1、Chapter7.sports2012/3/27 中國文化導讀Sports in ancient times Sports in china began to take real shape during the Qin,Han and Three Kingdoms periods.Tang dynastyTang dynastyequesrianequesrianbeating the princess beating the princess while drunkwhile drunkSong dynastySong dynastycujucujuGaoQiuGaoQiuYuan dyn

2、astyYuan dynastychuiwanchuiwanchuiwanEquestrian poloCuju Besides ball games mentioned above ,wrestling,dancing,chess playing,horse racingand so on were part of the ancient peoples daily pastimesEthnic sports Since the founding of the PRC , the traditional ethnic sports had developed.Mongolian wrestl

3、ing蒙古摔跤Horsemanship馬術 Archery射箭Shuttlecock kicking踢毽球Tug of war拔河Tibetan yak racing牦牛賽跑Silk ball throwing 拋繡球see-sawing jumping跳板walking on stilts踩高蹺whipping tops 打陀螺Traditional physical activitiesMartial arts (wushu)Wushu also called kung fu.means “using methods and skills to stop martial actions a

4、nd activities ”.Question: Why do so many people practice martial arts?People are attracted to martial arts for many reasons:1.to improve their health and fitness2.to hone their defense skills 3.to enhance their mental discipline4.to have fun and paricipate in martial arts competitonsModern martial a

5、rtsChinese martial artsThis tendency is incorrect, because any good martial arts styles requires a balanced combination of the inseparable internal and external principlesBoxingWeapon exercisesSparring exercisesActual combatTeamworkNorthern vs southern stylesInternal vs external stylesDistinguished

6、chinese martial artsShaolin boxingLong boxingShadow boxingIts essential that the mind guide the body through graceful gentle and firm movements18 traditional weapons of chinese martial artsDagger ,axe ,crulas,double hookFive-animal exerciseTiger,deer ,bear,ape,and bird Kung Fu is an important and un

7、ique component of Chinese cultural heritage with centuries of cultural history attached. Kung Fu not only includes physical exercise but also Chinese philosophy, meditation and aesthetics. Kung Fus purpose from self-defense to health maintenance and finally as method of self-cultivation. http:/ mart

8、ial arts, also referred to by the mandarin mndrin Chinese term wushu and popularly kung fu are a number of fighting styles that have developed over centuries in china . These fighting styles are often classified according to common traits, identified as families (家, ji), sects (派, pi) or schools (門,

9、 mn) of martial arts.Chinese martial arts Does Wushu(武術） equal Kung fu（功夫）?Kung fu and wushu are popular terms that have become synonymoussinnims(相近的） with Chinese martial arts. However the Chinese terms kung fu （ 功夫 gngf) and wushu （武術; wsh) have very different meanings. Kung fu and wushuWushu can

10、describe greatly varying martial artstraditions. Kung fu can be used in a context without any martial arts whatsoever. Colloquially（俗語地）（俗語地）, kung fu (or gung fu) alludeslu:d （暗指）（暗指） to any individual accomplishment or cultivated skill obtained by long and hard work. In contrast, wushu is a more p

11、recise term that refers to general martial activities. The term wushu has also become the name for a modern sport similar to gymnastics involving the performance of adapted Chinese bare-handed and weapons forms (tol 套路套路) judged to a set of contemporary aesthetici:setik（審美的）（審美的） criteria for points

12、.HISTORICAL PLACES OF CHINESE MARTIAL ARTSThe Shaolin Monastery It is a Chn Buddhist（佛教的） temple at Song Shan near Zhengzhou City Henan Province in Dengfeng, China. It was Founded in the 5th century Shaolin is Buddhist and focuses on direct fighting and being able to combatk:mbt（斗爭） multiple enemies

13、 and is mostly external like in Northern and Southern styles .Wudang Mountain Wudang mountains are a small mountain range in the northwestern part of Hubei Province of Peoples Republic of China, just to the south of the city of Shiyan.It represents the highest standards of Chinese art and architectu

14、re over a period of nearly 1,000 years Wudang is Taoisttauist （道教的）（道教的） and focuses in internal styles with more indirect fighting and the flow of energy such as in Tai Chi Chuan and Ba Gua Zhang. Mount Hua 華山華山Hua shan is located in Shaanxi Province Also known as Xiyu, Western Great Mountain, it i

15、s one of Chinas Five Sacred Taoist Mountains(五岳), and has a long history of religious significance.It belongs to the Taoism .Mount Emei 峨眉山峨眉山It is in Sichuan province, ChinaMt. Emei is the highest of the Four Sacred Buddhist Mountains of China(四大佛教名山) .This is the location of the first Buddhist tem

16、ple built in China in the 1st century CE Kunlun Mountains昆侖山 one of the longest mountain chains山系 in Asia, extending more than 3,000 km. it forms the northern edge of the Tibetan Plateaupltu (青康藏高原). The Kunlun mountains are associated with a number of different martial arts, and are considered by s

17、ome as an alternate source for the Daoist martial arts Some styles associated with the Kunlun mountains:Kunlun Mountain Fist ; Kunlunquan . external kung fu internal kung fu Chinese Kungfuexercising your tendons筋, bones, and skin training your spirit, your qi and your mind.adjusting body and mind, s

18、trengthening internal organs increasing circulation of ones qi flowing of vital energy. 內外相合，外重手眼身法步，內修心神意氣力。 Which can be translated as: Train both Internal and External. External training includes the hands, the eyes, the body and stances. Internal training includes the heart, the spirit, the mind

19、, breathing and strength. Shaolin kungfuOrigin The Shaolin kungfu, following its originating in the Shaolin Temple, had been circulated for quite a long time among the monks of the Temple. It is after the event of 13 martial monks helping Prince Tang that the world began to know about the kungfu of

20、Shaolin, and gradually a huge system of the Shaolin kungfu has taken shape in the society. The development of shaolin kongfu In the Tang and Song Dynasties and afterwards, a lot of non-monks entered the Shaolin Temple to learn kungfu and conduct kungfu exchange. By the mid-Ming dynasty, the Shaolin

21、kungfu was already popular in the society. By the beginning of the Qing dynasty there were ten branch Temples of the Shaolin in China. And these branch Temples became the centers of the Shaolin kungfu. In the course of popularization the Shaolin kungfu itself has got enriched and developed. The resu

22、lt is that there are now many Shaolin kungfu schools, such as the Emei Shaolin, the Guandong Shaolin, the Fujian Shaolin, the Shandong Shaolin, etc. When China entered into the modern age, the recent century of wars and civil commotion has accelerated the spreading of the Shaolin kungfu. The Shaolin

23、 disciples live all over China. Since China adopted the policy of economic reform and opening up to the outside world, the central and local governments have been giving support to the Shaolin Temple kungfu, regarding it as an important aspect for prospering the national culture of China. As a physi

24、cal exercise for human beings, the Shaolin kungfu is also being extensively popularized in the world. Its overseas spreading can be dated back to the Yuan Dynasty. During the reign of the Emperor Taiding of the Yuan Dynasty, a Japanese monk named Dazhi came to China to study the Zen. When he returne

25、d to Japan, he was the earliest one who introduced the Shaolin kungfu in Japan. At present special organizations for imparting the Shaolin kungfu have been set up in more than 10 countries including U.S., Holland, France, Belgium, Italy, Singapore, Switzerland etc. In the recent years people from mo

26、re than 30 countries and regions have come to the Shaolin Temple to get kungfu training. With a view to accelerating the spreading of the Shaolin kungfu ，schools have been set up all over the world. In 1991, in order to promote the development and interflow of the Shaolin kungfu, in Zhengzhou, capit

27、al city of Henan province, the China Zhengzhou Shaolin Wushu Festival was established and was to be observed annually. Shaolin kungfu is different from martial arts. Kungfu is a Buddhist practice with the purpose of purifying the soul and building character Both scripture chanting and skill exercise

28、s are Buddhist practices in the temple The soul of the Shaolin KongFu is rooted in the wisdom of Chan Buddhism which reflects a thorough understanding of the life. The soul of the Shaolin KongFu Shaolin kongfu often relate to Shaolin temple， so lets talk about Shaolin temple. Taiji 太極太極 Literal mean

29、ing: “Supreme Ultimate” tai 太: great; grand; supreme; extreme; very; too“ ji 極 ridgepole; roof ridge; highest/utmost point; extreme; earths pole; reach the end; attain; exhaust The supreme ultimate creates yang and yin, movement generates yang, when its activity reaches its limit, it becomes tranqui

30、l. Through tranquility the supreme ultimate generates yin. When tranquility has reached its limit, there is a return to movement. Yin and yang produced all things, and these in their turn produce and reproduce, this makes these processes never ending. Tai chi chuan Literal meaning:supreme ultimate f

31、istOriginal chuan 1. Yellow Emperor, or Huang-di 2. Zhang Sanfeng 3. Gao Huchen(高虎臣）Styles Five major styles of tai chi chuan Chen style (陳氏) (founded by Chen Wangting, 15801660) Yang style (楊氏) (founded by Yang Lu-chan, 1799-1872) Wu or Wu/Hao style of Wu Yu-hsiang (Wu Yuxiang) (武氏) Wu style of Wu

32、Chuan-y (Wu Quanyuo) and his son Wu Chien-chuan (Wu Jianquan) (吳氏) Sun style (孫氏) (founded by Sun Lu-tang, 18611932) Three Principles of Tai chi chuan Relaxation, tranquility and the state of being natural Mental State or Readiness for Playing Taiji Boxing The player should first of all have a peace

33、ful state of mind,feeling calm and relaxed and putting aside sundry thoughts having nothing to do with Taiji boxing so as to concentrate wholy on Taiji boxing.Training The core training involves two primary features: The first being the solo form (chan or qun, 拳拳), a slow sequence of movements which

34、 emphasize a straight spine, abdominal breathing and a natural range of motion; The second being different styles of pushing hands (tui shou, 推手推手) for training movement principles of the form in a more practical way.Other training exercises Weapons training：jian, dao Two-person tournament sparring:

35、 sanshou 散散手手 Breathing exercises: to develop chi (氣氣 q) or breath energyGoals 1. The philosophy The soft and the pliable will defeat the hard and strong.(以柔克剛）以柔克剛） 2. Wu te (武德武德) To show martial virtue or heroism, to protect the defenseless and show mercy to ones opponents. 3. Health benefits Chr

36、onic conditions Stress and mental healthModern tai chi（shadow boxing) Sports Jeet Kune DoBruce LeeThe Jeet Kune Do Emblem Similar to the theory of yin-yang, qi was derived from ancient Chinese philosophy, which believes everything is related. In traditional Chinese medicine, qi is treated as the fun

37、damental substance of the human body, and its movements explain various life processes. Qi in its physiological sense constitutes, replenishes and nourishes the human body. Qi is often called vital energybecause it is believed to be the motive energy derived from the essential substance for various

38、vital processes. Qigong is an exercise to regulate the mind and breathing in order to control or promote the flow of qi. Since qi plays such an important role in the vital processes of the human body, the regulation of qi flow is therefore be used to preserve health and treat disease. Bruce Lee was

39、a Chinese American,Hong Kong actor, martial arts instructor,philosopher, film director, film producer, screenwriter, and founder of the Jeet Kune Do(截拳道） martial arts movement. He is widely considered by many commentators, critics, media and other martial artists to be the most influential martial a

40、rtist, and a cultural icon Bruce Lee acted out hundreds of action movies during 1970s. It is Bruce Lee who inspired a lot of Chinese at that time and helped spread the Chinese traditional culture. I always learn something，and that is：to always be yourself,and to express yourself, to have faith in yo

41、urself.Do not go out and look for a successful personality and duplicate him.Nobody can deny his great influence in promoting and developing Chinese Kungfu!Almost every Chinese and most of the foreigners have ever seen his Kungfu movies.NO.1 Jet Li NO.2Jackie Chan NO.3Donnie Yen NO.4Wu jingThe train

42、ing ofChinese kung fu Shaolin KungfuPlum blossom spile (梅花樁梅花樁)Flying skill(輕功輕功)Some famous movies ofSome famous movies ofChinese martial artsChinese martial arts精武門精武門FistFist OfOf FuryFuryDonnie Yen Ip Man 1/2National National physical fitness physical fitnessDragon and lion danceDragon and lion

43、dance In ancient China, people believed the lion dance acted as a ward against Evil. In celebrations of holidays, the commencement of business at shop, at temple fairs and festivals, one hears the beating of gongs and drums, and the lively progression of the lions, adding to the merriment. Today the

44、re are northern and southern schools of lion dancing. The Northern school tradition is held north of the Yangtze River. The southern school tradition is found south of the river. Still, in keeping with the modern trend for fusion, there is a movement toward a dance which embraces the images of the s

45、outh and the dance movements of the northern school. HORSE RACINGHorse racing was banned in the Peoples R e p u b l i c o f C h i n a i n 1 9 4 9 , b u t reappeared on a small scale in the 1990s. In 2008, the China Speed Horse Race Open in Wuhan was organized as a step towards legalizing both horse

46、racing and gambling on the races.Professional racecourses in Mainland China operating in 2011 include Wuhan Racecourse, Nanjing Racecourse and Nine Dragons Hill Racecourse.KITE-FLYINGBeijingers are most famous for their kite flying hobby. Nowadays, kite flying has become a popular recreation far and

47、 wide in China. In 1989, the International Kite League was established, headquartering WeiFang in ShangDong Province. The well-known Weifang Kite Festival has become an annual feature in the country, drawing hundreds of participants each April from home and abroad. Taking about the competitive sport

48、s, there is one thing that cant be ignored. It is Olympics. The original Olympic Games were held in an ancient Greece between 776BC and 393AD, as a celebration of the god Zeus.Read the following statements about the Olympics, decide whether they are true or not. 1. The Olympic Games originated from

49、ancient Greece.2. In the ancient Greek Olympics, only men were allowed to participate in it.3. The 28th Olympics was held in Beijing, China.4. Modern Olympics began in 1892 through the efforts of a Frenchman, Pierre de Coubertin. 5. The Atlanta Olympics were the first to make profits out of the Game

50、s.6. The Olympics were not held because of world wars for 3 times in history.F 29thF 1896TTTTThe Olympics and China1.The Olympic Games are an international sports competition,held every _ years.2. The original Olympic Games were held in ancient _ between 776 BC and 393 AD,as a celebration of the god

51、 Zeus.3. The Olympic motto is CitiusAltiusFortius, which is Latin for _ _ _4. The five Olympic rings stand for the five _.5. During the opening ceremony, the _ _will be played as the _ _ was raised.6. The _ _ is lit in front of the ruins of the Hera of Olympia, emphasising the connection between the

52、 ancient Games and the modern ones.4GreecefasterhigherstrongercontinentsOlympicanthemOlympicflagOlympicflameThe first modern Games The first modern Games were held in Athens in 1896. They were on a modest scale,with about 295 athletes from 13 countries.There were 43 events in 9 different sports. The

53、 Olympic motto Citius Altius FortiusThe Olympic rings What do the five rings stand for? Each of the five Olympic rings is of a different color. Together, they represent the five inhabited continents, although no particular ring is meant to represent any specific continent. The rings are interlaced t

54、o represent the idea that the Olympics are universal,bringing athletes from the entire world together.olympic creed 奧林匹克信條 The most significant thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle. The essential thing

55、 is not to have conquered but to have fought well. 奧運會上最重要的是參與而不是取勝， 正如生活中最重要的是奮斗而不是成功。 重要的不是最后的征服，而是已盡全力去奮斗The Olympics and China Do you know when China took part in the Olympics for the first time? Guess how many athletes compete in the Games? It was not until 1932 when the 10th Olympic Games were

56、 held in Los Angeles that China was invited for the first time to send athletes to compete. The only Chinese participant at those Games was Liu Changchun. He entered the 100 m and 200 m race but was eliminated in the first round.The 28th Olympic Games Chinese athletes won 32 gold medals,17 silver an

57、d 14 bronze at the 28th Olympic Games in Athens,setting six new world records,ranking second in the number of gold medals and third in the total number of medals.Gymnastics The Chinese womens gymnastics team It was founded in 1953, 17 November, is affiliated to the state general administration of sp

58、ort gymnastics management center. The Chinese mens gymnastics team It was famoused by Li Xiaoshuang，Li Ning. They won the silver medal at the Olympic Games in 1984. China excels internationally in this sportsChina excels internationally in this sportsWhat are Chinas 6 outstanding competitive sports?

59、Table TennisBadmintonVolleyballBasketballGymnasticsDivingTable Tennis In 1981 ：all seven titles were captured by Chinese players at the 36th World Table Tennis Championships In 1971 ：the Chinese team invited the United States table tennis team to visit China In 1972 ：the Chinese table tennis team ac

60、cepted the invitation to pay a return visit to the United States Badminton China become a formal member of the International Badminton Federation in 1981 . Since then，Chinese badminton teams have won the Thomas Cup six times ，the Uber Cup ten times and the Sudirman Trophy five timesVolleyball In 198