1、精品基礎(chǔ)教育教學資料，需要可下載使用！第三講主旨大意題做真題感悟高考真題體驗透視命題規(guī)律授課提示：對應(yīng)學生用書第39頁（2018全國卷 I -C）Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit （聯(lián)系）groups developed

2、their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people； they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their l

3、anguages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to dis

4、appear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, whil

5、e hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number 仲位數(shù)）of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means

6、that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction （消第一步：讀文章，概括段意文章最后一段談到要從科學研究的角度看待兒童的開展，說我們追求科學的態(tài)度其實源 于我們的兒童時代。第二步：析選項，斟酌判斷本段雖提到了兒童的游戲，但并未談及此內(nèi)容，A選項概括的內(nèi)容范圍過大。B 研究 嬰兒的游戲或許有助于更好地理解科學。涵蓋性強，覆蓋全段，是對本段內(nèi)容的精煉總結(jié) 和

7、概括。C屬于無中生有，生搬硬套，本段提及了兒童與科學家一樣都有理解事物的能 力，但并未作出比擬。D屬于無中生有，生搬硬套，本段提到了人類的進化給嬰兒提供 了好奇心和天生的解釋世界的動力，但并未提及其與個人成長的關(guān)系。應(yīng)選B項。4.寫作目的題題型技法：解此類題主要有兩種方法。1.主旨推斷法：寫作目的是闡述作者為何要表達某個中心主 題，因此可根據(jù)文章或段落的主旨推斷作者的寫作目的。比方上述例題就是通過每段段落的 主旨推斷出答案的。2.文體推斷法：根據(jù)文體的特點來推斷。不同體裁的文章有不同的寫作 目的，故事類記敘文的寫作目的通常是使讀者感到快樂（t。entertain）;廣告類應(yīng)用文的寫 作目的是推

8、銷產(chǎn)品或提供服務(wù)（t。persuade）;議論文的寫作目的是闡述論點（t。argue）;科 普類說明文的寫作目的是介紹科學知識，使大家緊跟時代步伐（rm）o典例 4 （2018浙江卷 A）How did Dickens get to the top? For all the feelings readers attach to stories, literature is a numbers game, and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass. Some 60,000 novels were published during th

9、e Victorian age, from 1837 to 1901; today a casual reader might be able to name a half-dozen of them. Its partly true that Dickens style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life. Its partly that his writings rode a wave of social, political and scientific progress. But its also that he

10、rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center. No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer. But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches, it is possibleand important for our own cultureto understand how he mad

11、e himself a lasting one.23 . What is the authors purpose in writing the text?A . To remember a great writer.B . To introduce an English novel.C . To encourage studies on culture.D . To promote values of the Victorian age.,解題步驟:第一步：讀文章，概括大意文章介紹了查爾斯狄更斯在英國文學中的地位以及他是如何獲此殊榮的，以此來紀念 查爾斯狄更斯這位偉大作家。第二步：析選項，斟酌

12、判斷B、C、D三項以偏概全，B項介紹一本英國小說、C項鼓勵研究文化”以及D項 倡導維多利亞朝代的價值觀，這些都不是作者寫本文的目的。應(yīng)選A項。刷題組題型突破即時演練鞏固復習成果授課提示：對應(yīng)學生用書第42頁閱讀理解閱讀以下短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D四個選項中，選出最正確選項。A（2018,合肥市高三教學質(zhì)量檢測）A famous magazine, Amusement Today, does a survey among park lovers every year both in the US and overseas, based on which, “Top 5 List of t

13、he Best Amusement Parks in the World has come out as follows :Disneyland, CaliforniaDisneyland is a theme park in Anaheim, California, the US. More than 515 million guests have traveled to this American landmark from around the world since the park first opened to guests on July 17,1955. The park co

14、nsists of many world- famous sections, such as Main Street, Adventureland, New Orleans Square, and so on.Magic Kingdom, Disney World, FloridaMagic Kingdom is a theme park within the Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista, Florida, near Orlando opened on October 1,1971. It is the most famous th

15、eme park in Florida. The parks design and attractions dont make much difference from Disneyland Park in Anaheim.EPCOTf Disney World, FloridaEPCOT is the second theme park built at the Walt Disney World Resort near Orlando, Florida. The park opened on October 1,1982, and was named EPCOT Center from 1

16、982 to 1993. It was the largest Disney theme park in the world until 1998, when Disneys Animal Kingdom opened.Disney-MGM Studios, FloridaMGMs streets are the home for some great movie-themed attractions with a history of less than 30 years. With the addition of the Twilight Zone Tower of Terror and

17、the Rock and Roller Coaster, the park is now home to Disney Worlds most thrilling rides.Universal Studios, FloridaGo behind the scenes, beyond the screen and jump right into the action of your favorite movies at Universal Studios, the number one movie and TV theme park in the world.語篇解讀本文是一篇應(yīng)用文。文章向我

18、們介紹了由一本著名雜志經(jīng)過調(diào)查推選出來 的位居世界前五位的游樂園。. Whats the purpose of the passage?A . To attract tourists to these theme parks.B . To introduce worlds best amusement parks.C . To increase the sales of Amusement Today.D . To compare attractions in different theme parks.解析：寫作目的題。根據(jù)第一段 A famous magazine, Amusement T

19、oday. come out as follows和下文對5個公園的介紹可知，本文旨在介紹世界上最好的娛樂公園。故 選B。答案：B. Which of the following theme parks have similar attractions?A . Disneyland & Universal Studios.B . EPCOT & Disney-MGM.C . Disneyland & Magic Kingdom.D . Magic Kingdom & Universal Studios.解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“The parks design and attractio

20、ns dont make much difference from Disneyland Park in Anaheim.并結(jié)合其所在段落標題Magic Kingdom, Disney World, Florida可知，應(yīng)選 C。答案：c. Which park has the longest history?A . Disneyland, California.B . Magic Kingdom, Disney World, Florida.C . EPCOT, Disney World, Florida.D . Disney-MGM Studios, Florida.解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)

21、第二段中的More than 515 million guests. on July 17,1955.可知,Disneyland, California是1955年開放的;根據(jù)第三段第一句可知，Magic Kingdom, Disney World, Florida是1971年開放的;根據(jù)第四段第二句可知，EPCOT, Disney World, Florida是1982年開放的；根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段第一句可知，Disney-MGM Studios, Florida的歷史不到30年。由此可知，Disneyland, California是歷史最悠久的。應(yīng)選A。冬室 a 日木八B（2018湖北八校聯(lián)考

22、）Cities are likely to be affected by overheating, thanks to something called the urban heat island effect. Cities tend to be short of trees, which provide shade, and they are covered with black pavement, which absorbs heat from the sun. Think of how it feels to wear a black shirt versus a white shir

23、t on a sunny day. A black shirt absorbs light, heating you up. But a white shirt reflects light, keeping you cool.The average temperature in a city of a million or more people can be more than 5 degrees Fahrenheit （華氏度） hotter than surrounding areas. That extra 5 degrees Fahrenheit can turn a hot da

24、y from uncomfortable to deadly. As temperatures rise, cities will be an especially dangerous place to live during a heat wave. To protect public health, city officials are going to make the city cooler.As part of that effort, Los Angeles is coating its roads in CoolSeaL a gray paint that keeps stree

25、ts and parking lots 10 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than black asphalt （瀝青）.It will help Angelinos save money during the summer, when air conditioning leads to power bills soaring. And it will save lives by lowering temperatures and improving air quality.Hot weather worsens air pollution by turning car

26、 exhaust into smog, which makes life miserable for people with asthma （哮喘）and other breathing problems.Of course, Los Angeles will have to do more than painting over a few streets to cool off the city. Angelinos will also need to plant more trees and apply white paint to rooftopsat least those not a

27、lready covered in solar panels. While Los Angeles is a pioneer of reflective streets, other cities, like New York, are already experimenting with reflective roofs or, like Melbourne, lowering the temperature by planting trees. Los Angeles is hardly alone in its effort to stay cool. This is an urgent

28、 challenge, and its much bigger than one person, said Mayor Garcetti in a recent statement. Climate change is a fact of life that people in Los Angeles and cities around the world live with every day. 語篇解讀本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了洛杉磯采取的降溫方法，除了種植樹木外, 更主要的是將道路漆成灰白色、將房頂漆成白色，這些措施有效而環(huán)保，不僅降低了降溫成 本，還改善了空氣質(zhì)量，降低了哮喘等呼吸道

29、疾病的發(fā)病率。. Which of the following contributes to the urban heat island effect?A . Planting more trees in the streets.B . Covering the streets with gray paint.C . Applying reflective paint to rooftops.D . Furnishing every house with air conditioners.解析 細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的air conditioning leads to power bills

30、 soaring 可推知，夏天人們大量使用空調(diào)；又根據(jù)常識可知，空調(diào)外機的運行會導致氣溫上升，從而 導致熱島效應(yīng)，故D項符合題意。答案：D.What should the city officials emphasize during hot summer?A . How to make the city cooler.B . Where to wear a white shirt.C . Why to coat the roads with black paint.D . When to cut off the electricity supply.解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句T。p

31、rotect public health, city officials are going to make the city cooler.可知，為了保護人們的身體健康,在炎熱的夏季，城 市的官員們著重考慮如何給城市降溫，故A項正確。答案：A.What benefit can people gain from the use of CoolSeal?A . Increasing the indoor activities.B . Promoting the sale of air conditioners.C . Making life easier and more comfortable

32、.D . Reducing the number of cold days.解析：細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段，尤其是該段第二、三句It will help Angelinos save money during the summer; when air conditioning leads to power bills soaring. And it will save lives by lowering temperatures and improving air quality/7 可知,使用 CoolSeal不僅有助于在夏季節(jié)省空調(diào)用電開支，而且它也可以通過降溫和改善空氣質(zhì)量來 使人們生活得

33、更舒適，故C項正確。答案：C.Whats the main idea of the passage?A . Los Angeles adopted many approaches to fight against the heat. Los Angeles calls on people to fight against global warming.C . More and more countries begin to plant trees in the streets.D . Los Angeles is painting its streets gray to keep the ci

34、ty cool.解析：主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，本文主要介紹了洛杉磯為了降低城市氣溫，主要采 取了將道路漆成灰白色的措施，并將采取一些其他措施來使城市降溫。據(jù)此可知，D項最能 概括文意。答案：D限時規(guī)范訓練（十七）閱讀理解主旨大意題1（限時：25分鐘）對應(yīng)學生用書（單獨成冊）第125頁ADuring lunch all my friends were talking about their families plans for winter break, and I was more than a little jealous （嫉妒的）since my parents couldnt tak

35、ea vacation during Christmas week.I came home from school that day to find a newsletter from the Jewish Community （社區(qū)）Center; which contained an ad for an alternative vacation” community-service trip to New Orleans during Christmas week. I wondered whether cleaning neighborhoods destroyed by Hurrica

36、ne Katrina and sleeping on the floor in a sleeping bag were really the way I wanted to spend Christmas vacation. I sent in an application anyway, went for an interview, and was actually very excited when I was accepted into the program.We arrived in New Orleans on December 23.First, we had dinner at

37、 a pizza place that had been destroyed by the hurricane. The owners told us about what they had gone through to rebuild their homes.On Christmas Eve, we spent the day removing garbage as part of a beautification project in the Lower Ninth Ward, which was most heavily damaged by Hurricane Katrina.On

38、Christmas Day, we worked at a center for homeless people. The people really appreciated our work, and we felt like we had made Christmas a little more special for them.My favorite project was helping at an animal rescue center. We walked the animals, cleaned their places, and fed them. Six thousand

39、dogs and cats, separated from their owners, were rescued by that shelter after the hurricane.When I returned to New York and told my friends about my trip, I realized how ridiculous I had been to be jealous of their Christmas plans. I looked around at my house, my dog, my family, and everything I ow

40、ned and felt really spoiled （被寵壞的）. All the things I saw in New Orleans , all the amazing people I met, and the small ways I was able to contribute to the rebuilding of the city made that week the most memorable vacation I can imagine.語篇解讀本文是一篇記敘文。作者在圣誕假期來到災(zāi)后的新奧爾良去幫助那里的人們重建家園，這次經(jīng)歷成為他畢生難忘的回憶。. What w

41、as the authors first reaction to the community-service trip?A . He felt upset.B . He was excited.C . He felt hopeful.D . He was doubtful.解析：推理判斷題。題干中的community-service trip對應(yīng)到文章第二段，由該段中 的 wondered whether.were really the way I wanted to spend Christmas vacation/ 可知，作者對于是否要在圣誕假期去清掃災(zāi)后的居民區(qū)并在睡袋里過夜這一計劃有些

42、許猶 豫。此處需要注意B項，根據(jù)該段中的was actually very excited when I was accepted into the program可知，作者在被該工程組接受后感到很高興，因此B項并不是作者對該 社區(qū)服務(wù)之行的第一反響。答案：D. Which did the author like most?A . Removing garbage.B . Helping the homeless.C . Working with animals.D . Dining with survivors.解析細節(jié)理解題。作者在第三至六段中介紹自己具體的志愿工作 其中第六段首句My f

43、avorite project was helping at an animal rescue center.”說明作者此行最喜歡的工作 是在動物救助中心幫助。答案：c. What can we infer about the authors trip?A . It was very precious to him.B . It strengthened his family ties.C . It freed him from envying others.D . It improved his interpersonal skills.解析：推理判斷題。閱讀四個選項后不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，該題是作者此

44、行結(jié)束后的看法和認識, 因此定位到文章末尾。根據(jù)最后一段中的All the things I saw in New Orleans , all the amazing people I met, and the small ways I was able to contribute to the rebuilding of the city made that week the most memorable vacation I can imagine.可知，圣誕 周的志愿工作讓作者記憶深刻。該句中的amazing people , contribute to , memorable 等信息透

45、露出此次志愿旅行對作者來說彌足珍貴。C項概括推斷錯誤，文中只提到作者一開 始非常嫉妒同學們的美好假期計劃，最后在經(jīng)過此次旅行后發(fā)現(xiàn)這其實很可笑，因為自己在 圣誕周所做的事情遠比同學們的假期更有意義。因此，這并不是說作者的此次旅行使得他不 再嫉妒他人。答案：A. What can be the best title for the text?A . The Most Memorable DayB . My Special Christmas VacationC . Post-disaster ReconstructionD . A Big Contribution to Society解析：標題

46、歸納題。通讀文章后不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，本文主要由三局部構(gòu)成：作者偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)一份 圣誕志愿活動的招募啟事乍者去受災(zāi)地區(qū)所做的志愿工作；作者對此次志愿工作的感想。 因此，B項我的特別的圣誕假期”涵蓋了這三大局部的內(nèi)容，適合做本文標題。A項有一 定的迷惑性，但是作者的圣誕志愿工作并非只有一天，因此概括不準確；C項在文中有一定 表達，但文章并非主要講述災(zāi)后重建工作；D項中的Big 一詞用詞不準確。答案：BBImagine this scene : its blowing outside, and you snuggle （蜷伏）up on the sofa under a warm quilt, chatting

47、 and recalling with your closest friends.That content, cosy feeling, has a name in Danish一hygge.And, as Denmark recently won the title of /zthe happiest country in the world0 , the concept of hygge 亡),with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers

48、), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark) : none of these seems to have much chance of survival.語篇解讀本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了世界上語言的種類隨著人類社會的開展而 逐漸減少這一現(xiàn)象。. What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times?A . The

49、y developed very fast.B . They were large in number.C . They had similar patterns.D . They were closely connected.解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.可知，一些語言專家認為，一萬年

50、前，當世界上只有 500萬到1000萬人時，他們之間可能說12 000種語言。由此可推斷，采獵文明時期的語 言種類很多。A項曲解文意，文中提到采獵文明時期語言很多，但這不代表語言開展快。C、 D 兩項顛倒是非，根據(jù)第一段中 small, tightly knit groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other可知，這些語言是相互獨立的，不具有相似模式, 語言間也沒有密切聯(lián)系。答案：B.Which of the following best explains dominant underlined i

51、n Paragraph 2?A . Complex.B . Advanced.C . Powerful.D . Modern.解析：詞義猜想題。根據(jù)第二段中的. all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are is known to more and more people interested in finding ways to understand this concept.Hyggeoriginally from a

52、Norwegian word meaning well-beingdoesnt have an exact equivalent （又寸應(yīng)物）in English. Its often translated as coziness, or as blogger Anna West told the BBCcoziness of the soul”. But, professor Maren Spark explains, “Hyqqe was never meant to be translated. It was meant to be felt.”Basically, hygge invo

53、lves creating a warm, cosy atmosphere and enjoying it with your loved ones. Danish winters are long and dark, so achieving hygge is particularly relevant during this season. A typical hygge activity during winter could be enjoying delicious homemade food and light - hearted conversation with friends

54、 preferably in the warm glow of candlelight, or maybe sipping a glass of wine in the hot tub after a day spent skiing.However, hygge isnt only limited to the cold winter months 一 it can also describe that warm, fuzzy feeling you get after a walk through a forest with friends on a summers day or a fa

55、mily barbecue in the park.Hygge is meant to be shared.語篇解讀每年，丹麥人都會經(jīng)歷漫長而陰沉的冬日，可是丹麥卻被認為是世界上最 幸福的國家。文章向我們介紹了丹麥人是如何通過創(chuàng)造舒適的環(huán)境來提高幸福指數(shù)的。. The author asks the readers to imagine the scene in the first paragraph toA . help the readers to calm downB . introduce the topic of the passageC . present the main ide

56、a of the passageD . remind the readers of their past memories解析：推理判斷題。由文章第一段和第二段可知，作者讓讀者想象這個情景是為了引 出文章所要介紹的話題hygge。答案：B. What do the underlined sentences by Maren Spark mean?A . The translation of the word hygge is not good enough.B . Only Danish speakers know what hygge means.C . ”Hygge“ is easy to

57、 translate but hard to feel.D . We can get the true meaning of “hygge by feeling it.解析：句意猜想題。根據(jù)第三段可知，hygge這個詞常被解釋為coziness,下文 由But引出professor Maren Spark的觀點hygge不應(yīng)該被翻譯，而應(yīng)用來感 受。由此可知，我們只有通過感受才能理解hygge的真正內(nèi)涵。答案：D. Which of the following can be best described as a hygge activity?A . Skiing in the cold wi

58、nter months.B . Living through long dark winters.C . Taking afternoon tea with friends.D . Walking alone in the forest.解析：推理判斷題。由倒數(shù)第二段的第一句可知，hygge”與創(chuàng)造一個溫暖舒適的氛 圍并與你愛的人一起提供有關(guān)。C項中的Taking afternoon tea符合creating a warm , cosy atmosphere , friends”對應(yīng)your loved ones。應(yīng)選 C 項。答案：C. The author writes this pas

59、sage to.A . explainB . persuadeC . comment D . advertise解析：寫作目的題。縱觀全文可以看出，文章采用情景介紹、概念介紹、舉例說明的 方式向我們介紹了一種創(chuàng)造舒適的環(huán)境來提高幸福指數(shù)的生活方式：hygge。應(yīng)選A項。答案：ACTwo of the saddest words in the English language are “if only” . I live my life with the goal of never having to say those words, because they convey regrets, l

60、ost opportunities, mistakes, and disappointment.My father is famous in our family for saying, “Take the extra minute to do it right/7 I always try to live by the extra minute rule. When my children were young and likely to cause accidents, I always thought about what I could do to avoid an if only m