1、Motivation & EmotionMotivation Any internal condition, although usually an internal one, that initiates, activates, or maintains an organisms goal-directed behavior. NeedsNeeds are states of deprivation that emerge within the body. Hunger is a common urge or need that motivates you to go to the near

2、est refrigerator, dining hall or supermarket. The drive theory postulates that needs motivates us or living things to act and regain homeostasis Murrays Theory of Human PersonalityTypes of needsPhysical needsSatisfaction of basic physical processesNeed for food, air, water, sexPsychological needsFoc

3、us on emotional and mental satisfactionExample: the need for social interaction or to achieve difficult goals Maslows Hierarchy of Needs TheoryFive groups of basic needsHealthy adults try to satisfy these needsSo basic that they motivate behavior in many culturesChronic frustration of needs can lead

4、 to psychopathological resultsMaslows Hierarchy of Needs TheoryMaslows Hierarchy of Needs TheoryPhysiological needs: basic requirements of the human body; food, water, sleep, sexSafety needs: desires of a person to be protected from physical and economic harmBelongingness and love needs (social): de

5、sire to give and receive affection; be in the company of othersMaslows Hierarchy of Needs TheoryEsteem needs: self-confidence and sense of self-worthEsteem from others: valuation of self from other peopleSelf-esteem: feeling of self-confidence and self-respectSelf-actualization needs: desire for sel

6、f-fulfillmentMain kinds of motivationHungerObesityTheories of the Regulation of Hungerglucostatic hypothesislipostatic hypothesis (leptin-fat)set-point theoryAnorexia nervosaSexHomosexualitymaternal instincts CuriosityChallenge and ControlManipulation and Contact Monkey Love Experiments Attachment A

7、chievement Perspectives on motivation-Motivation theory InstinctsDrive-reduction theoryArousal theoryIncentive theory Cognitive theory 1. Instinct theories of motivationInstincts :Inborn, unlearned , fixed patterns of behavior and goal-directed behaviors that is characteristic of an entire species.I

8、nstincts are characteristic controlled by specific triggering stimuli in the world. Instinct theoriesThe notion that human behavior is motived by certain innate tendencies,or instincts, shared by all individuals.2. Drive-reduction theory Striving to keep a balanced internal stateDrive State Drive of

9、 tension or arousal that motivates behavior. A psychological state that arises in response to an internal physiological need, such as hunger or thirst Drive-reduction theory: The theory suggesting that a need creates an unpleasant state of arousal or tension called a drive, which impels the organism

10、 to engage in behavior that will satisfy the need and reduce tension.States that motivated behavior is aimed at reducing a state of bodily tension or arousal and at returning the organism to homeostasis. Homeostasis A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any

11、aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.State of balance and stability in which the organism functions effectively.Drive-reduction theoryDrive-reduction theoryPrimary drive : An unlearned drive, such as hunger, that is based on a physiological state.Second drive :

12、A learned drive, such as ambition, that is not based on a physiological state. 3.Arousal theorystriving for an optimal level of arousalArousal A state of alertness and mental and physical activationArousal theoryA theory suggesting that the aim of motivation is to maintain an optimal level of arousa

13、l.Yerkes-Dodson Law : States that there is an optimal level of arousal for the best performance of any task; the more complex the task, the lower the level of arousal that can be tolerated before performance deteriorates. Incentive A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavio

14、r. positive incentivenegative incentiveIntrinsic motivation : A desire to perform a behavior that stems from the enjoyment derived from the behavior itself. Extrinsic motivation A desire to perform a behavior to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment. 5. Cognitive theory Expectancy-value theo

15、ry attribution theory self-efficacy theory Motivation conflict & frustration Motivation conflictThe simultaneous existence of two or more motivations that lead to contradictory patterns of behaviour.e.g. to approach a human offering food in order to obtain the food, and to flee from the human.Types

16、of conflictApproach-approach conflictAvoidance-avoidance conflictApproach-avoidance conflictApproach-approach conflictApproach-approach conflict : The organism is attracted and repulsed by the same stimulus or situation .Avoidance-avoidance conflictAvoidance-avoidance conflict: The organism is force

17、d to choose between two different desirable stimuli.Approach-avoidance conflictApproach-avoidance conflict:The organism is forced to choose between two different undesirable alternativesmultiple approach-avoidance conflictMultiple approach-avoidance conflict :The organism is forced to choose between

18、 more than two different undesirable alternativesFrustrationFrustration: The feeling that occurs when a person is prevented from reaching a goal. Emotional and behavioral responses after frustrationAnger and Aggressiondirectly aggressionindirectly aggressionregression fixation Apathy Learned helplessnessLearned helplessnessFailure to take steps to avoid or escape from an unpleasant or aversive stimulus that occurs