1、Unit 2 Growing pains 成長的煩惱話題之二 環境保護三年4考2011浙江假設你是高中生李越，有感于校園中存在的隨意涂寫(to scribble)和亂丟垃圾(to litter)的行為，請用英語給校長寫一封100120個詞的信。信中應包括以下內容：1. 說明寫信目的；2. 對這些行為進行批評；3. 提出建議。June 8, 2011Dear Mr. Headmaster, I am Li Yue, a student from Class 1, Senior 2. I am writing to draw your attention to some improper beha

2、viour among us students: littering and scribbling. It makes our school dirty and unpleasant, and does harm to the image of our school. I always feel ashamed whenever I see this. It is clearly not appropriate for a student to litter and scribble about. I wonder if the school could place more dustbins

3、 around and setup specific rules against such behaviour. At the same time, students should be encouraged to develop good habits and better behave themselves. I believe that, with the joint efforts of both teachers and students, our school will become a more enjoyable place in the near future. Thank

4、you for your consideration. Yours faithfully, Li Yue1. 文章要點齊全, 切合試題要求。本文首先說明寫信動機讓校長對校園里同學們隨意涂寫和亂丟垃圾的行為引起足夠的重視; 接下來是對這些行為的批評態度；最后提出改進的建議。2. 全文行文流暢，使用詞匯地道、高級。高級詞匯和短語：draw your attention to, improper, image, feel ashamed, appropriate, set up, joint, enjoyable高級句型：. . . whenever. . . ，It is+adj. +for sb

5、. to do語篇過渡語：at the same time多樣性表達：表達建議a)I wonder if. . . b). . . should be encouraged to do. . . 【佳作習得】翻譯句子無論你多富有，都要遵守法規。You must obey the rules and regulations however rich you are. . 單詞盤點根據詞性和漢語意思寫出詞匯1. _(n. )(戲劇的)一幕2. _(n. )成年人3. _(n. )過錯，錯誤4. _(n. )(戲劇的)一場；場面；景色actadultfaultscene5. _(adj. )不高興的

6、，失望的 (vt. )使不高興，使失望6. _(n. )突發事件；緊急情況7. _(vt. )值得；應得；應受8. _(adj. )粗魯的，無禮的9. _(vt. )處理；應付10. _(vi. )堅持，堅持認為upsetemergencydeserverudehandleinsist11. _(vt. )禁止12. _(n. &adj. )正常(的)，一般(的)13. _(n. )限制；極限；界限 (vt. )限制14. _(vt. &vi. &n. )平衡；抵消15. _(adj. )受驚的；害怕的 _(vt. &vi. )(使)害怕 _(adj. )令人害怕的forbidnormalli

7、mitbalancefrightenedfrightenfrightening16. _(vi. )挨餓；餓死(vt. )使挨餓 _(n. )饑餓；餓死17. _(vt. )容忍；允許 _(n. )容忍 _(adj. )容忍的18. _(n. )行為，舉止 _(v. )表現19. _(vt. )辯解，辯白 _(n. )辯解，辯白20. _(n. )解釋，說明 _(vt. )解釋，說明21. _(vi. )往往，趨向(vt. )照看 _(n. )趨向 starvestarvationtoleratetolerancetolerantbehaviorbehavedefenddefenceexpla

8、nationexplaintendtendency【品詞自測】根據所給詞的適當形式填空He _ his idea that each of us should refuse to buy foreign products in _ of our national industry. (defend)I will not _ that sort of behavior in my class and no one will be _ of that. (tolerate)defendeddefencetoleratetolerantI tried to _ to him why I was la

9、te, but he just wouldnt listen to my _ . (explain)I _ my brother carefully, and he had the _ to recover soon. (tend)You shouldnt have _ her. Look, she is too _ to join us in this tour. (frighten)explainexplanationtendedtendencyfrightenedfrightened. 短語回放1. 出現；調高(音量)_2. 迫不及待地做某事_3. 應該，應當_4. 處理_5. 對苛刻,

10、 對嚴厲_turn upcant wait to do somethingbe supposed todo withbe hard on6. 既然；由于_7. 不睡覺，熬夜_8. 混淆，弄亂；攪勻，拌和_9. 好像，似乎_10. 堅持，堅持認為_11. 現在_12. 依靠_now thatstay upmix upas ifinsist onat presentdepend on13. 記住_14. 放棄_15. 經歷_16. 與一起_17. 結果(是)_keep. . . in mindgive upgo throughalong withturn out. 句式掃描1. Mom and D

11、ad arrive back from vacation a day earlier _ (比預期的). 2. The room is in a mess, _ (地板上堆放著許多比薩餅盒子)and dirty dishes in the sink. 3. Listen to me, young manwe _ (委托給你負責)！than expectedwith pizza boxes on the floorleft you in charge4. Daniel _ (雙臂交叉) and looks upset. 5. I wish I _ (帶了我的傘). Its raining cat

12、s and dogs. 6. Also, _ (每次) I watch a DVD he sends me to bed or tells me to spend more time studying. has his arms crossedhad brought my umbrellaevery time【仿句自測】根據下面句式仿寫句子leave+賓語+賓語補足語“使處于某種狀態”仿寫：我讓孩子們看電視。I left the children watching television. have sth. done“把做完”仿寫：我要在五點前把工作完成。Ill have the work f

13、inished before 5 oclock. wish+虛擬語氣從句“但愿就好了”仿寫：我要是當時采納了你的建議就好了。I wish I had taken your advice then. every time+從句 “每次”仿寫：不要每次碰到不認識的單詞就停下來。Dont stop every time you come to a word you dont know. 核心要點normal三年2考as if(=as though)三年4考have/has sth. done三年6考1. fault n. 過錯，錯誤find fault (with)挑剔，找(的)岔子，對吹毛求疵be

14、 ones fault that-clause/for doing sth. 是某人的過失at fault感到困惑；出毛??；有責任They found fault with every box I made. 他們對我制作的每一個箱子都不滿意。It was in 1976, I believe, if my memory is not at fault. 我認為那是在1976年, 如果我沒記錯的話。_ _ _ for not making your new job clear. 沒有說清楚你的新工作，這是我的過失。Its my fault2. upset adj. 不高興的，失望的；心煩的，苦

15、惱的 vt. 使不高興，使失望；打翻，弄翻；攪亂，擾亂；使 心煩，使苦惱be upset at/about/over (doing) sth. 因為(做)而心煩Dont upset yourselfno harm has been done. 不要難過并沒有造成傷害。A large wave upset the boat. 一個巨浪打翻了船。We are _ _ the phenomenon that people turn a blind eye to the old in trouble. 我們對這種處于困境中的老人被人們漠視的現象擔憂。upset about【助記】The little

16、boy is doing his homework while two flies are always upsetting him, and he is upset about them, only to upset the glass full of water. 小男孩在做作業，有兩只蒼蠅老是嗡嗡地打擾他，小男孩很煩惱，結果失手打翻了裝滿水的杯子。3. defend vt. 辯解；辯白；防衛defend. . . from/against保衛；使免受之害defence/defense n. 防御；辯護in defence of為了保衛；為辯護Their duty is to defend

17、 their country against both domestic and foreign enemies attack. 他們的職責是保衛國家不受國內外敵人的侵害。The high wall was built as a defence against intruders. 修建這堵高墻作為屏障以防外人闖入。They are determined to fight to the last _ _ _ the city. 他們決心為保衛城市而戰斗到底。in defence of4. deserve vt. 值得；應得；應受deserve sth. 值得deserve to do值得做；應

18、該做deserve doing=deserve to be done值得(被)做Daniel Shechtman deserves the 2011 Nobel Prize for chemistry for his great discovery. 丹尼爾謝赫特曼因他的重大發現，應該獲得2011年諾貝爾化學獎。They certainly deserved to win that match. 他們理所當然地贏得了那場比賽。They deserve _ _ _ to prison. 他們應該入獄。to be sent5. insist vi. 堅持；堅持認為insist on(doing)

19、sth. 堅持(做)某事insist that-clause堅持；堅持認為I insist on your taking/insist that you take immediate action. 我堅決要求你立刻采取行動?！军c津】insist后接賓語從句的用法：(1)表示“堅持要求”“堅持要”時，其后賓語從句要用虛擬語氣，即(should+)動詞原形。(2)表示“堅持認為，堅持說”，即表示一個客觀事實時，其后賓語從句要用真實語氣。 Tom broke Marys cup this morning. Mary _ _ his apology, but Tom refused. He insi

20、sted that he _ _ that. At last, Mary got angry and insisted that Tom_ _ her a new cup besides an apology. 今天早晨湯姆打碎了瑪麗的杯子。瑪麗堅持要他道歉，但是湯姆拒絕了。他堅持說他沒有打碎杯子。最后，瑪麗生氣了，她除了要得到道歉外堅持要求湯姆為她買一只新杯子。insisted onhadnt doneshould buy 6. forbid vt. 禁止，不允許We should take measures to forbid returning illegal cooking oil t

21、o dinner tables. 我們應采取措施禁止地溝油回流餐桌。The guard forbade us to look out of the window when the train was moving. 火車開動時, 乘警不許我們將頭伸出窗外看。【歸納】_禁止做_禁止某人去做forbid doingforbid sb. to do【想一想】forbid后應該用動名詞作賓語，用不定式作賓語補足語，類似的動詞，試列舉。【拓展延伸】高中英語中用動名詞作賓語，不定式作賓語補足語的動詞還有：allow, permit, advise等。7. normal adj. 正常的；正規的；標準的；一

22、般的 n. 正常；一般；正規；常態【辨析】理解下列區別并選詞填空common general normal ordinary 強調許多事物具有某種共同點而“不足為奇”。指普遍存在于大多數人或事物中, 有“較少例外”的含義。 形容人或物“符合常態或常規”。 指與一般事物的性質、標準相同, 強調“平常”而無奇特之處。This opinion is common among the _ population. A _ heart beats around seventy-six times a minute. Colds are _ in winter. He worked neither for

23、fame nor for fortune and always fought at his _ post. generalnormalcommonordinary8. tend vi. 往往；趨向；vt. 照看(1)tend to do sth. 易于，往往會做某事tend to/towards傾向于；趨于tend (to) sb. 照料/護理某人(2)tendency n. 傾向，趨勢have a tendency to do sth. 傾向于做某事It _ _ _ a lot here in summer. 這里夏天較為多雨。The English seasons and climate

24、tend towards extremes. 英國的季節與氣候是走極端的。Youd better tend to that thin girl. 你最好照看一下那個瘦弱的女孩。He has a tendency to forget things. 他有健忘的傾向。tends to rain9. limit n. 限制；極限；界限 vt. 限制limit. . . to. . . (把)限制在limit sb. to (doing)sth. 限制某人(做)某事set a limit to限制，控制within limits 在某種程度上；有一定限制Shanghai subways Line 10

25、 has lifted the speed limit and returned to normal operation. 上海地鐵10號線已取消限速，運行恢復常態。Our government has set a strict limit to drunk driving. 我國政府嚴格限制酒后駕駛。We must _ the expenses _ what we can afford. 我們必須把開銷限制在我們的經濟能力范圍內。limitto【真題鏈接】2011湖北，26Knowledge and learning are important if we want to be succes

26、sful, but they may also _ our thinking. A. direct B. limitC. change D. improve【解析】選B?？疾閯釉~辨析。句意：如果我們想要成功，知識和學問是重要的，但是它們可能也限制了我們的思考。direct指導；limit限制；change改變；improve提高。10. balance vt. &vi. (使)平衡；抵消 n. 平衡，天平keep/lose ones balance保持/失去平衡balance A against B權衡A和Bout of balance不平衡She balanced the attractio

27、n of a high salary against the prospect of working long hours. 她對高薪和長工時兩者的利弊作了權衡。I found it hard to _ _ _ on the icy path. 我覺得在結滿冰的小道上要保持身體平衡是相當困難的。keep my balance【助記】keep ones balancelose ones balance11. cant wait to do something 迫不及待地做某事I cant wait to see the film Inception, hoping to catch a drea

28、m with the leading character, Dom Cobb. 我迫不及待地想看電影盜夢空間，希望跟著主人公Dom Cobb一起去盜夢?！就卣埂糠g以下短語cant help doing sth. _cant. . . enough/too _情不自禁地做某事再也不過分；越越好【想一想】請寫出表示“迫不及待地做某事”的同義短語?！就卣寡由臁勘硎尽捌炔患按刈瞿呈隆钡耐x短語還有：be eager to do sth. long to do/for sth. be keen to do sth. be anxious to do sth. 12. be supposed to (

29、表示按照義務、規則、法律或約定等)應該，應當Am I supposed to clean all the rooms or just this one? 我是應該打掃所有的房間, 還是只是這一間? Youre supposed to pay the bill by Friday. 你應該在星期五前結清這筆賬?！就卣埂?be supposed to還可表示“被認為，被看作”。be supposed to have done=should have done表示“本應該做某事”，但實際上沒做。He is supposed to be poor, but he is really quite wea

30、lthy. 大家都以為他窮, 實際上他很富裕。You were supposed to _ _ _ your homework yesterday. 你本應該昨天把作業交上。have handed in【真題鏈接】 2011遼寧，22What are you doing out of bed, Tom? Youre _ to be asleep. A. supposed B. knownC. thought D. considered【解析】選A?？疾閯釉~短語。句意：湯姆，你起床干什么？你應該在睡覺。be supposed to do sth. 應該做某事；know知道；think認為；con

31、sider認為，考慮。13. stay up 不睡覺，熬夜She stayed up reading until midnight. 她看書看到半夜才睡。I want to stay up tonight and watch the late movie on TV. 今晚我想熬夜看電視上播放的深夜電影?！就卣埂糠g以下短語stay up late_stay in _stay on _熬夜到很晚，睡得很晚待在家里，不外出繼續停留14. mix up 混淆，弄亂；攪勻，拌和Please do not mix up two things: your job and your life. 請不要混淆

32、這兩件事情：你的工作和你的生活。Mind that you do not mix up these photos. 注意別把這些照片弄亂了。The children enjoy mixing up the fruit and nuts in the cake. 孩子們喜歡把水果、堅果拌進蛋糕里?！就卣埂糠g以下短語mix. . . with. . ._ mix. . . together_mix. . . into. . . _ 把和混合在一起把拌在一起把拌在里面15. as if(=as though) 好像，似乎(1)as if在look, seem等系動詞后引導表語從句，也可引導方式狀語

33、從句。(2)as if從句的語氣：a. 當說話者認為句子所述的是真實的或極有可能發生或存在的事實時，as if 從句用陳述語氣。b. 當說話人認為句子所述的是不真實的或極少有可能發生或存在的情況時，as if 從句用虛擬語氣。(3)從句用虛擬語氣時動詞時態的形式有三種：a. 表示與現在事實相反，謂語動詞用一般過去時，be 動詞一律用were；b. 表示與過去事實相反，謂語動詞用過去完成時；c. 表示與將來事實相反，謂語動詞用would/could/might+動詞原形。(4)如果as if 引導的從句是“主語+系動詞+其他”結構，可省略主語和系動詞，這樣as if 后就只剩下名詞、不定式、形容

34、詞(短語)、介詞短語或分詞。It sounds as if it is raining. 聽起來像是在下雨。He opened his mouth as if he would say something. 他張開嘴好像要說什么。She looks as if she _ ten years younger. 她看起來好像年輕十歲。She left the room hurriedly _ _ _ . 她匆忙離開房間好像很生氣的樣子。wereas if angry16. The room is in a mess, with pizza boxes on the floor and dirty

35、 dishes in the sink. 屋子里一片狼藉：地板上堆放著許多比薩餅盒子，洗碗池里全是臟碗碟。句子主干是The room is in a mess, with pizza boxes. . . in the sink是“with+賓語+賓補”結構。本句中，兩個介詞短語on the floor和in the sink充當賓語補足語。(1)“with+賓語+賓語補足語”在語法上常被稱為“with復合結構”，在句中表狀態或說明背景情況。(2)“with復合結構”常作伴隨、方式、原因、時間、條件等狀語，也可以作定語。(3)作賓語的可以是名詞或代詞，作賓補的可以是形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定

36、式或分詞。With machinery to do all the work, they will soon have got in the crops. 由于所有的工作都是由機器來完成，他們將很快收完莊稼。(原因狀語) The boy always sleeps with his head on the arm. 這個男孩總是頭枕著胳膊睡覺。(伴隨狀語) The soldier had him stand with his back to his father. 士兵要他背對著他父親站著。(方式狀語) _ _ _ _ , trees turn green. 春天到了，樹變綠了。(時間狀語)H

37、e used to walk along a river _ _ _ with flowers and grass. 他過去常常沿著一條兩岸長滿花草的小河散步。(定語)With spring coming onwith banks covered【點津】“with復合結構”要特別注意賓語和賓語補足語之間的邏輯關系，根據主動(現在分詞)、被動(過去分詞)、表示將來(不定式)等區別來選擇正確的補足語形式?！菊骖}鏈接】2010山東，29The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table already _ for a meal to be c

38、ooked. A. laidB. layingC. to layD. being laid【解析】選A。考查非謂語動詞。句意：客廳干凈、整潔，一張餐桌已經擺好，準備要吃一頓飯。分析句子結構可知，此句含with的復合結構，其中lay與a dining table為邏輯上的動賓關系，故要用過去分詞。17. Daniel has his arms crossed and looks upset. 丹尼爾雙臂抱在胸前，看起來很不高興。本句中的has his arms crossed是have/has sth. done結構。【辨析】have sth. done have sb. do sth. hav

39、e sb. /sth. doing have sth. to do 意為“讓/叫/使/請別人做某事”或表示賓語的遭遇、經歷。賓語sth. 后面用過去分詞作賓語補足語，說明sth. 與過去分詞所表示的動作之間為被動關系。 意為“讓/叫/使某人做某事”。同義短語還有make/let sb. do sth. ，get sb. to do sth. 。意為“叫/讓/使某人做某事或讓某種情況發生”，表示賓語與現在分詞所表示的動作之間為主動關系，且動作正在進行。 意為“有事要做”，have不是使役動詞，而是“有”的意思，不定式to do充當sth. 的定語。Yesterday, Jack had his

40、hair cut. However, when he returned home, he found he had had his document stolen. He was so worried because his boss would have him work on weekends if he lost it. 昨天，杰克(請人給他)理發了。但是，當他回到家時，他發現他的文件被偷了。他非常著急，因為如果他丟失了這份文件，他的老板會讓他周末工作的。Dont have the baby _ ! So youd better have your car _ slowly. 不要讓嬰兒

41、啼哭！所以你最好把車子開慢點。cryingrunning【真題鏈接】 2011陜西，14Claire had her luggage _ an hour before her plane left. A. check B. checkingC. to check D. checked【解析】選D。考查非謂語動詞。句意：飛機起飛前一個小時，克萊爾的行李接受了檢查。此處是have sth. done的用法。由于名詞luggage與動詞check之間為被動關系，故選擇過去分詞作賓補。(1)scene，sight，scenery, view的辨析(2)tolerate與其他動詞的辨析(3)wish后接

42、虛擬語氣的用法(4)turn out，make out，go out等短語的辨析(5)“leave+賓語+賓語補足語”結構1. Seeing the happy _ of the children playing in the park, Im full of joy and confidence in the future of our country. A. sightB. sceneC. viewD. scenery【解析】選B?？疾槊~辨析。句意：看到孩子們在公園里玩耍的幸福場景，我對我們國家的未來感到高興和充滿信心。scene表示場景?！局R拓展】scene, sight, scen

43、ery, view四個詞的區別如下表：易混詞區別例句scene sight 指具有一定特征的各種可見的景色，也常指事件或故事發生的地點，含有“場景、場面”之意。 Reporters were soon on the scene after the accident.通常表示“風景；視力，視野”。 Come and see the sights of London.易混詞區別例句scenery view風景，景色。指某地的整個自然風景，是風景的總稱，通常作不可數名詞。 This lake is fine scenery. 從某一角度或某一距離看到的景色，還有“觀點、看法”之意。 From the

44、 top of the building, you can get a good view of the sea. 2. Some old people dont like pop songs because they cant _ so much noise. A. concernB. tolerateC. undertakeD. ignore 【解析】選B。考查動詞辨析。句意：一些老人不喜歡流行歌曲，因為他們不能忍受如此多的噪音。tolerate忍受；concern與有關，涉及；undertake承擔；ignore忽略。3. I hadnt intended to get much fro

45、m the business I ran in the first year, while it _ so well. A. went out B. carried outC. made out D. turned out【解析】選D。考查短語辨析。句意：我本沒打算從第一年經營的公司中獲得多少，但結果非常不錯。turn out結果。go out熄滅；carry out執行；make out辨認，看清。4. 根據漢語補全句子我多么希望我在沖著媽媽大叫大嚷前閉上了嘴! How I wish I _ before I shouted at my mum! 我不能讓一件這么重要的事半途而廢。I can

46、t leave such an important matter _ . 什么事使他離開了這么長時間？What has left him _ for so long? had shut my mouthunfinishedaway基礎指導(二)并列句與復合句. 并列句定義：由and, or, but, while, yet, so, for等并列連詞連起來的兩個或兩個以上互不依從的分句的句子叫并列句。并列連詞分類：1. 單純連詞：and, both. . . and. . . , not only. . . but also. . . , as well as等。2. 轉折連詞：but, ye

47、t, still, while等。3. 選擇連詞：or, not. . . but. . . , either. . . or. . . , neither. . . nor. . . 等。4. 推理連詞：so, therefore, for等。He was ill, but he went to school. 他病了，但他還是去上學了。He lost his job, so he was unhappy these days. 他失業了，所以他這些天不高興。提醒：“祈使句+and/or(otherwise)+簡單句”也是并列句的一種，or在此意為“否則”。Try it again, and

48、 you will succeed. 再試一次，你會成功的。. 復合句定義：復合句是由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構成的句子。主句和從句都具有完整的主謂結構，主句是全句的主體，從句從屬于主句，不能獨立存在。從句分類：根據從句在全句中的不同作用，從句可分為：主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句、定語從句和狀語從句。1. 主語從句：在句子中充當句子主語的從句叫主語從句。When we should start is still a question. 我們應該什么時候開始仍然是個問題。2. 賓語從句：在句子中作及物動詞或介詞的賓語。They believe that the computer

49、 will finally take the place of human beings. 他們認為電腦最終會取代人類。3. 表語從句：在句子中作系動詞的表語的句子, 它位于主句中的系動詞之后。That is why he did not come to school yesterday. 那就是他為什么昨天沒來學校的原因。4. 同位語從句：在復合句中充當同位語的名詞性從句稱為同位語從句。I heard the news that our team had won. 我聽到了我們隊贏了的消息。5. 定語從句：在復合句中作定語用來修飾句子中某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。This is the

50、missing boy (that/who/whom) we have been looking for these days. 這是我們這些日子一直在尋找的失蹤的男孩。6. 狀語從句：在復合句中作狀語, 其位置可以在主句前或主句后。1)時間狀語從句通常由when, as, while, after, before, as soon as, since, till (until), whenever 等引導。When you finish the work, you may go out to play with Sam. 當你完成作業的時候，你可以和Sam出去玩。2)地點狀語從句通常由 where, wherever等引導。 I will never forget to catch the thief who stole my necklace wherever he may be. 不管他在哪里我都不會忘記要去抓那個偷我項鏈的賊。3)原因狀語從句通常由because, since, as等引導。 4)目的狀語從句通常由so that. . . , in order that. . . 等引導。5)結果狀語從句通常由 so that. . . , so. . . tha