1、五谷豐登vs飯稻羹魚中國農業起源與發展的考古學探索Expansive adopters vs. entrenched rice growers: Two styles of agricultural origins and developments in China考古探索與發現系列改變了環境改變了生物改變了人改變了社會人造就了自己Man Makes Himself (1936):柴爾德的 “新石器革命Neolithic Revolution”形成以谷物（在有些熱帶地區是根莖類作物）等碳水化合物為主食的取食結構，是農業起源后產生的重要變化。嬰兒可以在較早階段就脫離對母乳的依賴，也因此潛在地提高

2、了人口的增長率(Cohen 1991) 同時改變了人口結構食物缺乏多樣性 營養不良牙齒空洞農業對人類食性的影響通過栽培植物來獲取食物為儲存剩余物資提供了可能繼而支持了更為龐大的定居人口促進了專門化生產或非生計生產者如陶工、教士等的產生最終導致了隨后出現的城市與文明的多樣化。農業對社會演進的影響人口，語言和文化農業生產剩余價值，人口增長 向外擴張，人口遷徙語言和習俗的傳播“The most important process in Holocene human history全新世人類史最重要的進程” (Diamond & Bellwood 2003)中文網上資源http:/ most impo

3、rtant process in Holocene human history全新世人類史最重要的進程” (Diamond & Bellwood 2003)Japonicarice粳稻 Indicarice秈稻 TropicalMillets熱帶小米TropicalMillets(Sorghum)熱帶小米（高粱）YamsBananas薯類香蕉Wheats & barley(sheep & goat)小麥大麥（綿羊山羊）ChineseMillets中國小米BarnyardMillet稗“monsoon” lineDomestication Centres馴化中心人類生存模式的轉變Mobility

4、流動性Cultural responses to risk and uncertainty (Halstead and OShea 1989)Diversity多樣性Exchange交換Resource Management資源管理Storage儲存植物本身的變化Teosinte Maize2mmDomesticated WildGlycine max Glycine soja Vigna angularisAzukiBean 赤豆Soybean大豆Fruit SizeCucumis melo甜瓜ssp. agrestis ssp. melo Loss of seedsbananaMusa s

5、p.Changes in size and colour of rootsDacus carotaLoose to Compact Panicle in Rice生長習性的變化：疏松變為密穗型 Wild Rice野生稻DomesticatedRice 馴化稻Domesticated Cereals 馴化的谷物Rice稻Foxtail Millet黍Broomcorn Millet黍 Wild Progenitors 野生祖本Oryza rufipogon普通野生稻Setaria viridis青狗尾草Panicum?野黍 ? Shattering (wild) to non-shatterin

6、g (domesticated)WILD野生IMMATURE不成熟DOMESTICATED馴化農業工具的產生和變化農業遺跡的發現Origin of Agriculture (some basic definitions)農業起源發展的一些基本術語和定義:Cultivation/Herding Change in human behavior栽培/圈養人類行為的變化Domestication Change in species( plants/animals)馴化 物種的變化 Agriculture Change in landscape (land use)農業景觀的變化 社會/文化/經濟的變

7、化考古學研究的視角：稻作的起源與傳播Wild Foods: Co-staples 野生食物資源與稻作發展同步(田螺山遺址6900-6300 BP)Acorns橡子, Trapa菱角, Euryale芡實Rice: cultivated in managed shallow wetland near siteacornTrapa EuryaleWater chestnut fox-nut Ling jiao qian shiCyclobalanopsisLagenaria scicerariabottlegourdWild melon(Cucumis meloSubsp. agrestis)Wi

8、ldgrapeRubus (blackberry)Gathered fruits & nuts: treesChoerospondiasAxillaresSouthern SourJujube南酸棗Amygdalus cf. davidiana (wild mountain(?) peach)Actinidia (wild kiwi)Modern Archaeologicaldomesticated wild immatureRice spikelet base Scarsn=2641 Increase in domestic typeFuller, Qin et al. 2009, Scie

9、nce 323: 1607-10Comparison of ubiquity of plant resources from Mid-Lower Yangzte sites (8000-6000BP)長江下游：綽墩遺址（馬家浜文化6000BC)39503700BCS11S11（G7）S10S9河道S12S8S7S5S6S13S14長江下游良渚文化早期5000BPL2北G3G2水稻田發掘區東部TN3-10E15-16（S-N）長江下游良渚文化晚期 茅山遺址4300BPDomesticated Cereals 馴化的谷物Rice稻Foxtail Millet黍Broomcorn Millet黍 W

10、ild Progenitors 野生祖本Oryza rufipogon普通野生稻Setaria viridis青狗尾草Panicum?野黍 ? 粟黍小米（粟黍）類農業起源發展的考古研究中國古文獻中的粟、黍Millet Domestication 小米的馴化Adapted from Liu, L. and Chen, X. 2012, Fig. 4.3 Years Cal. BCPanicum miliaceum植硅石的鑒定方法粟黍粟黍農業工具的證據Peiligang Sitesc. 6500 BC加工工具的證據？現代粟淀粉粒Modern foxtail millet東胡林遺址磨棒T8(3)-9

11、9上的淀粉粒Donghulin site現代黍淀粉粒Modern broomcorn millet東胡林遺址TG2(4)-2-1上的淀粉粒Donghulin siteCishan site Pit 1Xinglonggou siteXinglonggou location 1 (8000-7000BP) Broomcorn millet :1.62*1.2mmXinglonggou location 3 (4000-3500BP) Broomcorn millet: 1.98*1.82mm？New evidence from Bagash, Kazakhstan卡薩克斯坦的新證據Frachet

12、ti et al, Antiquity Dec. 2010Mainly pastoralist site:Wheat (5) & Panicum millet(28)Directly dated 5400-5100BPModel A：Sedentary = millets agriculture定居=小米農業起源 A rapid shift from mobile gathering to settled farming比較研究之一：小米起源vs.水稻起源Model B：Sedentary before rice agriculture定居 早于 稻作農業起源 Early rice culti

13、vation along with wild resources (freshwater) management. No shift from forager to farmer兩種起源模式的差別，對探討農業起源機制等理論，具有很重要的意義。從自然環境和植物的生態學特點上，比較容易理解兩種起源模式的產生。廣西那梭普通野生稻Wild rice at Nasuo, GuangxiEcological Background印度東北部野生稻Wild rice from NE IndiaFoxtail Grasses 狗尾巴草Inferred Millet DomesticationzoneOn the

14、 periphery of high Agricultural potential of the central plainsNear the north/west limitof summer rains氣候原因比較研究之二：小米農業發展 vs.水稻農業發展North Model：from millets to “mix-crops” agriculture從小米類農業走向“五谷豐登”的多元化過程。混合經濟模式North Model：from millets to “mix-crops” agriculture從小米類農業走向“五谷豐登”的多元化過程。混合經濟模式South Model: e

15、ntrenched rice farmer and fishing (fresh water resource management) 飯稻羹魚的復合經濟模式比較研究之二：小米農業發展 vs.水稻農業發展 Black: clear primary domestication centreGrey: possible primary centre/ important secondary domesticationKa: approximate age of early agriculture in 1000s of years before presentEarly Agriculture w

16、ithoutPottery農業先于陶器Early Pottery withoutAgriculture陶器先于農業Centres of origin map; Purugganan & Fuller (2009) Nature比較研究之三：東亞與西方Monsoon/ Summer Crop Areas季風/夏季作物帶Winter rains/ winter cropsGrinding-boiling Frontier研磨蒸煮Sticky cereals糯性 & non-milking 非奶制品Grinding/baking zone研磨/烘焙區India: ChapattisWest/Sout

17、h Asia: roasting & baking西亞/南亞:烘烤TandoorNaan(Pakistan)Deep antiquity & highly embedded:West Eurasian grinding, ovens & roasting年代久遠深深嵌入歐亞西部的研磨、烘烤傳統Earliest ovens最早的烤爐:Tell Mureybit, Syria(PPNA, 9500 BC)grinding, ovens & bread: fundamental to West Eurasian civilizations歐亞文明的基礎：磨制、烘烤與面包A. Typical Egyp

18、tian tomb art埃及墓葬藝術: Grinding, baking, brewing研磨、烘焙、釀酒B. Mesopotamia:Early cylinder sealD. A few of many Egyptian hieroglyphs of different bread loaf types.埃及象形文字中不同的面包C. Early script: food, eat based on bevel-rim bowlDeep antiquity & highly embedded:East Eurasian boiling年代久遠深深嵌入的歐亞東部煮食傳統Ceramics as

19、sociated with Late Pleistocene (Palaeolithic), often caves (from 18,000 BP in South China; 15,000 BP inJapan & Siberia相關陶器出現于晚更新世（舊石器），一般為洞穴遺址（南中國18000BP，日本/西伯利亞15000BP）No connection to agriculture!與農業無關！中國新石器時代的各類“蒸”“煮”炊器Fu 釜 + Zhijiao 支腳Fu 釜 + Zao 灶Zeng 甑Li 鬲Ding 鼎Yan 甗Steamer Ding 隔檔鼎+Boiling, steaming, hot-pots and Chinese Civilization煮、蒸的飲食文化、禮器祭祀和中國文明examples of ceremonial Bronze Age vessel types for food and wine 青銅時代禮器some early Chinese characters derived from boiling vessels in Bronze Age & modern forms相關文字82H5 ( 2000BC) from Tonglin桐林 sit