的意思搭不上，所以不會是答案。4. B 本題的答案是looked at0。“looked at non-human things” 相當于“studied （研究） nonhuman things”，與上下文的意思很匹配。looked for（尋找）、looked

32、after （照顧）和lookedup（查找）與下文的意思搭配不上。5.A本句的意思是：人們為了排解孤獨感，常常把自己和電視劇、流行歌曲歌手等等聯系起來。選項中有四個形容詞，應該選哪一個形容詞去修飾TV shows 呢？應該選褒義的形容詞： favorite （喜愛的）或trustful ( 可信任的）。但對電視劇來說談不上信任的問題。favorite最合理，是本題答案。6. C 上一句說到，人們為了排解孤獨感，常常把自己和喜愛的電視劇、流行歌曲歌手等等聯系起來。于是Troisi 和Gabriel 想，通過吃爽心食品讓他們想起親近的人，是不是也能產生同樣的排解孤獨感的效果呢？四個介詞中只有by

33、的詞義是“通過”。其余三個介詞在含義上都不合適。7.B 選professors（教授）、assistants（助手）或scientists（科學家）不合常理，科學家選實驗對象時不會選他們。participants ( 參與者）是本題的答案。8.A本題應該選group，指每一組的參與者。用class （班級）, section （部門）或part （部分）在意義上顯然都不合適。9. D 本段敘述試驗的幾個步驟。第一步要一部分受試者描寫與親人的爭斗，其他受試者寫情感上中性的話題。第二步（文中用then 加以連接）將上述兩組受試者中的每一組再一分為二，一些人描寫吃爽心食品的經歷，另一些人描寫吃新食品

34、的經歷。接下來應該是第三步了。從四個選項中尋找，只有Finally 最合適，原來第三步就是最后一步了。1O.D 實驗的最后一步是受試者被要求書面回答10個問題。complete 是答案。要求他們remember（記住）、delete （刪除）或rewrite （重寫） questions 都不合乎邏輯。11. B 與親近的人爭吵會引發孤獨感，但是，一般說來，人們的關系若是通常處于什么狀態，通過寫出他們吃爽心食物的經歷會降低他們的孤獨感呢？一定不會是sad、shy或angry ，答案應該是secure （穩定的）。12.D 修飾essays 的所有格代詞在人稱與數上要與they 一致，所以the

35、ir 是答案。13. C “eating food with family and friends” 是一種experience （經歷），不會是一個accident （事故）、harm （危害）或model （樣式）。很明顯， experience 是本題的答案。14.A 文章中幾次提到吃爽心食物有助于緩解孤獨感。所以本題選eating 是很自然的。其他三個選項， exchanging （交換）、buying （買）或keeping （保留）若填入句子中，與后面的賓語chicken soup in the lab 連用，意思上說不通。15.D 本題的答案是connections。其他三個選項

36、在意思上都不合適。*第十一篇Climate Change Poses Major Risks for Unprepared CitiesA new examination of urban policies has been 1 recently by Patricia Romero LankaoShe is a sociologist specializing in climate change and 2 developmentShe warns thatmany of the worlds fast-growing urban areas，especially in developing

37、 countrieswill likely sufferfrom the impacts of changing climateHer work also concludes that most cities are failing to3emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse 4 These gases are knownto affect the atmosphere”Climate change is a deeply local issue and poses profound threats to the growing ci

38、ties of the world,” says Romero Lankao. ”But too few cities are developing effective strategies to 5 their residents.Cities are 6 sources of greenhouse gasesAnd urban populations are likely to be among those most severely affected by future climate change. Lankaos findingshighlight ways in which cit

39、y-residents are particularly vulnerable, and suggest policy interventions that could offer immediate and longer-term 7 The locations and dense construction patterns of cities often place their populations at greater risk for natural disasters. Potential8associated with climate include storm surges a

40、ndprolonged hot weather. Storm surges can flood coastal areas and prolonged hot weather can heat9paved cities more than surrounding areasThe impacts of such natural events can be more serious in an urban environmentFor example，a prolonged heat wave can increase existinglevels of air pollution，causin

41、gwidespread health problemsPoorer neighborhoods thatmay10basic facilities such as drinking water or a dependable network of roads，are especially vulnerable to natural disastersMany residents in poorer countries live in substandard housing 11 access to reliable drinking water，roads and basic services

42、.Local governments, 12 ,should take measures to protect their residents.”Unfortunately，they tend to move towards rhetoric 13 meaningful responses,Romero Lankao writes, ” They dont impose construction standards that could reduce heating and air conditioning needs. They dont emphasize mass transit and

43、 reduce 14 use. In fact, many localgovernmentsare takinga handsoffapproach.” Thus, she urges them tochangetheir 15 policies and to take strong steps to prevent the harmful effects of climate change on cities.詞匯：vulnerable / vlnrbl / adj 易受傷害的infrastructure / infr,strkt / n 基礎設施sociologist /,susildis

44、t /n社會學家substandard / ,sbstndd / adj標準以下的dioxide / daiksaid / 二氧化物floodplain /fldplein / n 泛濫平原注釋：1. likely：很可能，或許。在本句中用作副詞。2. be likely to：很可能。likely 在本句中是形容詞，用作表語。3. findings：調查結果4. storm surges：風暴潮5. paved cities：鋪上瀝青路面的城市6. spring up：涌現7. rhetoric . . . responses：修辭反應。這個詞的意思是：（地方政府）話講得很漂亮，但內容空洞。

45、8. a hands-off approach：一種不插手的政策練習：1A carry alongB carried awayC carried outD carried back2A economicB industrialCruralD urban3A reduceB increaseC studyD measure4A cropsB gasesC fruitsD Plant55A educateB evaluateC protectD identify6A doubtfulB possibleC repeatableD major7A usesB chancesC curesD bene

46、fits8A threatsB interestsC functionsD differences9A locallyB heavilyC suddenlyD mildlyl0A provideB improveC lackD update11A withoutB withC inD on12AmoreoverB thereforeC howeverD though13A other thanB more thanC less thanD rather than14A trainBautomobileCbusDbike15A idleB smartC busyD secure答案與題解：1.

47、C 本題的答案是carried out（執行；完成）。“A new examination of urban policies has beencarried out” 意思上配得上。carried along（攜帶）、carried away（運走）和carried back（運回）與下文的意思搭配不上。2.D通篇文章討論的是氣候變化對城市的影響及其應對措施，并沒有涉及economic （經濟的）、industrial （工業的）和rural （農村的）的話題。所以，這三個選項不可能是答案，urban才是答案。3.A前面一句談到，發展中國家的飛速成長的城市備受氣候變化的折磨。本句緊接上一句的

48、意思，大多數城市沒有做到減少二氧化碳的排放量。四個選項中，要選reduce。4. B 減少的不僅是二氧化碳，還有greenhouse gases （溫室氣體）。gases 是答案。5. C 城市應該采取有效的措施應對氣候變化。采取措施的目的當然是為了保護城市居民。可是Lankao 發現這樣做的城市太少了。本題選protect 最合適。6.D前面說到大多數城市沒有做到減少或控制二氧化碳的排放量。這說明“Cities are majorsources of greenhouse gases”（城市是溫室氣體的主要來源），不會是doubtful sources （不能確定的來源）, possible

49、 sources（可能的來源），更不會是repeatable sources（不斷重復的來源）。7.D城市居民最易受氣候變化的傷害，所以 Lankao 建議地方政府要進行政策介入以降低居民因氣候變化受到的傷害，而這會帶來立即的和長期的益處。因此，uses 、 chances 和cures可以排除。benefits（益處）才是答案。8.A 由climate change 引發的storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 給城市居民造成傷害。interests 、functions 和differences 這三個詞與storm surges 和prolonged ho

50、t weather 造成的傷害掛不上號，不會是答案。storm surges 和prolonged hot weather 對城市居民會構成威脅。因此threats 才是答案。9. B 為什么prolonged hot weather 對城市居民造成的傷害超過對其周邊地區居民造成的傷害？因為城市道路是大量鋪設瀝青的道路。heavily 是答案。其他三個選項不符合上述意思。10.C 貧窮社區更易受到傷害，句子給出有關基礎設施的各個方面。貧窮社區的基礎設施一定是不盡如人意的。所以要選lack。1LA貧窮國家許多人住在不符合標準的房子里。下面提到reliable thinking water、roa

51、ds 和basic services 這些基礎設施，從上下文判斷，貧窮居民不會享有這些基礎設施。所以選without 比較合理。12.B 本題的答案是therefore。上文說的是氣候變化給城鎮居民帶來的種種問題。下文說的是地方政府應該采取相應的對策以保護城鎮居民。兩部分的敘述是一種因果關系，所以要選therefore。13.D rhetoric responses （言辭反應，即用言語予以搪塞的反應）和meaningful responses （有意義的反應）是兩種截然不同的反應。地方政府的反應是前者還是后者？隨后的句子，特別是a hands-off approach，說明地方政府作出的是r

52、hetoric responses，而不是meaningfulresponses 。所以本題要選rather than（而不是）。14.B 句中的“emphasize mass transit”提示，要減少的運輸工具不會是大眾交通工具，因此選項中的train 和bus便可排除。bike 是人力驅動，不會釋放二氧化碳，也可排除。答案是automobile 。私人汽車排放大量的二氧化碳，是城市主要的污染源之一。15. A “. . many local governments are taking a hands-off approach” 中的a hands-off approach 提示， L

53、ankao 敦促地方政府改變的一定是他們無所作為（ idle) 的政策。idle 是正確的選擇。*第十二篇Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart RiskFast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of 1 so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London 2 ina newstudyStatins reduce

54、 the 3 of unhealthy ”LDL” cholesterol in the blood. A wealth of trialdata has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a persons heart attack 4 .In a paper published in theAmerican Journal of Cardiology，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered

55、by a statin is 5 to offset the increase in heart attack risk from 6 acheeseburger and drinking a milkshakeDr Francis，from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London，who is the senior author of the study, said:”Statins dont cut out a11 of the 7 effects of cheeseburgers and Frenc

56、h friesIts better to avoid fatty food altogetherBut weve worked out that in terms of your 8 of having a heart attack. Taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same9as a fast food meal increases it.”“Its ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthv condiments in fast food out

57、lets asthey 10 , but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed. It makessense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that arel 1free of chargeIt would cost less than 5 pence per1 2 一not much different to a sachet of sugar.” Dr Fr

58、ancis said When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, theyre encouraged to take 13 that lower their risk, 1ike14 a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters. Taking a statin is a rational way of 1 5 some of the risks of eating a fatty meal詞匯：statin/st tIn! n降膽固醇藥物outlet/autli

59、t/ n銷售點cholesterol/ klestrl / n膽固醇offset /,fset/ V. 抵消，補償cheeseburger/ ti:z,b: / n芝士漢堡包milkshake! milkeik / n奶昔condiment /kndimnt! n 調味品sachet /stei / ii 小袋，小包rational / rnl / adj合理的注釋：1. Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs: 句中的could 是一種委婉表達建議的用詞，意為“可以”。2. Imperial College London: 帝國理工學院。該學

60、院于1907 年由城市和行會學校、皇家礦業學校以及皇家科學學院合并組成。學院于2007 年7月正式脫離倫敦大學成為一所獨立大學。提供本科和研究生教育，共有四個學院，工程學院、醫學院、自然科學院和生命科學院3. LDL cholesterol: 低密度脂蛋白膽固醇。LDL是low density lipoprotein（低密度脂蛋白）的縮寫形式。4. a wealth of trial data: 大量的試驗數據。a wealth of意為“大量的，許多”。5. American Journal of Cardiology: 美國心臟病學雜志6. French fries:炸薯條7.It mak