1、主語和謂語的一致. 1. 主語和謂語的一致關系: 謂語要與主語在人稱和數上保持一致: Her dreams have come true. Her dream has come true. She often arrives at school late. They often arrive at school late. It is getting dark. Eggs are getting scarcer. I am getting bored. 2. 確定主語單復數的三個原則: 2 1. 語法上一致的原則: The boy plays football well. The boys p

2、lay football well. It is bitterly cold. I am very cold. 2 2. 概念上一致的原則: My family are all early risers. (指家中的全體成員, 有復數含義)His family has moved into the new house. (指整個家, 用作單數)Five minutes is enough. (一個時間段, 看作單數)The crew are waiting for instructions from the captain. (指全體船員, 復數)2 3. 鄰近詞一致的原則: Neither

3、he nor they are wholly right. Neither Tom nor the Browns enjoy their journey to Beijing owing to the bad weather. Either your key or my key is missing. Not only but also their teacher has participated in the party. He or I am in the wrong. -whats worth visiting there? -well, theres the park, the cas

4、tle and the museum. 3. 主謂一致的具體原則: 3 1. 根據語法一致的原則確定謂語形式: 單數主語 + 單數謂語; 復數主語+ 復數謂語 The teacher encourages the students to speak freely. My wages are low, but me taxes are high. Their house has nine room. It always pays to give your paper one final check. 在 “主語+系詞+表語結構” 中, 系動詞要與主語的數保持一致, 不受其表語的影響. Their

5、 greatest concern is the children. The most appreciated gift was the clothes that you sent us. What we need most is books. Paul is friends with bill. 在 “單數名詞(主語)+(together)with+名詞” 結構中謂語只與主語保持一致, 這是因為上述短語只起修飾主語的作用, 而非主語的一部分. 短語: Along with, as well as, in addition to, accompanied by, rather than, as

6、 much as, no less than, including, besides, except, but, like. The factory with all its equipment has been burnt. You as well as I are wrong. The manager, along with his secretaries, is going to a dinner party tonight. An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work. The teac

7、her, as much as the parents, is to blame for the accident. Mr. Robbins, accompanied by his wife, is arriving tonight. 3 2 主語含有 and時的謂語形式: “單數名詞 + and + 單數名詞” 作主語, 謂語動詞用復數. Reading, writing and arithmetic are called the three Rs. Joe and Bob are smart. He and I are good friends. The poet and the nove

8、list were both present at the meeting. 如果由 and 所連接的并列主語指的是同一個人或物事, 謂語動詞用單數. The statesman and poet was engaged in warfare all his life. A teacher and novelist is going to make a speech in the hall. A / The + 單數名詞人 + and + 單數名詞人 + 單數謂語 指同一個人身兼兩種職務. A / The + 單數名詞人 + and + a/the + 單數名詞 + 復數謂語 指不同職務的兩個

9、人. The conductor and composer was greeted by a crowd of people. The conductor and the composer were greeted by a crowd of people. 一下已被看成一個整體, 因而做主語時, 謂語動詞用單數. Knife and fork, needle and thread, a cup and saucer, a horse and carriage, trial and error, law and order, etc. Law and order has been establ

10、ished. Bread and butter is our daily food. Fish and chips is a popular fast food. The stars and stripes is the natioanl flag of USA. The sum and substance of the speech was antiwar. 主語為 “every / each + 單數名詞 + and + (every / each +) 單數名詞” 時, 謂語用單數. Every man, woman, and child needs love. Each boy and

11、 girl was given a book. Each book and each paper is held in place. Every minute and every second is precious. 主語為 “形容詞 + and + 形容詞 + 不可數名詞或復數可數名詞”, 并且是涉及到該名詞的品種或類別時, 謂語動詞用復數. Chinese and british beer are served at the pub. Cooling draft beer is served at the pub. Clever and dull students are treated

12、 alike. There is a black and white picture on the wall. 當 “both and ” 連接兩個單數名詞作主語時, 謂語動詞用復數. Both his brother and sister are married. Both whales and dolphins are mammals. 3 3 根據鄰近詞一致的原則確定謂語形式: 用 or 連接兩個名(代)詞作主語時, 依據 “鄰近原則” 確定謂語形式. George or Tom is wanted. George or I am wrong. Were you or he there?

13、 用 either or 連接連個名代詞作主語時, 鄰近原則. Either John or his friends are to blame for the bad results. Either the shirts or the sweater is a good buy. Not only but also ; not but 連接兩個名代詞作主語時, 鄰近原則. Not only Mary but also John was invited to the party. Not the students but their teacher is invited to the party

14、. 3 4 謂語用單數形式的情況: 動名詞, 動詞不定式或主語從句作主語. Reasing is a great pleasure in life. To live means to creat. That we need more time is obvious. 數詞或 “數詞 + 復數名詞 (表示時間, 距離, 金額, 重量, 大小, 體積等)” 作主語. Eight hours of sleep is enough. Five is an odd number. A hundred miles is quite a drive, isnt it? Five tons is a heav

15、y load. Ten dollars is too much to pay for that shirt. 復數形式的專有名詞作主語. The Philippines consists of more than 7,000 islands. The United Nations has its head quarters in New York City. The Times has a large circulation. “many a / more than one + 單數名詞” 作主語. Many a little makes a mickle. Many a ship has b

16、een wrecked on those rocks. More than on grammatical mistakes was found in his composition. 表示群意義的詞組, 如: a flock of birds, a pack of dogs, a pride of lions, a herd of cattle, a school of fish 作主語. A flock of birds is circling overhead. The herd of cattle is breaking away. 3 5 謂語用復數形式的情況: trousers, p

17、ants, pyjamas, shorts, pliers, scissors, pincer, tongs, glasses, spectacles, tights, compasses等; 一般都用復數形式, 但當這些詞前面有單數量詞時, 謂語動詞常用單數形式. Where are my scissors? There is a pair of scissors on the table. 有些集合名詞作主語時, 要用復數形式的謂語. Sheep, Cattle, Police, Poultry, militia, people等; Cattle feed on grass. The po

18、lice are looking into the matter. “Several / (a) few / both / many + (of+) 復數可數名詞或上述詞” 單獨用作主語時, 謂語用復數形式. Several of you need to work harder. Several have already written to me. 3 6 謂語用單復數皆可的情況: 有些名詞形式上是復數, 但做主語, 謂語多用單數, 也可以用復數形式. Means, works, tidings, headquarter等; The firms headquarters are / is i

19、n London. The good tiding come / comes too late. There is / are no means of finding out what happened. The steel works is / are closed for the holiday. 數詞組成的數學算式作主語, 謂語單復亦可: Two and three is/are five. Twice two make/makes four. 一些復數形式疾病名稱作主語, 通常用單數, 復數也可以. The measles is an infectious illness. Mumps

20、 is/are fairly rare in adults. 3 7 不定代詞作主語時的謂語形式: 由 any, some, no, every 與body, one, thing 構成的不定代詞作主語或主語的一部分, 謂語用單數. Somebody, anyone, nothing, everyone等; Everybody is doing his best. There is nothing you can do to help. Theres something interesting in the newspaper. “each, each + 單數可數名詞; each of +

21、復數名詞”作主語時, 謂語用單數形式. Each arrives on time. Each of the building blocks is painted a different colour. Each boy has tried twice. Each 位于復數主語之后, 不影響主語的數, e.g. The boys each have an apple. Either, neither 作主語或主語一部分時, 謂語用單數形式: Either is acceptable. Either one is good enough for me. Is/are either of them

22、a doctor? Neither is/are to blame. Neither answer is correct. Neither of us wants/want to do it. 注意, neither, either of 和neither of 等用于否定或疑問句時, 特別在口語中, 也可以跟復數謂語. All, some, more, most 作主語或主語一部分時 上述 + 不可數名詞作主語, 謂語用單數; 上述 + 復數可數名詞作主語, 謂語用復數形式; All hope has gone. Some money was spent on books. All road

23、s lead to Rome. Most Arabic speakers understand Egyptian. All is going well. Theres some in the pot. The most you can hope for is five dollars. All are agreed on this point. Some are wise and some are otherwise. Many people support the proposal, but more are against it. All, some, more, most 與 of 連用

24、時: 同樣原則; All of this is yours. Some of the book is good. Some of the food has been eaten, but not all of it. Most of his writing is rubbish. Most of the books on that shelf are in English, and the rest are in Russian or French. None 作主語或主語一部分時: -Is there any milk in the cup? -No, there is none. None

25、 have arrived. None has returned from the meeting. “None of + 名詞” 作主語: None of us is perfect. None of the guests want to stay. None of this money is yours. None of these suggestions is/are very helpful. Any 用作主語或主語一部分: Any is better than none. Any is good enough for me. Give me some if there are/is

26、any. If there is any trouble, let me know. Any child wants to know that. There are scarcely any flowers in the garden. Any of these authorities are/is reliable. I dont think any of us want/wants to work tomorrow. Is there any more of this stuff? Half 用作主語或主語一部分: Half was damaged. Half are here. I br

27、oke the chocolate into halves, and heres your half. Half his time was wasted. Half the soldiers were killed. Half my class has/have obtained drivers licenses. Half of the apple was rotten. Half of the time was spent in the country. Half of the fruit is bad. Half of my class has/have obtained drivers

28、 licenses. Half of them are here. Half of the plums are bad. Enough 作主語或主語的一部分: Enough has been said on this matter. Enough are here to constitute a quorum. There is enough food for everybody. There are enough players for a game. 3 8 表示數量的短語作主語時的謂語形式: A lot of, lots of, plenty of, the percentage of,

29、 分數詞 + of, a quantity of, quantities of 作主語的一部分時: Two-fifths of the money is mine. Two-fifths of the students in the class are from Arabic-speaking countries. There was quantities of rain this fall. Lots of my friends are here. There were a quantity of people in the hall. A great deal of, an amount

30、of, (a) little of, much of 與不可數名詞連用時, 謂語用單數: Much of that furniture is uncomfortable. Little of the equipment was standardized. There is a limited amount of oil in the world. A good many, a great many, a number of 與復數可數名詞連用, 謂語用復數. There were a great (good) many people in the park. A number of stude

31、nts were absent. “the number of + 復數名詞 + 單數謂語”, 因為the number of 的詞義為 “的數目”, 如the number of days in a week is seven. 3 9 there be 句型中的謂語形式: There be 句型中, be 的形式通常取決于be后的主語的數; There arent any letters in the mail for you today. There isnt any mail for you today. Therere some good programs on TV. 非正式英語中

32、, 如果there be 后是由and 連接的并列主語, 可以用復數謂語, 也可以依據鄰近詞一致的原則來確定謂語形式. There are a blue pen and a yellow notebook on her desk. There is a blue pen and a yellow notebook on her desk. 3 10 需經判斷來確定句子的謂語形式: 1. 集合名詞作主語 如果集合名詞被看作是一個整體, 或一個組織, 謂語動詞用單數形式The graduating class is in the laboratory. The audience was rathe

33、r small. A team which is full of enthusiasm is more likely to win. 如果著重其各組成部分或成員的行動, 謂語用復數形式. The class were all cheerful. The audience were excited by his speech. The team were talking over some new plays. 常用集合名詞: Army, audience, club, class, committee, crew, faculty, troop, group, organization, government, jury, public, school, staff, team 等; 2. 物主代詞作主語 Mine is a new bike. Theirs are old bikes. 3. “the + 形容詞” 作主語 指人時, 謂語用復數 The rich get rich