附錄1:外文原文SeismicCollapseSafetyofReinforcedConcrete

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鄴w00白厘囿和曲其1in忻盤不「如汩d?etfwciallyiai[henunJLKiik^heKype%true耿鵬，叫Thereasnonlin-carkCliIiciihjiIh-hIsmHuikgraJEl>eIilidvikiimiL：cmlu.FEi.lyN<!St[hejiek|m用目TE5-u|i^hdpUirclnXifilk!-dyniLimL：uc?llikpse^n；hlY^<俚曲1瓜de^rited、曲騏q眸麗小利討codifiedn^nlweuirsctKicas^^nifTilphkMukiltfrW悟lOryDr#fRflligFig.3.rihiiLivHi；iii￡i1yNi4HiiIul-jiI^.nyi『iimNgilearebe尊aJUtoiyRCperimHfrInuras:(a)fcinw-ilisfiliirtnieiiLirsponiW：iindthldislri-bvlMiniirf山火曲g《阿拆才輪uwMW加ana!#去CollapsePerformanceAssessmentProcedureSc-iij/aiilki|-,L|uThn-hl."：1■■%.---kitlii：fr-iiuh-.I■,p.-i-ci.hiclil./KCfnn旭mue岫入1對此聃&ihehu臟卬十七期城焙inthenNiipuniFi&ludlyulUucCikKCIrannadEiBclmnc[nl.201lb).Thccolk中斃 is^rgunizedmEgiiKiviTicnliijddyniwrdcnnalysas(]L)Aj由nioniLinearmrwlatk-snmodels,whereeachR.CtnjmeiruKldi>subjct'liNllounuJysi^imckrmultiplegruundrnuliuiiKEfiaLarcs^^led”nincreusingampiiludkrn,同eeutshgnmndmotion,callopy：isdefinedimtheImmsof±eincmsiljispectralWKleniHuiijitheInsL-mod-eperiodoftheunuly^smodcG)oflI]L!in[HiL^TiHjjidjindLiOdlllulrusuLl^in.jjjjjLrluruJ usidka-tifi畫Iinthe前r而喬前by饃kewi腕intersflot}8drifts.The【DRNrvpeHfcdlwtiK'hauunlinjisuiileufNUgrtHmdmoLibn&whiwepincipcrdesmbnngwithNelcjrlimiindsiralingpnhrtdunsandescribedhyHn5clionietaL12011b).TheoubzameofIhisns^ssni￡nLisalogn心ttdMilislhbucLcudmediMi.玄^nd±nldc^i^Lionl龍WLingLhait-itfxiclLiirc-spn^habiUty口『如4】演「gGthe?>ulkI-ni^LiouLnkn-sity.rcprcscotLiiga^frutitura]cn-llapAeiragililyfinnctLariUncer-山口口inpredictinnofdieirecen^iilyaiuhichLolljpsccwcuns,i^ci；flftl-ti>i?irir''uiwcn』向nySihRtrL^withvariaikmin cemetMmidoiiitr由汨判ufgraimiJ口第川川1wunnJh.AllhoMaplillwpmliTi^ivr nriixjklfrtr住CrTiianesc；bnsirnukiK：馴#"*ycd怪作ea^ociuie-dwmhstrengchiindweiffne心degnidu.l3oninthetlexuralhingesofdiebcam>卻ilIcolunins4就/JOURNALOFSTRUCTURALENGINEERING尊ASCE/APRIL20H自iEUsalFig.4.IDAresutlsfor標(biāo)8-$Kiryspa&c-ftiinn：.SlnieuerE：刖除eflfeciofgenitalcofflapscnwfccmc^lapsccaparityfbrasckdisJewtfiqwakulECtuilLuLiK?i：ewigjUuJdyjhdiiiiDLUkaJysh-^(bjCDtupaiisunDfcollajk?vfru慎]澗皓fen-sidcswayc^QapscDuly?dcocubbwd亂想鼬矛的^ndveiiical<dlapseTypicalcomputed^-alucsoftherceord-to-LiCDDL'dwiriwbility{仃山HtrJ5nsbelweMi0.35皿idft.45.UmDertaimtyinhowwe9ltheuanlincarsimulationjiudclrepresentstl】ubchaviauoftherealbuiklhLgilikescxAlied加加怕linguuhh疝uy)isnKOiponuisdin口酢collapS!Bss&ssmaiibyincreasingrtiedispersioflindiecol?lap^efragiljly.Lie!elal.12DC冉JhavepreviouslydemanqglWtheiiiiportaiiceoffKcouiLtingformodelinguneertairrtyinasECss-HbeiMofseismict-ollsrpseriskbecaiisiofEbebrrgcmmI段lyiiiguncenainTj&smpawetersrelated吧m皿ptMMt門已欣加而皿capacityandposicsppiing(￡oOening)behavbarfuiddhHhJ^lynoinlimearbdiaviorastheEnldin邑coUapses.Thelo<mlunoer-cainty運(yùn)coanpuiwlbyconibining陋mliq—eccwdiandmodelinguncerajni}'byusingthe溝k例■eroo<ofrtw即mof血磨sqiian&s：=夠F■+ nmsimpUBedspprachprovidesreuse口ab業(yè) oftheprobiibilirtyofcollapseinthelowertailofthedistribwiioji仙d〔he吟感iamkual方的uwey&fcdkip翼(LjeIc1al.2009). amodelinguncertaijnityofff[n，M^iie=0-50(HaschonsaidDdericin2(XJ7'kthetotalun-■imintyincollapse血3鳥曲叫isin曲庭rangeq『。匕如皿=。虜】to0.67for曲《aichelypunoudacdleRCtraiiKS.AsdescribedbyEla^cltanDtaS.(2011￡Lb}parametersdcfmijigthecallapscfriagiljlyfLuictLonarcfilsoadjusted3azcauntfordif氤岷estnspedraldiapebetweenraregroundxnctioiiB加CfilifoTiiia幽或山日gen打?qū)?nMliBd-niotkH：!setusedinIhisstudy.31eve啟值電(山宮idjusuiieiw 口用iiZBaucollap阱爐rp和摘yof捐血由小修石帕RC加制*by25%,This血re儂is忸瑞山?山ucompM由IincreBseof6U%indiegmdjctcdcollapsucsrpjicityofduedkRC1frannesb^ause4])thenonductiJeRCfninn&slendloeKpeiieni^]&s&periodelan$a￡iD<i.be-fene匕口口日國r“which*hh:-essarj*tnbenefitfmmdiespectralshapeeffect,幽d(2) th已noncbisciilefirantesteiwl2mH紳能浦smaller舔箕汕卻逐工已kraHoiisIhatcomspond.tonKirrJrt?qumt(lessrafc)gmundmodoREthatarertprtsrntedmoredirectlybyQhcgmijeral^round-nncMioffiEEidscLIn屜Mlsdreaders^rerefenBdtoHas^honetM.{2()1la)fortliadetailsofthisprocedure.TheHuaicoMsipscErjigilitycurvesfartheArdwlgrpebuildings,discosisednbenquenflyhtluspaper,iiKQiporHlemodelingunaerHiintymidspectnildiapeadjustmfm船.Kffynnelricsofs^isinicrolljipfiflperfornumegiududuHism聞iiimca]]apsDcapacity,thecolliipsemsu'gmrauo.andthememannuMfre-queucyafcollapse.H:enKdiancollapse isexpressedintennsofgmiMKl.-motioiiin左而mSd(TrHg),whkhdepeodsoothehind皿儂mMpgrindofdhearclietjpe囪od庭L.4iwdierthat亡他be亡wui押Mdnwjitg就ilybawetn加七]法吐薩：b。油面力能通thec0]hp.se川第酬坨五劭defined解thejibedimsccdJ&pse仃r睥diydividedbytinegroiuid-nioliouintensity,witha2%nhfinceofexceedanceku50years,5工；5tl(Tt%%工eksdeclfflias1h&nonrudk&aitiafip^ani^ter itktheb眥值fortheOKte-deHnedLinncjm啦nccmsid打出之常曲郵園ke<unicsi圻[郃[ASCE2002).Adiirdmetric執(zhí)[henueanannus]frequ-aicyofgll如編14Mm)whichisobtuiiiKdbymtc^ratijiig*hecollapsefragilityfunctionwilli口sirtc-sptxifich^Kardcun'E.Thehasnrdlcurverepresentsd此likeLiirood.shsc出ground,nwtionwilhspeEJifijsdiiHrr西Ity弛Exoeededalapsr-druEarsite.Forthcpuiposcofthisstudy,thehazardcmve前definedforahigh#說n出si號inMLoaAng^l?batiiiaia￡依notaffectedbynear'field田reed?出y制】d鈕generallyi叩歸$印申出弋ofhi^h-scismicregionst(puu]etclal21阻).Site-spedfkstixniLichazardanalysis切?ulk]changetheassc5smematuthcfCalifcm.uasites,butarchetypebuikiEngdesignshjcthesfimetlniuughDuttheZxsije3regioninihe19^7UBC.Result^ofSete-rriiteCaila-paeassessmeintCollzipseptaibranaiikEztsst^mcnlsfor排Iofthe.ffinriictj'pkzilRCframesarercponlHimTafclc5.RcoOthntthecollapseassesyiKiiifeaocowHfbrbu曲笈曲*四百yisJiiuu[3tM加]dveilJN《Liunsinni而帕d)collapsesnores如乂1inatp"坨勝unxnMnii?!sinsimcnEnlinodel-inj.Thecerrespoflcliiigcollapseftsgilitycuttves?eshowninFig.when:,forcompariscmptirposes.themttnsilyon1加honia0rlgiaxkis.iwmuili岌dbyS戢丁Jforea￡：harchetypestnit^URi.Thenieunauu同F(xiàn)iiequenc^sofocillup&e-自品5淋府泥d血Fig.6.In^ddilinntothegraimd-motiouiutensit}'measuntsofcollapseperibr-mnee,ftusreofdrift:ratio{RDR：^^).,Midiateretofydriftfatto(ID及典1111sJ輒 ；：re特bu.佰眸d,亍1延時are口論driftsrecodedtomth^ 占uUiqii闌seiii^asjijjustb回外芝日山swayuull蟆$已ofThesoteii■瑞七通由口白廣宮"爐白?冷冷白色客版自rMoFN&ndlsdiieandDuCfiMRCFramssAssuniLiiarizjcdinTable3,the3Jiaj}r5KshowthatnmductiiLeRCframeshavecoljap^n葡憎nsratigingfrom0,54(i)0.55,whichimlkatethat曲止m日前薊足口]]管nibim怕ml后cnaiieless山倒]山已S@冢5MLiiin勝nshies.IntDiatmsT.dieduciHeRC由訓(xùn)饃havecallapsemarginratiositurtarcapprosimalelytlmcclimesgreyer.4NJJOURNALOFSTRUCTURALENGINEEA^NG￡ASCE『APRIL5011igHnbuLdnuridiQ*￡CtImim>必色也壯加Vtdlniip亂雜h球癡土子小>一心sdqousr98765432o.ddaagao.nQr0.1(b) SaglBVSWTJlriFig.5.Collapsefragilitycurves:(a)archetypeRCperimetertriunrs;(b)archclvpeRCspaceframesNurrbttofSlcfteiFig.6.Comp;tnwnofasscwiedcolkipscnskforarchetypenonducblcandductileRCfianics.inmeananimalficqucncyofcollapseNurrbttofSlcfteiFig.6.Comp;tnwnofasscwiedcolkipscnskforarchetypenonducblcandductileRCfianics.inmeananimalficqucncyofcollapserangingfruni1.77to3.07.1收nondiictileRCt'nunebuildingshavecalculatedmeanannualfrequenciesofcollapsebetwern47and135xIO-4,corresponding(oa21(o50%probjibiJicyofcollapseii)50yearsartliehigji-seismicCaliforniasite.ForductileRCframebuildings,ihemeanimnualfrequenciesofoolhp^rangefrom1to6x10conespomlingtopinbabilitiesofcollapsein50yearsixrweei)0.5and2.9%.Ingeneial,thecollapsemarginsarelargerforthespneeframesascomparedtotheperimeterfnintcs.whichislargelybecauseofmoreovcrstrcngthinthespaceframeswhereiribuurygravirj*loadsaremoresignifkamindesign.Me<uiannualfrcqucndcsofcollapse(collapserate)arccon卜paredfurtherinFig.6.whichilhistixitesthelargedifTerenevincollapseriskbetweentheductile(2003)andnonductik(1967)framebuildings.NondiicrileRCperimeterframesareapproxinKiiely20limesmorelikely(ocollapsecomparedwithductileRCperinieierframes,andthenonductilcRCspaceframesarc60timesmorelikelytocollapsethancomparableductileRCspaceframes.IlieplotinFig.6alsoillustrateshowthecollapseriskcanvarysignifi-caiHlywithin*hseiofbuildingswhew,forexmipk.theivi$adiHercneeofapproximatelythreetimesbetweentheestimatedriskmetnesforthe2-and8-storynonductilcspaceframri.lbexaminepossiblereasonsforthedifferencesincollapsemetrics,themeanammalfrequenciesofcollapseareplonedagainstthesi&iccncrMrrngthforeachframeinHg.7.ForboththenonductjlcandductileRCfranws,tl>e皿anannualfrequencyofcullapsctendstoincreasewithareductioninstaticovcratrcngth.butdietrendisnotaswell-defiiieclfortheiwndiictileframeswherethevarimkminmeanannualfrequenciesisnwidilargerthanforthediKtikframes.Sincethedao$eiisaixlthevariacionsreflectthepeculiaritiesofeacharchetypedesign,onecannotdrawfirmconchtiionsftx)nithesecon^parisonsexcepttonotethelargerscatterlor(henonductilefrancs.Funherdisciaionofdiffeivnce6int1)ebehaviorofnoiuhietikfiainesisinasubsequentsection.Fig.7.Relationshipbducenstaticoverstrcnglhandmeanaiuiualfrequencyofcollapse:(a)iKuductikRCframes;and(b)ductileRCframes;spaceframesareimlicaiedbydunKMklnuukersJOURNALOFSTRUCTURALENGINEERING￡ASCE-APRIL2011/499信「貨ft.E，p?irl閨小“可 E內(nèi)卮同UI收kvlM.1「得己》慳srpjice-FramesUiKlw?wOv-^H,iheiimpfnwm婚帆inpredkcedwlbipN；capucii^duetili哄iMHlmn&i%LcMybelwccji11kD9&7dc^iigiisand口出2O(J5dcs^aisxflM與the酒￥奧烏融七cfliicLofLhedesignmilikwilingchange，madeinwibniicdesignc4xle^I'or cioiKreic:inHinler-verhn^years..Collapsepcrfi'siTHai'iecEL—EfimduiilurtiicrfcCkMh?thecnl-lap^ehelhavifHisncl^LedIntheuvirral.1kystcniductility.RekningIdTable3,thediuiikRCrramc^eipcrienccmofdrifiralifisjmtbeforeevil叩齡(RDKeinJofL6*27,5轉(zhuǎn)，T版就valiacs調(diào)xap-沖高iirwldy工dlinK￥IwpcrshwiUw二unipfinibknundu口ilcRCInmWfrwhichMvveK心乩皿皿061KLo)口整The呼卬dml司inlcTHtorydnllrafli健preceding口山出四窯(IDR^ju^)are1.8dmesIwgerinLhcducLikRCFramebuiIdlings.Thjescd]Ikrentr^nzNultinpanfromiiiLnascsin.mcnihcr-leveldcRimi^tinncspu^ilyilwhscj-即山withimproveddccailinjnzqijircnicncjiashhowninTabk2.TheEuGMtinRD&u/qybclw比口diel%7auid20()3dkMgif皿出ndemDflslrareithaltherequiredstmmgocWumnvvMcbcanintiDinchcmndemhuikliik*%hefipscnnpwod[InnujieriiEr"rnurtihcfofincreasingcnet^gydi$>ipaicdinthe^ruciuiviuii-dimpTLivan^:?-ysltinlevelUuciihiy,CtjIlapM；inwh4口償imfur山c8-im(t1.2-storyurvhcly戶franju&iirccumpniedinFig.乳Regflrdle?iolheight,[hen^nducLikRCframe^uildinigHlypicallytail,intheimt3ndsecondgloriaonly,wbcicastheductilemodemRCfrsumukes.pcricnccrnuredislribuiLcdyicfidjn^:indz加以pM?mixhAnisnis.Va『i戡ion帕Coltaps^P以同口rm甘rasof川的仃比陽2RCFramesDcKi^ndinerunccs@nwMigthesetofindiflypiciloMindu^tikR.CI'nuiiL!%lendiov:?riHJinnin|iredkiodcolIjspMZpcfiTtrm:inc，iihiitwrMEi版rMgeofpc^ihlc最件|明腦vsofnonduciileRCRnmc羯wilhivgularhuikhn昔蘭glmig熱，制由Jtrii^nfwlures-,p5nin洞g「Jg。岸\|￡叫加庠1mndsJim卬就耳-6口!?siru口口吐，拓hi卜itIhe耨orslcuM41pse呼rlormancuJbecoll1apsc-salctyofpcnnwitr-inanM-^LnjctuiuswniixcjiswithheightsincetheE加㈤1130dincn:singlydoming然t屈dl￡*ignwilhincri^finhuildi維Iwighl.n￡ndiingIdd口CH*ielatcFiilcvcfMwng由Inekmih也祝fixity1曲出an:hmkciEUpormil311 Vhf叩比亡fiHkKBuild"kiHMhlHIdL里,”indrreullypm*idirmgiHldiLiiiin;ilkikrnilnvirrslrun^lh.Thus11111T《iiniml才LiveeffectofrellfilhislymtwIIcfmir?lized陶父^bcRrcafiLicilyand弘iiliw、*inUitladkrpwimierwIniniesnuik^sUieniriKirewnsitiveImP-Scflixli.XpaveI'raniesareshuwnto-bejukstcliikrlyitunp^nm-der-rranic^iniLiun^tncspcricnL-cihen口俏目Jfailurenuidt.La斗oFpTaxi[y-lcuid>bcafiiii^opacityin宮cohrnnraiiNcUbyshearfailure,尿憶油114口門]/litUKzi^rXi^lCE1VcrtiL-uJhsudbiinlIliCMrcolLAiEE!^.FlinvizVcr,diiTcrcnce^i.hpc!rilt?riii;iiiLL,hclwixiupc1riniu112rentalKpw^e-frameMmeiugareesnagetiwdhiihi*uudy*.iniulaioi<nithiehforperinKHcr-rranwsystemsn^le^LLitecuntribuLionuiEE%il，'iy31umizkancntsi'i.ii-fluthlui?midehIltilie1^ruviiyo?Liinms)hiInbcnilNtnzn^Eh;mdUHIne、、.H:i必Ilkmcl；hl.i|lllORltfcranil.Lhitlirtdudi映die酊鼬ky野軸eminc訓(xùn)和女才蝦煎劭餡甫i打工檢圖旬Lbtm聞tancullapsccajxicilyu-1ii4-slaiyrrKMlmiRCIrauniubyrkppntKinuiiizly10%.IndhkliLionioLhe&時山linninheighiandiZauih唱sy^Eemulready口rniidurrd,iL-iinducliIcliCfnrnicsEnuuluniihwilli lescInu『d日一|由@BE嚴(yán)Edh>typ如I；^id?-nuni:miirr3)al“斷曲機(jī)Esispan!Mdirs乩MyHyi\wt處S.n昭鵬日liHbegunt-nmmgni足lheEip(Maj>ceofsei%Eicdetailing出nd,in，hhie,4.du?bnprmikkmnrclrart%ver%erc:inliHccincreland!hener ofreimfiMvcmcnE