1、歡迎大家！三大從句三大類從句名詞性從句主語從句賓語從句表語從句同位語從句形容詞性從句定語從句副詞性從句狀語從句名詞性從句名詞可以做什么成分？主語，賓語，表語，同位語兩大類連接詞1. that + S + V +只起到引導(dǎo)作用不充當(dāng)成分本身無詞義省略？2. wh- what, who, whom, which, where, when, why, how, whether充當(dāng)成分不能省略句子語序特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句規(guī)律：名詞性從句的理解問題wh- / howwhat + S + V- S V 的內(nèi)容：what he saidwhere + S + V- S V 的地點(diǎn)：where I st

2、ay特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句when + S + V- S V 的時間：when Jack leftwhy S + V- S V 的原因why Jenny refused Forrest特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句how + S + V- S V的方式；S如何地Vhow students should behavehow much S + V - S V的程度； S在多大程度上V； S有多么地Vhow much I love you特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句whether + S + V- S是否VWhether he comes to the party or not is none of

3、my business. 主語從句- that 連接詞That he survived in the earthquake is a miracle.He survived in the earthquake.X is a miracle.That Bill divorced Juliet is not surprising.Bill divorced Juliet.X is not surprising.主語從句中的that連接詞不能省略！That引導(dǎo)的主語從句后置避免頭重腳輕 +尾部焦點(diǎn)原則1. It + be + adj. + that-從句It is natural that they

4、 should have different views.It was obvious that she did not want to come.It is strange that he knows nothing about it.寫作練習(xí)如果一個社會想要進(jìn)步，拋棄傳統(tǒng)很必要。It is important that important / essential / vital / crucial / significant / 進(jìn)步make progress拋棄傳統(tǒng)reject traditionsIt is essential that a society should reject

5、its traditions, if it wants to make progress.That引導(dǎo)的主語從句后置2. It + be + n. + that-從句It is a pity that he cannot swim.Its a wonder that he is still alive.It was a disappointment to your mother that you failed the exam.寫作練習(xí)保護(hù)和推廣自己國家的歷史和文化遺產(chǎn)是年青一代不可避免的任務(wù)。It is an unavoidable task that 保護(hù)和推廣conserve and p

6、romote國家的歷史和文化遺產(chǎn)national historical and cultural heritages年青一代young generationsIt is an unavoidable task that the young generations conserve and promote their national historical and cultural heritages.That引導(dǎo)的主語從句后置3. It + be + v-ed + that-從句規(guī)律：it后面跟動詞的被動語態(tài)形式，再接that從句無主語，理解成“據(jù)?！盜t is said that there

7、 has been an earthquake in India.It is reported that the enemy troops have crossed the border.“人們”作主語，進(jìn)行主動理解；或者直接砍掉，做肯定理解It is believed that Japanese are weird.It was rumoured that he was suffering from a kidney stone.It must be pointed out that English is actually not difficult.寫作練習(xí)人們普遍認(rèn)為國際旅游業(yè)促進(jìn)了跨文

8、化交流。It is widely accepted that 國際旅游業(yè)international tourism促進(jìn)promote跨文化交流cross-cultural communicationIt is widely accepted that international tourism has promoted cross-cultural communication.That引導(dǎo)的主語從句后置4. It + vi. + that-從句；It + vt. + O + that-從句It happened that she was not in that day. 碰巧It turned

9、 out that she used to be a man. 結(jié)果是It occurred to me that perhaps she was lying. 突然想起It struck me that we ought to make a new plan. 我忽然想起 (strike)寫作練習(xí)父母和教育家認(rèn)為，電視“成功”阻礙了孩子心理的發(fā)展。It occurs to parents and educators that a successful destroyer心理的發(fā)展mental developmentIt occurs to parents and educators that

10、 TV has been a successful destroyer of childrens mental development.主語從句特殊疑問詞what, who, whom, which, where, when, why, how, whether 不能用if人們是否應(yīng)該到了某一年齡就應(yīng)該被強(qiáng)制退休是一個公眾話題。at a certain agebe forced to retire公眾話題 public focusWhether people should be forced to retire at a certain age has been a pubic focus.找

11、到能夠處理我們越來越多垃圾的地方是許多政府都非常頭疼的一件事。處理dispose ofheadacheWhere we can dispose of the increasing rubbish is a great headache to many governments.表達(dá)“越來越”的寫作升級(1) mounting + n. mounting修飾的名詞 n. 為抽象、不可數(shù)名詞Eg. mounting price / criticism / complaint / praise表達(dá)“越來越”的寫作升級(2) ever + adj. 比較級：The English exam is bec

12、oming ever more difficult.表達(dá)“越來越”的寫作升級(3) increasing 修飾可數(shù)名詞：an increasing number of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 修飾不可數(shù)名詞：an increasing amount of +不可數(shù)名詞 修飾形容詞：increasingly + adj. The English exam is becoming increasingly difficult. 賓語從句that 類連接詞Experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cor

13、nered.不充當(dāng)成分只起到連接作用可以省略wh- 連接詞謂語動詞的賓語I wonder why he deserved his well-paid position.介詞的賓語That will depend on where we shall go.不定式的賓語Armed with a torch, the vicar went up into the clock tower to see what was going on.賓語從句特殊疑問詞what, who, whom, which, where, when, why, how, whether 可以用if說到教育，大部分人認(rèn)為其是終

14、生的學(xué)習(xí)。When it comes to the majority of a life time studyWhen it comes to education, the majority of people believe that it is a life time study.他們聲稱，通過補(bǔ)習(xí)，孩子可以獲得很多實踐技能和有用的知識。補(bǔ)習(xí)extra studies聲稱claim, maintainobtain, gainpractical skills useful knowledgeBy extra studies, they maintained that their childr

15、en are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge.一項調(diào)查顯示，許多農(nóng)民工認(rèn)為在城市打工不僅有較高的收入，而且能學(xué)到一些新技術(shù)。show / demonstratefarmer laborers / rural emigrantsAn investigation shows that many rural emigrants consider that working at cities can provide them with not only a high salary but also t

16、he opportunity to learn new skills.我想知道，這個做法是否經(jīng)得起推敲。經(jīng)得起推敲bear closer analysisI wonder whether / if this practice can bear closer analysis.表語從句that 類連接詞The truth is that he lacks the decisiveness to be a leader.What I dislike about the deal is that it is really dishonest.不充當(dāng)成分只起到連接作用不可以省略表語從句wh-類連接詞w

17、hat, who, whom, which, where, when, why, how, whether 不能用ifThe kings concern is who will succeed to his throne.The question put forward by the consultant is what the management is to do with the workers strike.其中一個爭論的問題是一個人是否應(yīng)選擇舒適的衣服，而不管是不是時尚。One of the questions under debate不管regardless ofOne of th

18、e questions under debate is whether a person should choose comfortable clothes, regardless of fashion.被一些人忽視的是，國際旅游可能會給當(dāng)?shù)丨h(huán)境和歷史帶來災(zāi)難性的影響。What some people fail to see 災(zāi)難性的disastrousimpactWhat some people fail to see is that international tourism may bring about a disastrous impact on our environment an

19、d local history.同位語從句很多（抽象）名詞后可以跟 that 引導(dǎo)的從句，說明其具體內(nèi)容，這樣的從句就是同位語從句。There is no doubt that he was an excellent scholar.He was conscious of the fact that she did not approve of what he was doing.We received a message that he would be absent.同位語從句舉例We have proof that this man committed the crime.I have

20、expressed the opinion that she can act.I had the impression that she chose her words with care.后面經(jīng)常跟同位語從句的名詞doubt, fact, message, proof, opinion, hopes, impression, evidence, idea, belief, feeling, conclusion, rumour, report, possibility, guarantee, thought, assurance, news, story, order, etc.毫無疑問，需

21、求的增長導(dǎo)致了價格的上漲。There is no doubt thatThere is no doubt that the increase in demand leads to the rise in prices.當(dāng)今的年輕人以自我為中心、對人冷漠和不顧及他人這樣的事實，在很大程度上是孩童時期父母對他們過分縱容的結(jié)果。self-centeredindifferenceinconsiderateThe fact that young people nowadays are self-centered，indifferent and inconsiderate is largely the o

22、utcome of parental overindulgence.沒有人能否認(rèn)這一重要事實：最近幾年交通問題在全世界受到了普遍關(guān)注。No one can deny the essential fact that the traffic problem over the last years has attracted wide public concern all over the world.定語從句在句子中作為定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞“的人”“的東西”先行詞連接詞關(guān)系代詞：who, whom, whose, that, which, as關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why被修飾的

23、名詞或者代詞關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句(1)1. who, whom, that 代替人Young people who abuse their aged parents should be condemned.Young people should be condemned.Young people abuse their aged parents.Young people, abusing their aged parents should be condemned.養(yǎng)寵物能夠把孩子變成具有同情心的人。Pet raising同情心caring mindturn intoPet raising

24、can turn children into citizens who have a caring mind.先行詞作賓語The girls who he employs are always complaining about their pay.The girls are always complaining about their pay.He employs the girls.先行詞作賓語The man with whom I was travelling did not speak English. The man did not speak English.I was trave

25、lling with the man.醫(yī)生對病人說謊，病人可能活得更長。enjoy a longer lifewhite lieA patient may enjoy a longer life.Doctors tell white lies to a patient.A patient to whom doctors tell white lies may enjoy a longer life. 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句(2)2. whose,在定語從句中作定語, 可以指人，也可以指物Youngsters whose minds are corrupted by pornographic c

26、ontents are highly likely to go astray.He saw a house whose window were all broken.醫(yī)生會進(jìn)退兩難，如果他的病人身患癌癥。be in a dilemmaget cancerA doctor whose patient gets cancer will be in a dilemma.關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句(3)3. which, that 代替物It is a virtuous course to provide the poor with good jobs that allow them to support

27、 their families.廣告上出現(xiàn)的具有欺騙性的、誤導(dǎo)性的內(nèi)容受到猛烈批評。cheating and misleadingads and commercialsCheating and misleading materials, which appear in ads and commercials, have been strongly criticized.關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句1. 引導(dǎo)一個定語從句2. 在從句中的成分狀語where 地點(diǎn)狀語when 時間狀語why 原因狀語3. 關(guān)系副詞 = prep. + 關(guān)系代詞This is the hotel where we stay

28、ed last summer.We stayed in the hotel last summer.where = in whichThere are occasions when one must lie.There are occasions.One must lie on occasion.when = on whichThere are occasions on which one must lie.Can you tell me the reason why you are so unhappy?why = for whichCan you tell me the reason fo

29、r which you are so unhappy?這就是富國拒絕幫助窮國的理由。This is the reason why; for whichThis is the reason why rich countries refuse to aid their poor counterparts.限定性定語從句與非限定性定語從句The beauty over there is YHs girlfriend who dresses in red.The beauty over there is YHs girlfriend, who dresses in red.規(guī)律：非限定性定語從句，理解

30、成插入語，或者直接刪除；限定性要翻譯理解成明確的定語。名詞后that引導(dǎo)的從句名詞后面跟隨that引導(dǎo)的從句時，一般有兩種可能： （1）that引起定語從句，該名詞是先行詞，在后面的句子中充當(dāng)成分，通常是主語或賓語； （2）that引起同位語從句，解釋說明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。名詞后that從句的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有兩個： 第一，看名詞。如果that前面的名詞是具體名詞，那么that從句通常是定語從句；如果that前面的名詞是抽象名詞，那么that從句通常是同位語從句。名詞后that從句的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)第二，看從句。如果從句中缺少成分，一定是定語從句，而that在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)木褪悄莻€缺少的成分，通常是主語

31、或者賓語；如果從句內(nèi)容完整，一般是同位語從句，that在從句中沒有詞意，只起到引導(dǎo)作用。名詞后that從句的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)第三，看先行詞和從句的關(guān)系同位語從句和先行詞是同等的關(guān)系；定語從句是用來修飾先行詞，是從屬的關(guān)系。狀語從句狀語從句狀語從句是行使?fàn)钫Z功能的從句，其作用相當(dāng)于副詞，因此也稱為副詞性從句。狀語從句種類：時間狀語從句地點(diǎn)狀語從句原因狀語從句結(jié)果狀語從句目的狀語從句條件狀語從句讓步狀語從句方式狀語從句比較狀語從句1、時間狀語從句常見引導(dǎo)詞： when, while, as, before, aftersince, untilas soon as; hardly when; scarcel

32、y when當(dāng)有許多方法可以代替動物實驗的時候，就沒有必要在動物身上進(jìn)行試驗了。alternativesIt is unnecessary to .It is unnecessary to conduct experiments on animals when there are a number of alternatives.一旦食物鏈斷裂， 整個生態(tài)系統(tǒng)就會永久被改變。food chain/webecosystemAs soon as the food chain is broken, the whole ecosystem could be forever changed.2. 地點(diǎn)狀

33、語從句where, wherever有人類的地方，野生動物都被迫離開。Wild animals are forced to leave wherever there is humanity. 3、原因狀語從句該從句表示原因,作原因狀語,引導(dǎo)詞包括:because, as, since, now that, considering ( that ) because 因為有目標(biāo)的人取得成功，因為他們方向明確。People with goals succeed because they know where they are going. as / since / for 因為As you were

34、nt there, I left a message.I will seek to balance career and family since both are important to me.I will laugh for this is the great secret of long life. now that 因為.既然 可以和 since 換用Now that youve passed the test you can drive on your own.Now that you mention it, I do remember the incident. consider

35、ing ( that )考慮到 考慮到計劃還沒有實施，會議取消了。實施carry outThe conference was cancelled considering that the plan has not been carried out.4、結(jié)果狀語從句該從句表示結(jié)果，作結(jié)果狀語，引導(dǎo)詞包括： so that, such that so / suchthat如此以至于Youth is so wonderful that it is a crime to waste it.Most people pursue pleasure with such breathless haste th

36、at they hurry past it.5、條件狀語從句該從句表示條件，作條件狀語，引導(dǎo)詞包括： if, unless, in case, as long as ( so long as )assuming suppose ( supposing ), provided ( providing ), if 如果Just imagine how horrible the world would be， if humans are the only creature in the world. unless 除非，如果不在意義上，相當(dāng)于 ifnot要記?。喝绻麤]有百分之百的把握就不要承諾任何事

37、情。Dont promise anything unless you are 100 percent sure. in case 假如要記?。杭偃缒闶×耍灰?dú)怵H。要繼續(xù)努力。In case you fail, dont be discouraged. Keep trying. as / so long as 只要，如果要記?。褐灰幌⑸写?，我就要堅持。So long as there is breath in me, I shall persist. suppose ( supposing ) 假如和 if 同義Suppose ( supposing ) you make some mis

38、takes, it is not the end of the world. provided ( providing ) 假如和 if 同義Provided that you have the money in your account, you can withdraw up to $ 1000 a day.6、目的狀語從句該從句表示目的，作目的狀語，引導(dǎo)詞包括： so that, in order that, lest, in case, for fear thatin order that/so thatHe left early in order that he should / w

39、ould / might / arrive on time. lest, in case, for fear that以防，以免I must concentrate on action, lest / in case / for fear that I wither in despair.我們必須專注于行動，以免在絕望中消沉下去。7、讓步狀語從句該句表示讓步關(guān)系，作讓步狀語，引導(dǎo)詞包括： although, though, whileeven if, even though, no matter (what, who, which, when, where, how )whatever, wh

40、oever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however although / though / while盡管,雖然 although 語氣較重盡管世界充滿苦難，但苦難總是能夠克服。Although the world is full of sufferings, they can always be overcome.盡管勝利并不重要，但努力去獲勝卻很重要。While winning is not everything, trying to win is everything.although / though 即使有時可以作 even if 解釋I wo

41、uld not marry you although/though you were the last man on earth. even if / even though 即使，縱然Even if you take a taxi, youll still miss your train.Even though you apologize, she will may not forgive you. no matter what, who, which, how, when, where= whatever, whoever, whichever, however, whenever, whereverWherever you go, whatever you do, I will be right here wai