1、Introduction To Philosophy, Psychology and Sociology of EducationCreated by Jeff StraussMA Educational FoundationsBranches of StudyPhilosophical Theories of Human Existence: Pre-Socratic, Medieval, Modern, 19th and 20th CenturyTheories of Human Behavior and Development: Biological, Religious, Psycho

2、logical, Behavioral, Socio-culturalHistorical Eras: Ancient, Dark Ages, Enlightenment, Age of Reason, Modernism, Industrial, InformationSociological Theories of Society and Cultures: Structuralism, Conflict Theory, Marxism, Critical Theory, Post-ModernismPhilosophyFrom the earliest beginnings of rec

3、orded history it has involved discussions and debates not just about truth, but what are our methods of inquiry into truth. So one of the differences between philosophy and straightforward scientific inquiry is that in philosophy the issue isnt merely about what the truth is, but how we can know wha

4、t the truth is. A physicist and biologist know things, but the philosopher asks, How do they know? It is for that reason that philosophy is often described as a second-order activity: thinking about thinking, knowing about knowing. Thales (624-546 B.C.E)“Everything is made of water”There is an under

5、lying reality beyond appearances that is radically different from things as they appear to us through our senses 25 Centuries Since Philosophy and Science Have altered only 1 wordEverything is made of waterEverything is made of airEverything is made of the indeterminate boundlessEverything is made o

6、f fireEverything is made of numbersEverything is made of atomsEverything is made of quarksAristotlePlatoSocratesThe ancient Greeks as a starting point for western civilizations philosophical traditionsLos Tres AmigosSocrates (470 to 399 B.C.E)“The unexamined life is not worth living”This statement s

7、ets the stage for a revolutionary progression of Western thinking. That the individual is responsible to answer questions such as What meaning do I want to give my life? How should I live? What really matters? What is truth and how can I know it. Intrinsic ValuePlato (428-348 B.C.E)Plato and the All

8、egory of the CavePlato viewed the world of appearances as an illusionTrue knowledge (ideas) could not be sought through the sensesWisdom requires us to see beyond sense experience and to learn about the underlying first principles and causes of things.Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.)Aristotle collapsed th

9、e physical world of matter (the realm of appearances) and the world of ideas to explain change.He saw the soul as not independent of the physical bodyHe invented the syllogism (deductive logic) as well as inductive logicTHE DARK AGESDecent into The DarknessMarcus Aurelius (121-180) 14th Emperor of R

10、ome. He regarded Christians as the most subversive and dangerous element within the Roman Empire and warned that if Christians were allowed to corrupt the intellect and souls of the citizens of Rome, the Empire would fallThey would have been wise to heed his warningsThe Rise of ChristianityIn the th

11、ird century the philosophical traditions from Thales to Aurelius ground to a screeching halt. To the enlightened citizens at the height of the Roman Empire, with the Hellenic philosophical genius behind them and the emerging political, social and cultural advances before them, it must have seemed as

12、 if some great, cosmic awakening was about to happen, as if the next level of enlightenment within human consciousness was just around the corner. What they got instead was the Dark Ages: the burning of books, the closing of the philosophy schools, the collapse of the Roman Empire. - Daniel Kolack “

13、From the Pre-Socratic to the Present”Medieval PhilosophyBy 3rd century C.E., Roman Empire is unwindingBecause they were no longer persecuted the Christians were now winning more convertsCatholic philosophy developed from the view of Plato, the Stoics and Neo-Platonists dominated Western thought for

14、a 1000 yearsAugustine, Averroes, Maimonides, AquinasOckham, Bacon, Martin Luther, Copernicus How Ancient People Envisioned the UniverseMartin Luther & The ReformationMartin Luther dealt the symbolic blow that began the Reformation when he nailed his Ninety-Five Theses to the door of the Wittenberg C

15、hurch. That document contained an attack on papal abuses and the sale of indulgences by church officials. Translation of the Bible into German from the Latin broke Romes stranglehold on the “Word”The Renaissance The Age of Modern PhilosophyEmpiricism Descartes: “I think therefore I am”Kant: The Tran

16、scendental IdealistHegel: The Absolute IdealistRene DescartesCogito Ergo SumCartesian geometryMethodological SkepticismDifferentiated the “handing down of knowledge” with “truth”Immanuel KantNot “how does an object affect the mind” but “how does the mind affect an object?”Transcendentalism: Space an

17、d time are not part of the noumenal world, but constructs of the mindHegelMuch as Aristotle collapsed the physical world of matter (the realm of appearances) and the world of ideas to explain change. Hegel paved the way for not transcending beyond the phenomenal world or inwardly to the mental facul

18、ties (empirical and the rational) but to break through logical categories themselves. The Implications From Kant to Hegel there was an enlightenmentThis paved the way for existentialism in which the individual is primary and existence is understood in individualistic termsSo now Comtes positivism is

19、 based in part on the notion that “social” verification is a necessary condition for truth and meaning.Auguste Comte The birth of Positivism The 3 conditions of intellectual developmentPrimitive stage: human beings rely on the power of supernatural beings existing beyond the natural world. So explan

20、ations are given in supernatural termsMetaphysical stage: explanation is ultimately theological and supernatural entities are replaced with abstract notions.Positive stage: the mind is freed by reason and observation from its vain egotistical search for “Absolute Notions”SociologyThe Players and The

21、oriesFunctionalism: Weber, DurkheimConflict Theory: Marx, EngleCritical Theory: Frankfurt SchoolSemiotics: Pierce, SaussurePragmatism: William James, John DeweyPost Modernism: Foucault, Lyotard Functionalism In explaining the basis of social order in societies the starting point for Functionalists i

22、s to look at whole societies and not the individual The starting point of all Functionalism is that all societies have certain basic needs Emile Durkheim draws an analogy between the way a biological organism works and society. The various organs of a living thing work together in order to maintain

23、a healthy whole in much the same way that various institutions in society work together to produce social order. Functionalists believe that the basis of an orderly society is the existence of a central value system that imposes common values on all its members. MAX WEBERBureaucratic coordination of

24、 human action, Weber believed, is the distinctive mark of modern social structures. Hierarchy of authority Impersonality Written rules of conduct Promotion based on achievement Specialized division of labor Efficiency Conflict Theory & Karl MarxThe following are four primary assumptions of modern co

25、nflict theoryCompetition Structural inequality Revolution War. Frankfurt SchoolThey were concerned to develop critical theory from the works of Karl Marx, whilst radically revising many Marxian ideas. They greatly developed the critique of the mass media in mass society (what they referred to as the

26、 culture industry) and their work is therefore at the root of much Marxian criticism of the mass media. As they saw it, the culture industry played a highly manipulative role in modern society and served to control or subvert oppositional consciousness, thus removing any threat to the dominant capit

27、alist class. The possibility of revolutionary transformation of society was seen by them as being effectively excluded by a dominant bureaucracy which was supported by the culture industry. critical theoryDeveloping from the work of the Frankfurt School theorists, critical theory has always been mul

28、tidisciplinary (perhaps more accurately supradisciplinary), drawing on sociology, literary criticism, philosophy, psychology, art criticism, political science and many other fields. Central to critical theory is an emancipatory imperative directed towards the abolition of social injustice and focuse

29、d principally on a critique of ideology, showing how repressive interests underlie the ostensibly neutral formulations of science, politics, economics, culture in general In philosophy, where the term is extensively used, it applies to movements that include post-structuralism, deconstruction, multi

30、culturalism, gender studies and literary theory, sometimes called simply theory. It emerged beginning in the 1950s as a critique of doctrines such as positivism and emphasizes the importance of power relationships, personalization and discourse in the construction of truth and world views. POSTMODER

31、NISM3 Major Theories of DevelopmentPsychoanalytic Theories: Stress the importance of childrens unconscious thoughts. It is heavily colored by emotion and influenced by parents as to the childs developmentCognitive Theories: Stress childrens conscious thoughts. Behavioral Theories: Stress the effects

32、 of the environment on the organism to adapt, learn and changeBehaviorism DefinitionBehaviorism is a theory of animal and human learning that only focuses on objectively observable behaviors and discounts mental activities. Behavior theorists define learning as nothing more than the acquisition of n

33、ew behavior. Constructivism DefinitionConstructivism is a philosophy of learning founded on the premise that, by reflecting on our experiences, we construct our own understanding of the world we live in. Each of us generates our own rules and mental models, which we use to make sense of our experien

34、ces. Learning, therefore, is simply the process of adjusting our mental models to accommodate new experiences. Freud, Sigmund - (1856-1939)Responsible for developing theories central to psychoanalysis, the psychology of human sexuality, and dream interpretation. His major contribution was in pointin

35、g to connections between aberrant behavior and the unconscious. The Id, Ego and SuperegoLev Vygotsky: Social Development Theory The major theme of Vygotskys theoretical framework is that social interaction plays a fundamental role in the development of cognition. Vygotsky (1978) states: Every function in the childs cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological). This a