1、工程倫理分析橋梁坍塌 Seongsu Bridgeby-Architectural Engineering Group 4反思 reflect工程倫理分析Ethics In Engineering事故原因cause事故概況Accident situation 1.大橋簡介 Introduction 2.事故現場和傷亡情況 Accident Scene And Casualties 3.事故處理 Handling 01020304Contents目錄建工學院第四小組小組成員 圣水（SungSoo）大橋位于韓國漢城東南，跨越漢江，是一座懸臂式的鋼桁梁橋，全長1160m，有6個主孔，每孔的跨度為12

2、0m。倒塌發生在11號墩與12號墩之間的懸掛（48m）處，該懸臂式桁梁的懸掛跨與伸臂端是用鉸作吊掛式連結的，這種鉸接方式于20世紀60年代被廣泛應用，但有一個缺點是結構缺乏贅余約束。 Sung-Soo Bridge is located in the southeast of Seoul, South Korea. It crosses the Han River. It is a cantilever steel truss bridge with a total length of 1160m and six main holes, each with a span of 120m. Th

3、e collapse occurred at the suspension (48m) between pier 11 and pier 12. The suspension span and the extension end of the cantilever truss beam are connected by hinges. This articulation method was widely used in the 1960s, but one drawback is that the structure lacks redundant constraints. 在跨越漢江的各座

4、橋梁中，圣水大橋是第一座從結構特性和美學上來考慮而設計成焊接桁梁橋。當時韓國限于施工條件，修建這樣一座特殊形式的大跨度橋梁是比較困難的，但最終還是選用了這種形式。 Among the bridges across the Hanjiang River, Shengshui Bridge is the first one to be designed as a welded truss bridge considering its structural characteristics and aesthetics. At that time, Korea was limited to const

5、ruction conditions, so it was difficult to build such a special type of long-span bridge, but ultimately this type of bridge was chosen. 1994年10月21日，隨著一聲巨響，竣工通車15年的韓國圣水大橋中，一塊長達48米的橋板從大橋中段落入江中，6輛汽車包括1輛載滿學生及上班族的巴士和1輛載滿警員前往慶祝會場地的客貨車跌進漢江，導致32人死亡，17人重傷。 On October 21, 1994, with a loud noise, a 48-meter-

6、long bridge slab fell into the river from the middle of the Shengshui Bridge in Korea, which was completed and opened for 15 years. Six cars, including a bus full of students and office workers and a bus full of police officers, fell into the Han River, causing 32 deaths and 17 serious injuries. 事故處

7、理 圣水大橋坍塌事件震驚了整個韓國。韓國總統金泳三稱這是“一場災難”并且快速的組織了調查。他解除了當時漢城市市長李元鐘的職務，隨后公開向全國人民道歉。韓國國會因此召開緊急會議，強烈譴責這一劣質工程的承建者、建筑行業的腐敗行為及政府對國家投資工程缺乏有效的監督和檢查。韓國總理李榮德召集內閣緊急會議后，向金泳三總統遞交了辭呈，以示承擔圣水大橋坍塌事件的責任。韓國執法機關逮捕了7名漢城的建筑官員，檢察官指控他們犯有玩忽職守、過失殺人罪。 The collapse of the holy water bridge shocked the whole country. South Korean Pres

8、ident Jin Yongsan called this a disaster and quickly organized the investigation. He relieved the position of Li Yuanzhong, mayor of Seoul, and then apologized publicly to the whole nation. The South Korean Congress therefore held an emergency meeting to strongly condemn the contractors of this infe

9、rior project, corruption in the construction industry and the lack of effective supervision and inspection by the government on state-invested projects. After convening an emergency cabinet meeting, South Korean Prime Minister Lee Rongde presented his resignation to President Kim Yong-san to show th

10、at he was responsible for the collapse of the Shengshui Bridge. Seven Seoul Construction officials have been arrested by South Korean law enforcement agencies, and prosecutors have charged them with negligence and manslaughter. 事故原因Cause結構因素 structure factor 如圖，圣水大橋橋的上部結構被設計與修建成懸臂式鋼朽梁,它的帶伸臂跨的錨跨析梁支承在

11、橋墩上, 伸臂端與懸掛跨用連桿與鉸來連接。作為設計方面該指出的一個問題是在上部結構的設計中沒有贅余約束,是靜定結構，因而在豎桿破壞時不可能出現倒塌前的預先警告。但進行立體分析的結果說明鉸接豎桿的應力沒有超過容許值，所以這并不被認為是導致倒塌的直接原因。 As shown in the figure, the superstructure of Shengshui Bridge is designed and constructed as a cantilever steel decayed beam. Its anchor span analysis beam with extension s

12、pan is supported on the pier, and the extension end and suspension span are connected by connecting rods and hinges. As a design aspect, it should be pointed out that there are no redundant constraints in the design of the superstructure, so it is impossible to warn before collapse when the vertical

13、 bar is damaged. However, the results of three-dimensional analysis show that the stress of articulated vertical bar does not exceed the allowable value, so it is not considered as the direct cause of collapse. 施工因素 construction factor 1.采用超聲波方法對鉸接豎桿和鉸接板之間的槽口焊接面進行熔透深度檢測后發現在18mm厚的豎桿翼板上，有效焊縫深度僅有2mm！該缺

14、陷造成了焊縫處較大的應力集中，從而迅速開裂。因此焊縫質量的低劣被認為是橋梁坍塌的直接原因之一。 1.The penetration depth of the groove weld surface between the articulated vertical bar and the articulated plate was measured by ultrasonic method. It was found that the effective weld depth was only 2 mm on the 18mm thick vertical bar wing plate. The

15、refore, the poor quality of weld is considered to be one of the direct causes of bridge collapse. 2.東亞建筑公司沒有按圖紙施工，在施工中偷工減料，利用疲勞性能很差的劣質鋼材，這是事故的直接原因之一。 2.One of the direct causes of the accident is that East Asia Construction Company did not construct according to the drawings, jerry-built materials i

16、n the construction and used inferior steel with poor fatigue performance. 使用和養護階段 Usage and maintenance stage 圣水大橋在通車之后并沒有進行周期性的檢查和系統性的養護管理。施工期間的監察工作也十分松懈。而且當時韓國縮短工期及漢城市政當局在交通管理上疏漏也是大橋倒塌的主要原因，大橋設計負載限制為32噸，建成后交通流量逐年增加，超常負荷，倒塌時負載為43.2噸。即(1) 檢查不足與缺乏系統的養護方法；(2) 由于鋼橋養護工程師們缺乏技術知識,不能早期探測與防止鉸接豎桿的焊接處出現疲勞裂縫與破

17、壞;(3) 對超載卡車的通過橋梁 忽視有效的交通控制;(4 )沒有評估交通超載對結構安全的影響。 After the commissioning of the St. Shui bridge, there was no periodical inspection and systematic maintenance and management. At that time, the shortening of the construction period in Korea and the negligence of traffic management in Seoul were also

18、the main reasons for the collapse of the bridge. The design load of the bridge was limited to 32 tons. After the completion of the bridge, the traffic flow increased year by year. The overload was 43.2 tons when the bridge collapsed. That is: (1) Insufficient inspection and lack of systematic mainte

19、nance methods; (2) Because of the lack of technical knowledge of steel bridge maintenance engineers, fatigue cracks and damage can not be detected and prevented in early stage at the welded joints of articulated vertical poles; (3) Effective traffic control is neglected for the passing bridges of ov

20、erloaded trucks; (4) the impact of traffic overload on structural safety is not assessed. 結構因素 structure factor施工因素 construction factor使用和養護階段 Usage and maintenance stage 基本原因：官僚政治勝過科學技術的發展日新月異的橋梁種類Types of bridges changing rapidly 隨著科學技術和生產力的發展，橋梁也發生了日新月異的變化。它不再僅僅是提供跨越和承載功能的人工構造物，而且還被賦予了引申的含義，那就是機構

21、與機構之間、地區與地區之間、國家與國家之間，溝通有無、建立合作關系、促進友好交流等諸如此類工作的統稱。橋梁工程設計的趨勢也想著新型，美觀，輕便方向發展。 With the development of science and technology and productivity, bridges have changed rapidly. It is no longer merely an artificial structure providing leapfrogging and carrying functions, but also has been endowed with ext

22、ended meanings, namely, the collective name of communication, establishing cooperative relations, promoting friendly exchanges between institutions, regions, countries and so on.事故頻發的橋梁工程Bridge engineering with frequent accidents 但近年來橋梁工程的事故并沒有得到有效的控制。美觀，新型，大跨度的橋梁雖然優化了自身，但也帶來的安全性的問題。 But in recent y

23、ears, bridge engineering accidents have not been effectively controlled. Beautiful, new type, long-span bridge, although it has optimized itself, but also brings about safety problems. 哈爾濱陽明灘大橋垮塌Collapse of Yangming Beach Bridge in Harbin 重慶綦江彩虹橋整體垮塌事故Chongqing Gijiang Bridge integral collapse accid

24、ent工程倫理分析Ethics In Engineering 工程師自身方面 工程師本身對新技術和新產品認識不足，對負面作用的預測力不夠，掌控力不足，這本身就是對工程的不負責； Engineers themselves are not fully aware of new technologies and new products, have insufficient predictive power and control over the negative effects, which is not responsible for the project； 工程師的逐利意識和作風不斷增強，

25、并沒有將人身安全和公共財產放在首位，趨向逃避和回避工程倫理問題； Engineersprofit-seeking consciousness and work style are increasing, and they do not put personal safety and public property in the first place, and tend to avoid engineering ethics issues. 工程師只注重專業技能教育，缺乏工程倫理教育； Engineers only focus on professional skills education

26、and lack engineering ethics education； 面對敏感的帶有政治色彩的工程，往往選擇沉默，不作為。甚至發現問題也緘默不言。 In the face of sensitive projects with political problems, they often choose to remian silent and omission, even when they find out there are problems.工程師自身方面施工部門方面 為了加快進度，大幅度縮短施工周期，導致施工細節錯誤頻發； In order to speed up the pro

27、gress, the construction period is greatly shortened, resulting in frequent errors in construction details. 為了節約成本，不惜采購次品構件，甚至偷工減料； In order to save costs, purchasing defective components and even using inferior materials. 和監督部門互相勾結，導致監察部門達不到監管的目的； The collusion with supervisory departments leads to

28、the failure of achieving the purpose of supervision. 施工部門主要是利益驅使，違背了工程倫理 The construction department is mainly driven by profits and violates engineering ethics. 監理方面 監理人員能力不足，無法再現場發現施工問題； The supervisor is not competent enough to find any construction problems on site； 缺乏職業道德，責任心不強； Lack of profess

29、ional ethics and sense of responsibility； 沒有原則，易被收買，導致監理過程形同虛設，完全走過場。 No principle, easy to be induced. 監理部門風氣差，法律制約較松，入職門檻低 The supervision department has bad atmosphere, irrestrictive laws and low entry demand.政府方面 官僚主義嚴重，開展面子工程，為了政績不考慮實際是否需要 Bureaucracy is serious, and face saving projects are ca

30、rried out. In order to obtain political achievements, the actual needs are not under consideration. 追求新型和影響力，外觀而相對忽視了橋梁的安全和實用性； The pursuit of new style and appearance, resulting in relatively neglect of the bridges safety and practicality. 某些干部為了在任期內出成果，往往縮短工期，導致橋梁的隱患增多 Some cadres tend to shorten

31、their construction period in order to produce results during their tenure, resulting in more hidden dangers of bridges. 反思面對如此嚴峻的問題，我們應該采取怎樣的措施去預防呢？Question1.加強工程人員的工程倫理教育 加強高校工科專業學生的工程倫理教育是培養高素質工程師必不可少的過程。學校不應該僅僅強調學生的科研水平，更應該注意培養學生的工程道德素質，從源頭上提高工程人員的道德水平 Strengthening the engineering ethics educati

32、on of Engineering Majors in Colleges and universities is an indispensable process for training high-quality engineers. Schools should not only emphasize studentsscientific research level, but also pay attention to cultivating students engineering moral quality and improving the moral level of engine

33、ers from the source.2.完善工程倫理法制制度 工程事故的預防不能只靠道德約束，還要有法律的保障，德治和法制結合才能發揮最大的力量。一旦發生工程事故，必須嚴格追究責任，做到有法可依，有法必依，執法必嚴，違法必究。 The prevention of engineering accidents can not only depend on moral restraint, but also on legal protection. Only by combining the rule of virtue with the rule of law can the greatest strength be exerted. Once a project accident occurs, we must strictly investigate the responsibility, so that there are laws to abide by, laws to abide by, law enforcement to be strict, and vio