1、COMPARISON OF AGRICULTURAL BIOGAS INDUSTRY BETWEEN CHINA AND GERMANY從中歐對比看中國沼氣工程的發展與挑戰從中歐對比看中國沼氣工程的發展與挑戰目錄目錄CONTENT2022-4-30國際原油價格國際原油價格波動波動沼氣工程：環保優先？沼氣工程：環保優先？能源與環保是社會發展的基礎能源與環保是社會發展的基礎沼氣工程面臨的挑戰沼氣工程面臨的挑戰城鎮化城鎮化-沼氣工程發展的新機遇沼氣工程發展的新機遇沼氣工程研究和推廣：合作沼氣工程研究和推廣：合作UNCERTAINTY OF INTERNATIONAL PETROPRICEBIOGAS

2、 PLANTS: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 1?ENERGY/ENVIR. FOR DEVELOPMENTCHALLENGES FOR BIOGAS PLANTSURBANIZATION: NEW OPPORTUNITY FOR BPCOOPERATION FOR BIOGAS RESEARCH AND EXTENSION.tw/oil102/oil1022010/A03/A0304/A030401.asp國際原油價格國際原油價格波動波動PETROLEUM PRICE UNCERTAINTY布倫特原油價格布倫特原油價格國際原油價

3、格與德國沼氣工程國際原油價格與德國沼氣工程PETROPRICE AND BPS2022-4-30沼氣工程發電補貼沼氣工程發電補貼EEG-2000沼氣工程發電補貼沼氣工程發電補貼補貼力度增加補貼力度增加能源作物補貼能源作物補貼增加小型工程補貼增加小型工程補貼增大能源作物補貼增大能源作物補貼沼氣工程發電補貼沼氣工程發電補貼增大禽畜糞便補貼增大禽畜糞便補貼增加小型工程補貼增加小型工程補貼沼氣工程發電補貼沼氣工程發電補貼EEG-2004EEG-2009EEG-2012EEG-2014沼氣工程政策的巨大影響沼氣工程政策的巨大影響POLICY IMPACTS ON BPS DEVELOPMENT2022-

4、4-30Nadjia Rensberg, Jaqueline Daniel-Gromke. Biogas Progress II, 2014, Stuttgart, Germany沼氣工程作用是什么沼氣工程作用是什么（德國）（德國） ？CONTRIBUTION OF BPS IN GERMANY2022-4-30根據路線圖的調研，美國現有2000多個沼氣工程，如果按照路線圖的規劃發展，將來還會再建超過11000個沼氣工程。到2030年，將能為300萬個美國家庭提供清潔燃氣，減排溫室氣體5400萬m3。美國沼氣工程發展方向沼氣工程用于處理廢物；提升沼氣利用水平，降低沼氣利用的成本；全面系統的分析

5、沼氣工程在運行效率上存在的問題，提出優化方法；完善市場機制和商業模式，從政策和途徑上使沼氣工程能夠盈利；1. 成立國家層面的專家組，形成智囊機構。沼氣工程作用是什么（美國）？沼氣工程作用是什么（美國）？WHAT BIOGAS PLANTS FOR (US)? 2022-4-30歐洲沼氣工程現狀歐洲沼氣工程現狀BIOGAS INDUSTRY IN EUROPE2022-4-308德國沼氣工程數量和裝機容量的發展德國沼氣工程數量和裝機容量的發展（截至（截至2014年年12月月31日）日）歐洲各國的沼氣工程數量（截至歐洲各國的沼氣工程數量（截至2014年年12月月31日）日）Source： Euro

6、pean Biogas Association沼氣工程沼氣工程的的作用作用THE ROLE OF BIOGAS PLANTS2022-4-30環保價值不可或缺能源價值或隱或現改善民生核心理念沼氣工程：環保優先？沼氣工程：環保優先？BIOGAS PLANTS: ENVPROTECT 1？2022-4-302010年全國畜禽養殖COD、NH3排放分別達1184萬噸、65萬噸，占全國排放總量的45%、25%，占農業源排放量的95%、79%。農村城鎮化人口聚集導致生活垃圾快速堆積和生活污水的大量排放，是農村環境另一主要污染源。國家高度重視農業有機廢棄物的處理工作，到2020年我國農業基本實現畜禽糞污資

7、源化利用，病死畜禽全部實現無害化處理；基本實現農作物秸稈資源化利用，秸稈露天焚燒現象得到有效控制。類別 Waste數量,億噸/年, Amount (108 tons/a)1畜禽糞便 Livestock manure31.6濕基, wet2農作物秸稈 Crops residue6.89濕基, wet3工業源生物質廢物 Industry waste2.0濕基, wet4家庭廚余垃圾, Household food waste0.9濕基, wet5城市糞便, Municipal nightsoil0.25濕基, wet6城市污泥. Municipal sludge0.26濕基, wet7餐飲業餐廚垃

8、圾, Restaurant waste0.15濕基, wet8集市果蔬垃圾, Vegetable waste0.12濕基, wet合計 Total42.17濕基, wet城市生物質燃氣聯盟統計數據,2009Statistical Data from the Alliance on Technological Innovation of Urban Biomass Gas Industry,2009能源效益能源效益ENERGY VALUE2022-4-30Agriculture WasteBiogas Yield(m3/kg-VS) -Methane YieldCrop Residues 玉米秸

9、稈Maize Straw0.4-1.0 稻米秸稈Rice Straw0.55-0.62 干草Hay0.5 花生殼Peanut Husk0.318-0.344 CH4-m3/kg-VS 糖渣Sugar beet0.231 (0.008) CH4-m3/kg-VSFood Waste 咖啡渣 Coffee Grounds0.259 CH4-m3/kg-VS 紅茶渣Tea Residues0.175 CH4-m3/kg-VS 白酒糟 White Spirit Residues0.02 biogas m3/kg-wet residue 稻米渣Rice Residues0.6 啤酒糟Beer Disti

10、llation0.5-0.6 蘋果渣Apple Residues0.56-0.68Livestock Manure 豬糞Pig Manure0.356 CH4-m3/kg-VS 牛糞Cattle Manure0.148 CH4-m3/kg-VS 奶牛糞Dairy Cattle manure0.328 CH4-m3/kg-VSVegetable Waste 香蕉Banana Waste0.270 -0.305 CH4-m3/kg-VS 芒果Mango Waste0.361-0.385 CH4-m3/kg-VS 土豆Potato0.250-0.284 CH4-m3/kg-VSSource： :Di

11、eter Deublein, Angelika Steinhauser. Biogas from Waste and Renewable Resources, WILEY-VCH,2011 中國沼氣產業發展現狀報告，輕工業環境保護研究所 (Environmental Protection Research Institute of Light Industry),2009有機廢棄物的沼氣轉化潛能有機廢棄物的沼氣轉化潛能 (Biogas Yield Potential from Organic Waste)能源與環保是社會發展的基礎能源與環保是社會發展的基礎ENERGY/ENVIR. FOR D

12、EVELOPMENT2022-4-3012WHY WE DO?Non-fossil energy in 2030 would account for 20% of the total energy consumption.-Sino-US joint statement on climate change, APEC 2014Animal manure, Corn Straw and Farmland Mulch have to be recycled at the end of 2020. -MOA, 2015WHY WE DO?政策導向政策導向POLICY ORIENTATION農業源有機

13、廢棄物產量農業源有機廢棄物產量ORGANIC RESIDUES FROM AGRICULTURE類別 Waste數量,億噸/年, Amount (108 tons/a)1畜禽糞便 Livestock manure31.6濕基, wet2農作物秸稈 Crops residue6.89濕基, wet3工業源生物質廢物 Industry waste2.0濕基, wet4家庭廚余垃圾, Household food waste0.9濕基, wet5城市糞便, Municipal nightsoil0.25濕基, wet6城市污泥. Municipal sludge0.26濕基, wet7餐飲業餐廚垃圾

14、, Restaurant waste0.15濕基, wet8集市果蔬垃圾, Vegetable waste0.12濕基, wet合計 Total42.17濕基, wet全國有機廢物產生量National organic WasteWHY WE DO?Source: 城市生物質燃氣產業技術創新戰略聯盟, 2012換個角度看污染換個角度看污染HOW DO WE VIEW WASTESN、P、K-Recoverable Nutrients 肥料C- Renewable Energy 能源H-O-Reusable Water 水ReNEWWHY WE DO?Source: Poeschl M, S W

15、ard & P Owende. 2010. Prospects for expanded biogas utilization in Germany. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews: In ReviewSpecific CO2 Emission Associated with Energy Generation沼氣工程的溫室氣體減排效益沼氣工程的溫室氣體減排效益BIOGAS FERMENTATION: THE ONLY TECH NEGATIVE GHGS EMISSION BY NOW?WHY WE DO?常見有機廢棄物產氣量常

16、見有機廢棄物產氣量 COMMON ORGANIC RESIDUES BIOGAS VALUEAgriculture WasteBiogas Yield(m3/kg-VS) -Methane YieldCrop Residues Maize Straw0.4-1.0Rice Straw0.55-0.62Hay0.5Peanut Husk0.318-0.344Sugar beet0.231 (0.008) Food Waste Coffee Grounds0.259Tea Residues0.175Rice Residues0.6Beer Distillation0.5-0.6Apple Resi

17、dues0.56-0.68Livestock Manure Pig Manure0.356Cattle Manure0.148Dairy Cattle manure0.328Vegetable Waste Banana Waste0.270 -0.305Mango Waste0.361-0.385Potato0.250-0.284Radish Leaves0.233-0.249WHY WE DO?Source:Dieter Deublein, Angelika Steinhauser. Biogas from waste and renewable resource. Second Versi

18、on. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.KGaA.2011中德沼氣工程對比中德沼氣工程對比BIOGAS IN CHINA AND GERMANYSource：中國農村能源年鑒China Rural Energy Yearbook (200020013)WHAT WE HAVESource: Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. (FNR), Biogas-an introduction 2013PretreatmentPretreatmentBiogas Biogas reactorreactorBiogas Clean

19、ing, Storage, Biogas Cleaning, Storage, DistributionDistributionBiogas UtilizationBiogas UtilizationDigestate Digestate TreatmentTreatmentTechnology of Qingdao Tianren Company, China大中型沼氣工程的主要組成大中型沼氣工程的主要組成MAIN COMPONENTS OF M/L BIOGAS PLANTWHAT WE HAVE案例一：雞糞沼氣發電和供應農戶案例一：雞糞沼氣發電和供應農戶CASE I: CHICKEN M

20、ANURE BIOGAS FOR POWER AND GAS DISTRIBUTION INTO HOUSEHOLDS ManureSewageCSTRBiogasDigestateFertilizerCompressElectricityHouseholdPlantTianmen, Hubei ProvenceFeedstockChicken Manure, 212 tons/dMunicipal Sewage, 300 tons/dReactorCSTR，total 12000m3Investment60.0 million RMBAnnual Biogas700104m3Biogas U

21、tilizationHouseholdElectricity, 140 million kWh/a案例二：山東雞糞沼氣發電與案例二：山東雞糞沼氣發電與CDM項目項目 CASE II: CHICKEN MANURE BIOGAS POWER AND CDM1. 雞糞Chicken manure: 500 t/d, TS 20%2. 規模 volume: 3,200 m383. 設計沼氣產量 planned biogas production 30,000 m3/d (1,000萬m3/年)。4. 設計發電量 Expected power 60,000 kWh/d (2,000萬kWh/年)。5.

22、 年減排溫室氣體 GHGs reduction: 67,000 tCO2e/a6. 聯合國氣候變化框架公約（UNFCCC）批準，與世界銀行CDM交易成功。 Successful CDM with World Bank挑戰挑戰I：發酵原料的差異：發酵原料的差異CHALLENGE I: DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES22Most of the agricultural biogas plants in China are operated with animal manure.At the moment, we have to consider to use the crop resid

23、ues rather than the energy crop used in Germany.OUR CHALLENGESSource: Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. (FNR), Biogas-an introduction 2013Challenges:Storage for the year-round substrate supply is the challenge for biogas production in major grain producing areasComplex characteristics (cellul

24、ose, lignin, water content et al.)High Dry matter loss (could be as high as 30%）科技：秸稈濕儲存技術科技：秸稈濕儲存技術WET STORAGE OF CROP RESIDUES WITH DIFFERENT PROPERTIESD i f f e r e n t substrate 產氣量產氣量B0R2新鮮秸稈新鮮秸稈537.849.951.830.98青貯秸稈青貯秸稈531.748.631.390.99干黃秸稈干黃秸稈376.4830.571.280.97Supported by: the twelfth fiv

25、e-year National science and technology support project (2015BAD21B04) WHAT WE ARE DOING?固形物含量對于青貯過程乳酸產量的影響尿素添加對于青貯過程乳酸產量的影響WHAT WE ARE DOING?研究進展研究進展PROCESS CONTROL DURING WET STORAGESource: From Liu Shan，PhD dissertation, China Agricultural University, 2015.挑戰挑戰II：運行與發酵效率差別：運行與發酵效率差別CHALLENGE II: D

26、IFFERENT OPERATIONDemand driven operation mode in ChinaMesophilic or ambient temperatureAdditional heat is needed (coal, biogas)Relative Low OLRsNo buffer capacity monitoringGas supply oriented Combination of Heat and Power mode in Germany Mesophilic fermentation using surplus heat High OLRs Relativ

27、e stable operation Highest biogas production orientedOUR CHALLENGESSource：biogas-an introduction. FNR，2009中國中國德國沼氣工程德國沼氣工程* *( (糞便和能源作物原料糞便和能源作物原料) )rangeaverageODM degradation (%)68-73%59-8976CH4 production(m3 CH4/m3.d)0.20.3-3.21.1Retention time (day)3529-10858OLR (kg oDM/m3.d)0.2-0.52.1-9.84.5Tem

28、perature (oC)23-2637-39-*:Biogas-Messprogramm II -61 Biogasanlagen im Vergleich. ISBN:978-3-9803927-8-5中國中型農業沼氣工程發酵效率中國中型農業沼氣工程發酵效率PERFORMANCE OF CHINESE MEDIUM SIZE AGRICULTURAL BIOGAS PLANTSupported by: Sino-German cooperative project (BMBF: 0330847D, MOST: 2009DFA32710) WHAT WE ARE DOING?發酵過程控制技術

29、發酵過程控制技術PROCESS STABILITY MONITORING AND IMPROVEMENT WHAT WE ARE DOING?Development of automatic titration equipment1-交流轉直流穩壓電源，2-計算機，3-運動控制器，4-驅動器，5-電控平移臺，6-數據采集卡，7-變送器，8-活塞推桿，9-電信號傳輸方向，10-傳感器卡盤，11-pH電極，12-升降桿，13-電控升降機，14-磁力攪拌器，15-滴定管柱塞，16-滴定管內保護套，17-滴定管，18-滴定管外保護套，19-三通電磁換向閥，20-輸液管，21-滴液液流方向，22-滴頭，

30、23-滴定池，24-樣品，25-吸液液流方向，26-透氣管，27-補液瓶橡膠塞，28-補液瓶，29-滴定液。發酵液循環提高產氣率和穩定性發酵液循環提高產氣率和穩定性RECIRCULATION IMPROVES BIOGAS PRODUCTIVITY AND STABILITYWHAT WE ARE DOING?Source: From Zuo Zhuang，PhD dissertation, China Agricultural University, 2014.R1: Fe, Co, Ni; R2: Fe, Co, Ni, Se, Mo, W; R3: No trace elements微量

31、金屬元素制劑微量金屬元素制劑SEMI-CONTINUOUS AD WITH TRACE ELEMENTS WHAT WE ARE DOING?Source: From Lang Qianqian，Master thesis, China Agricultural University, 2013.挑戰挑戰III：沼液的處理和利用：沼液的處理和利用CHALLENGE III: DIGESTATE APPLICATION30OUR CHALLENGESThere is no limitation on the amount of manure application in China. Limit

32、ation of manure application in Europe： Nitrate Directive in EU (EEC/91/676 from 1991) DV (2006) Germany 硝酸鹽施用指南Max. 170 kg N ha-1 yr-1 by manure = 2 LU ha-1yr-1最多施用最多施用 170 公斤氮公斤氮 /公頃公頃*年年 = 2 個生命單元個生命單元/公頃公頃*年年= 14頭生豬頭生豬1 LU (Living Unit) = 500 kg animal = 7.7 pig places = 15 fattened pigs一個生命單元= 5

33、00公斤 動物體重= 7.7頭豬 = 15頭育肥豬N APPLICATION AND NO3 IN GROUNDWATER 氮肥施用和地下水硝酸鹽含量氮肥施用和地下水硝酸鹽含量Location地點地點N applied氮肥施用量氮肥施用量kg/(ha*a)公斤/公頃*年N uptakeN 吸收量吸收量kg/(ha*a)公斤/公頃*年NO3 in groundwater地下水硝酸鹽含量地下水硝酸鹽含量mg/l 毫克/升Xishuiying5,580480500Fangzhuang1,894383180Qiuandushu1,64943375Xidian1,17338475Sijiqing7784

34、44150OUR CHALLENGESSource: Prof. Schuchardt, Sino-German project Workshop in 2009 Limitation of NO350 mg L-189 mg L-125 mg L-1EXAMPLE例子例子nFattening pig farm with 10,000 placesn一個存欄量萬頭的養豬場nProduction 20,000 pigs yr.-1n每年出欄2萬頭生豬n20,000 pigs 2,860 LUn約合2860個LUnLimitation 2 LU pigs ha-1 a-1n采用同樣標準nArea

35、demand 1,430 han總共需要1430公頃土地nwithout correction factorsn未考慮其他因素未考慮其他因素OUR CHALLENGESMax. 170 kg N ha-1 a-1 by manure = 2 LU ha-1每公頃每年最多施用每公頃每年最多施用 170 公斤氮公斤氮 = 2 個生命單元個生命單元/公頃公頃*年年1 LU (Living Unit) = 500 kg animal = 7 pigs一個生命單元= 500公斤 動物體總= 7頭豬Model Farm: 15 LU/haConsequence: Export of nutrientsNu

36、trient overloading!OUR CHALLENGESWHAT WE ARE DOING?沼液沼渣的綜合循環利用沼液沼渣的綜合循環利用DIGESTATES MULTIPLE RECYCLING/ UTILIZATION ON LIVESTOCK FARM Source：created by BEST不同施肥處理下土壤剖面中NH4-N隨時間的變化不同施肥處理下土壤剖面中NO3-N隨時間的變化在硝化反應的作用下，肥料施用導入土壤中的大量NH4-N隨時間的持續濃度逐漸降低，而土壤NO3-N濃度不斷升高，并在第28 d達到峰值Source: Xiaoqian Zhang. PhD diss

37、ertation, China agricultural University, 2015WHAT WE ARE DOING?沼液沼渣農田施用后氮遷移轉化沼液沼渣農田施用后氮遷移轉化SOIL N AFTER DIGESTATES APPLICATION沼液沼渣農田施用后氮遷移轉化長期預測沼液沼渣農田施用后氮遷移轉化長期預測LONG-TERM PREDICTION OF N TRANSPORTATION IN SOIL AFTER DIGESTATES APPLICATION利用2010年周年的降雨數據，預測了從2011年至2050年使用不同沼液的農田土壤中氮殘留量和滲濾流失量。發現農田施用沼液與化肥等氮的條件下，農田1 m深地下水中硝酸鹽的流失量逐年增加，在施用10年時間后會穿透1 m土層。此模型還不成熟，未充分考慮長期沼液農田施用后土壤結構重構及土壤微生物功能相應，需要進一步開發及驗證。WHAT WE ARE DOING?Source: Xiaoqian Zhang. PhD dissertatio