1、Unit 10 Non-finite Verbs English verbs have three non-finite forms: infinitive, participle and gerund. In the present lecture we will start off with the infinitive.Part A. Infinitive1.Forms of the infinitive1) Bare infinitiveThe bare infinitive is just the infinitive without “to”, which is identical

2、 in form with the base of the verb. As we know, infinitives commonly occur with “to”, but some context it is necessary to use the bare infinitive, and in some other cases the infinitive sign is optional. Following is a summing up of the situations in which the bare infinitive is used: backThe bare i

3、nfinitive is generally used to follow the modals. In the case of need, it should be followed by a bare infinitive when it acts as a modal, but by a to-infinitive when it is used as a main verb. In the case of dare, it is followed by a bare infinitive when it is used as a modal verb, but the infiniti

4、ve sign is optional when dare functions as a main verb. E.g.You must do as you are told.We should do it at once.We neednt stay here this evening.Do we need to stay here?She dare not go there alone.Does she dare (to) go there alone?It is used to follow semi-auxiliaries, e.g.Youd better have the bad t

5、ooth pulled out. Is used to combine with such modal idioms as would rather, would sooner, would just as soon. May/might just as well, cannot but, cannot help but, cannot choose but, etc.I would rather stay at home.Since it is a fine day, we might as well walk. Is commonly used to follow rather than

6、and sooner than, esp. when rather/sooner than takes the initial position. But when rather than takes other positions in the sentence, the following infinitive may be with or without “to”. e.g.Rather than cause trouble, he left.The manager believes it is important to invest in the new machinery rathe

7、r than (to) increase wages. Is often combined with a main verb to form some fixed combinations such as:Make believe (假裝), make do (with/on) (湊合，將就，靠維持), let drop/let fall (有意無意說出), let fly (at) (發(fā)出，射出), let slip (無意說出，錯過機(jī)會), let go (of)/leave go of (放開，放手), go hang (見鬼去吧，才不在乎) The bare infinitive us

8、ually appears after “causative verb + object”, (have, make, let)We cant let this go on.He made me stay to tea. The bare infinitive usually occurs after “sense verb + object”. The sense verbs include “see, hear, observe, notice, feel, watch, look at and listen to”I didnt hear you say that.We felt the

9、 house shake.But when the sense verb occurs in the passive, it should be followed by a to-infinitive, e.g.They saw him enter the building. He was seen to enter the building. The bare infinitive is used after “have known + object”, e.g.Have you ever known him tell a lie? The bare infinitive often app

10、ears after “help or help +object”, but to-infinitive is also possible. E.g. Can I help (to) lift that box? The bare infinitive usually appears after the preposition “except/but” when there is a form of the main verb “do” before the preposition, which is otherwise followed by a to-infinitive. They ha

11、d nothing to do but wait. There is no choice but to wait.Likewise, in some SVC constructions, if the subject contains a form of the main verb “do”, the infinitive in the complement may be with or without “to”, e.g.The only thing I can do now is (to) go on by myself. The bare infinitive also appears

12、after “why/why not” e.g.Why argue with him?Why not give Mary some flowers? The bare infinitive can also be used in the following idiomatic expressions:Go post (=Go and post) a letter for me.Come look (=Come and look).This use of the bare infinitive is restricted to combination with such few verbs as

13、 “go, come and try”.2) Infinitive clause with expressed subjectThe expressed subject of an infinitive clause is generally introduced by “for”. But when the adjectives before the infinitive are adjectives showing character or behavioral traits (such as “foolish, kind, careless, thoughtful, etc.), the

14、 expressed subject of an infinitive clause is generally introduced by “of”. E.g.It is difficult for me to answer that question.It was thoughtful of them to come home early.3) Infinitive clause introduced by a wh-word or subordinatorwh-word: “what, how, where, whether, who, which, when, etc.” Verbs:

15、“ask, consider, decide, discover, explain, forget, find out, guess, imagine, know, learn, observe, remember, see, show, tell, teach, think, understand, wonder, etc.”Subordinator: as if He opened his lips as if to say something. There is more land in Australia than the government knows _. (賓語） A. wha

16、t to do with B. how to do C. to do with it D. to do it I havent decided which hotel _.(賓語） A. to stay B. is to stay C. to stay at D. is for staying _ is what she wants know. (主語） A. Who to do it B. Whom to do it C. Who does it do D. Whom doing it 4) tense forms of infinitive The infinitive can take

17、the simple, progressive, perfective and perfective progressive forms. Active Voice Simple: to do Perfective: to have done Progressive: to be doing Perfect progressive: to have been doingE.g.I have a lot of work to do.I happened to be standing next to him when he collapsed.He is said to have left Sha

18、nghai.The president was reported to have been flying across the Atlantic. a) “To do”If the action of the infinitive happened at or almost at the same time as the predicative verb or after it, we should use “to do”. E.g.I am glad to see you.He quickly stepped on the brakes, and his car came to a stop

19、 just in time to be avoiding an accident. （改錯）b) “To have done” action happened before the predicate verb. E.g. Humans are believed to have evolved from the primate species. (人們相信，人類是由靈長類動物進(jìn)化而來的。) I am very sorry to have bothered you with so many questions on such an occasion. The redwood appears _

20、some 100 years ago in northern forests around the world. (TOEFL)A. having to flourishB. to flourishC. to have flourishedD. have flourished正確答案：C “unreal past” When used after the verbs such as “mean, intend, think, plan, hope, wish, propose, etc., “to have done is to show that one had intended to do

21、 something but in fact didnt do it. E.g. I meant to have telephoned, but I forgot. I planned to have visited you last night, but I was too busy. We can also use the other two structures to express the same thing.A. was/were to have done, would like to have done, should like to have done e.g.I was to

22、 have telephoned, but I forgot.B. Past perfect tense +to doI had intended to visit you, but I was busy. occasionally indicates “the future” e.g.She hopes to have finished the work by the time he comes back. = she hopes that she will have finished the work by the time he comes back.c) “to be doing” t

23、o mean “progressive” He pretended to be listening attentively when the teacher came by. (當(dāng)老師走過時，他假裝正在專心聽講) = He pretended that he was listening attentively when the teacher came by. He pretended to be sleeping when she came in.I happened to be standing next to him when he collapsed. d) “to have been

24、 doing” It means that the action happens before the predicate verb and continues without stopping. E.g.They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan. = It is said that they have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan. (據(jù)說他們一直在云南收集民歌)He seems to have been sitting there all day. 5) The pass

25、ive forms of infinitive to be done （將來被動）It is reported that the American Medical Association has called for the sport of boxing _. A. to be forbidden B. to be forbidding C. to have been forbidden D. to forbid to have been done (完成被動） A Dream of the Red Chamber is said _ into dozens of languages in

26、the last decade. A. to have been translated B. to translate C. to be translated D. to have translated注意一些特殊情況，有時我們用主動表被動。1. 作補(bǔ)語形容詞的狀語時 English is difficult to speak. The box is too heavy to move. This magazine is interesting to read. They found the subject hard to understand 2. 當(dāng)不定式與它的修飾詞之間有動賓關(guān)系，并且與

27、句子的主語在意思上有主謂關(guān)系時，雖然表示的意思為被動，但卻用主動形式。 I have three letters to write. Do you have clothes _today? A. to wash B. be washed C. wash D. to be washed3. 某些固定用法。 to let (出租 )， to blame (責(zé)備) The two phrases are fixed. They express the passive meaning, but the forms are active. You should be to blame for it. T

28、he house is to let.4. 在there be引起的句子中，用來修飾主語的不定式可用被動式也可用主動式。There is a lot of work to do (= to be done) this week.There are some problems to solve (= to be solved).6. The negative forms of infinitive在不定式前加not 或never. You should remember _ from the point when you are writing a composition. A. didnt w

29、ander B. not to wander C. not wander D. not wandering Mr. Smith advised us to withdraw _. A. so that to get not involved B. so as to get not involved C. so as not to get involved D. so that not to get involved7) To 后面省略了動詞原型的不定式 “Have you gone to see the doctor?” “No, _” A. I go B. Im going C. I go

30、to see D. Im going to “Do you want to give a talk on that subject?”“I prefer_”A. not want B. not wanting C. to not wanting D. not to2. Syntactic functions of the infinitive 1) Function as the subject A postmans duty is _ mails. A. to deliver B. to delivering C. deliver D. delivering _ the papers to

31、Mr. Smith is your task this morning. A. To deliver B. To delivering C. Deliver D. Delivering表具體的動作，謂語常為be動詞，而且常用單數(shù)。 basic patterns:a) It is our duty to help them. b) It will take you quite a long time to finish it. c) Its easy to be wise after the event. d) It is impossible for people to stare direc

32、tly at the sun. e) It is kind of you to help me. It is + N. + to do sthIt takes sb some time to do sth.It is + adj. + to do sthIt is +adj. for sb to do sthIt is + adj. of sb to do sth (3) _ is to believe. A . To see B. To seeing C. See D. Seeing 注意對稱美2) Function as the object Vt. + “to do”When we us

33、e this pattern, there are two conditions: A. The logical subject of the infinitive is the subject of the whole sentence. That is to say, the subject of the sentence is the doer of both the predicate verb and the infinitive verb. B. The predicate verb often describes the attitude, while the verb in t

34、he infinitive is to illustrate the action.The verbs which are often followed by “to do” are: afford, agree, aim, apply, appear, arrange, ask, bother, choose, claim, decide, determine, desire, endeavor, expect, fail, happen, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend,

35、promise, pledge, refuse, resolve, seek, seem, swear, tend, threaten, trouble, undertake, venture, volunteer, vow, wish, etc. e.g. This company refused to cooperate with us. He promised not to tell anyone about it. Why should any one bother to risk losing his treasure to help a strange? Note: some wo

36、rds can be followed by both “to do” and “doing”, but the meaning is different. So we should pay more attention to them.a) deserve, need, require, want When “deserve, need, require, and want” are followed by “doing”, they indicate the passive meaning. “doing” can be changed into “to be done”. E.g.The

37、 garden needs watering/to be watered.Your hair needs cutting/to be cut.b) remember, regret, forgetremember to do 記住去做某事（未做）remember doing 記得做過某事（已做）forget to do忘記要去做某事（此事未做）forget doing忘記做過某事(此事已做過或已發(fā)生)regret to do 對要做的事感到遺憾。regret doing 對做過的事感到遺憾、后悔。Dont forget to come tomorrow.I shall never forget

38、 seeing the queen. 我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記見到過女王。I dont regret telling her what I thought. 我不后悔給他講過我的想法。（已講過）I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遺憾必須這樣去做，但我實在沒辦法。Dont you remember seeing the man before? You must remember to leave tomorrow.c) go on, stopgo on to do 接著又做另一件事go on doing 繼續(xù)做同一件事stop to

39、do 停止、中斷某件事，目的是去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在做或經(jīng)常做的事d) trytry to do 努力、企圖做某事try doing 試驗、試一試某種辦法 You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。 Lets try doing the work some other way. 讓我們試一試用另外一種辦法來做這項工作。e) meanmean to do 打算、有意要做某事mean doing 意味著I dont mean to hurt your feeling.This illness will mean going to hosp

40、ital. 得了這種病就要進(jìn)醫(yī)院。f) start, begin + to do 表示具體或特定的動作.+ doing表示一般行為后接靜態(tài)動詞, 或當(dāng)start和begin已用進(jìn)行體時,后只接不定式g) like, love, hate, prefer+ to do表示具體或特定的動作+ doing 表示一般行為 some certain verbs + wh-words + “to do”I dont know _his letter.A. whether to answer B. whether answeringC. Whether answers D. whether to answe

41、ringWh-words include: “what, how, where, whether, who, which, when, etc.” Verbs include: “ask, consider, decide, discover, explain, forget, find out, guess, imagine, know, learn, observe, remember, see, show, tell, teach, think, understand, wonder, etc Verb + it + complement( nouns or adjectives) +

42、“to do” verbs that can be used in this construction are: consider, think, judge, feel, make, etc. I think it hard to answer the question in one go.我覺得很難一下子回答這個問題。 He feels it challenging to be a marketing supervisor. 他認(rèn)為擔(dān)任市場總監(jiān)很具有挑戰(zhàn)性。 Using many symbols makes _ to put a large amount of information on

43、 a single map. (TOEFL)A. possible B. it is possibleC. it possibleD. that possible 3) Function as the object complement The pattern is: verb + sb. to do sth. Such verbs include: advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, command, challenge, compel, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, hate, instruct, intend,

44、invite, judge, leave, like, mean, need, oblige, order, permit, persuade, prefer, press, recommend, request, remind, teach, tell, tempt, trouble, want, warn, wish, urge, etc. In hot, dry regions, the suns heat causes the outer layer of rocks _,process called exfoliation. (TOEFL) A. are expanded and p

45、eeled away B. to expand and peel away C. expanding and peeling away D. they expand and peel away They dont allow people to smoke in the theater. The chairman declared the meeting to be over. NOTE: 1. After causative verbs and sense verbs, we should use the bare infinitive.2. After “help”, we can use

46、 either the “to” infinitive or the bare infinitive.4) Function as the attributive When the infinitive used as the attributive, there are three kinds of relations between the modified and the modifier. verb and object (動賓關(guān)系) ExamplesShe has four children to take care of.I had no place to live in.I ga

47、ve the kid a comic to read.I need a pen to write. subject and predicate verb (主謂關(guān)系)The pattern is: Only/last/next/the ordinal numbers/the superlative of adjectives + noun + the infinitive E.g. I dont think he is the best man to do the job. The next train to arrive is from New York. Clint was the onl

48、y person to survive the air crash. Apposition (同位關(guān)系) (兩類名詞) 1)與動詞相關(guān)的名詞：要求與不定式連用的動詞，它的名詞形式也要接不定式。常見的這樣的名詞有：arrangement, attempt, claim, decision, hope, determination, failure, need, plan, promise, refusal, resolution, tendency, threat, wish, etc.He refused to co-operate with us.His refusal to co-oper

49、ate makes us angry.I dont wish to change.I have wish to change.2) 與形容詞相關(guān)的名詞：要求與不定式連用的形容詞，它的名詞形式也要接不定式。常見的這樣的名詞有：ability, ambition, anxiety, eagerness, inclination, reluctance, willingness etc.She was reluctant to accept his invitation.Her reluctance to accept his invitation upset him.They were eager

50、 to help me.Their eagerness to help pleased me.NOTE: adjective + infinitive Here “adjective + infinitive” refers to the combination that acts as complement in SVC patters. These combinations are superficially similar but semantically different constructions, varying in meaning, that is , in “deep st

51、ructure”, with the different categories of adjectives. Semantically, these combinations fall into three types, each of which contains several sub-types.1) Type I This type of SVC pattern is characterized by the fact the subject of the main clause is also the logical subject of the infinitive. The ad

52、jectives occurring in this pattern are all dynamic adjectives, which can be subdivided into the following categories.a) Adjectives showing emotional feelings, e.g.:He is glad to help others.Im sorry to be late.I was surprised to see how angry he was.b) Adjectives showing good or bad luck, e.g.:He wa

53、s lucky to be able to find a job.He was fortunate to escape being injured in the accident.c) Adjectives showing mental state or personal attitude, e.g.He is anxious to see her.I am determined to finish the work tonight.We are ready to make the attempt.d) Adjectives showing character or behavioral tr

54、ait, e.g.He is foolish to meet her again.She was careless to break the cup.You are kind to say so.These sentences can be transformed into a corresponding IT-pattern, e.g.It is foolish of him to meet him again.It was careless of her to break the cup.2) Type II In this type of SVC pattern, the subject

55、 of the main clause is the logical object of the infinitive. Here, the adjectives are generally stative adjectives, e.g.That question is difficult to answer.This car is expensive to overhaul(檢修).She is pleasant to talk to.Some of these sentences can be transformed into an anticipatory(先行) It-constru

56、ction:It is difficult to answer that question.It is expensive to overhaul this car.But there are also some constructions of the same type that cannot be so transformed:The coffee is bitter to taste.They are attractive to look at.The box is heavy to carry.The river is narrow to sail up.3) Type III In

57、 this type, the subject of the main clause may be the logical subject or logical object of the infinitive, e.g. These books are easy to sell. = It is easy to sell these books. =These books sell easily.But in most cases, the adjective can be turned into a corresponding adverb in deep structure, e.g.

58、He is quick to take offence(生氣). = He takes offence quickly. He was hesitant to take action. = He took action hesitantly.這一類“形容詞+不定式” 結(jié)構(gòu)用的都是表示難、易、快、慢之類的形容詞。5) Function as adverbial As adverbial of purpose. Hating people is like burning down your own house to get rid of a rat. 憎恨別人，就好像為了趕走一只老鼠，而把自己的房

59、子燒掉。 To acquire knowledge, one must study; but to acquire wisdom, one must observe. We had better start early to catch the train. NOTE: we often use “in order to” or “so as to” to take the pace of “to”. But “so as to” cannot be placed at the beginning of the sentence. We had better start early in or

60、der to /so as to catch the train In order to mail a letter I went to the post office. As adverbial of resultOnly to + “do” 僅僅是，竟然（表示與預(yù)料相反的結(jié)果）So + adj./adv. + as to “do”Such + noun phrase + as to “do”Enough to “do” 足夠能Not enough to “do” 不夠而不能Too + adj./adv/ + to “do”Not/never too to “do” 怎么也不過分Too no