1、Introduction to MaterialsModule 4 Mlic MaterialsPDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建History of Ms Copper, gold and silver are believed tobe the first ms known to man becausethey exist in nature in the mlic state. Copper pieces dating back to 4000-3000B.C. have been discovered. Early mobjects w

2、ere made byhammering or beating the naturallyoccurring mto the desired shapePDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建Death Maskof TutankhamenPDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建Copper Copper melts at 1083oC and a wood firehas aum temperature of 600oC. A charcoal fire is needed to melt copper.

3、 Copper absorbs a lot of gas and therefore when cast it forms a lots of holes or porosity. Pure copper is also very soft.PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建Bronze Age Bronze is a copper-tin alloy. The Bronze Age dates from 3600-1400 B.C. The Egyptians made bronze objects by a technique called

4、 investment casting. Bronze is much harder and stronger than pure copper. Bronze does not form much porosity when cast.PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建Imperial Palace BronzeBronze casting fromImperial Palace collection. Dates back to 1100-1000 B.C.PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建

5、Iron Age From 1400 to 1200 B.C. iron became moreimportant. 1200 B.C. is the start of the Iron Age. Iron was stronger that bronze. Iron tools could maintain a sharp edge and therefore was superior in making weapons.PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建Engineered Materials The discussion of ms st

6、arts ourdiscussion of engineered materials. These are materials that are man-made and designed or engineered for specific applications.PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建4.1 Ferrous MPDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建The earth crust implies theimportance offerrous mHigh strength，machi

7、nability，alloying elementFunction provided by nonferrous m:Corrosion：Titanium, BrassLow density: Aluminum , MagnesiumStrength at elevated temperature:elPDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建Fe- Fe3C phase diagramL+d0.53A 15384.1.1 CarbonsteelHdN 1394DFa+

8、gaKC wt%Fe1234566.69PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro"試用版本創建Pure ironHypoeutectoid steelHypereutectoid SteelB1495d+gL0.17L+g12271148CL+Fe3CgE2.114.3G 912g+Fe3CS 0.77727QP0.02Fe3Ca+Fe3CHypoeutecticWhite ironHypereutecticWhite ironSymbolTemp.of(°C)Contentcarbon(wt%)MeaningC11484.3Eutectic pointL

9、C gE Fe3 CE11482.1Theumsolubility of carbon in g phaseG9120a?gP7270.02Theumsolubility of carbon in a phaseS7270.8Eutectoid pointg aP Fe3 CIron- carbon equilibrium diagramPDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建4.1 Ferrous mFerrite (a iron):An interstitial solid solution of a small amount of carbon

10、 dissolved in ironwith a Body Centered Cubic (B.C.C.) crystal structure.It is the softer alloy in the iron- carbon diagram.The solubility of carbonat eutectic temperature (727?C)4.1.1 Carbon steelreaches theum with 0.022wt%PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建AusteniteAlso known as ( ) gamma-ir

11、on, which is an interstitial solid solution of carbon dissolved in iron with a face centered cubiccrystal (F.C.C) structure. Theum solubility of carbonreaches 0.8wt% at eutectic temperature (727?C) and 2.11wt% at1148PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactoryPro" 試用版本創建Cementite is also known as iron carbide whi

12、ch has achemicalformula, Fe3C. Itscrystal structure is orthorhombic. HardandbrittlePDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建atomatomCrystal lattice of Fe3CPearlite: It is the eutectoid mixture containing 0.83 % Carbon and is formed at 1333oF on very slow cooling. It is very fine platelike or lamell

13、ar mixture of ferrite and cementite.The hardness of pearlite is higher than that of a phase.Coarse pearliteFine pearlitePDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建4.1 Ferrous m4.1.1 carbon steelgggaggg+Fe3Cg+a727?Cgg0.02ga+Fe3CaPearlite (Fe3C existing in form of pearlite）a100%Fe0.40.8C wt%PDF 文件使用 &q

14、uot;pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建Temperature?CCooling process ofHypoeutectic steel7.1 Ferrous m7.1.1 carbon steelgggg+Fe3Cgg+agg727?C0.02gggaFe3Ca+Fe3CPearlite (a existing in form of pearlite）0100%Fe1.02.03.04.05.06.0C wt%PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建Temperature?CCooling process ofHypereu

15、tectic steelMartensite： A metastable phase produced by rapid cooling ofsteel , which is defined as an interstitial, supersaturated solid solution of carbon in iron having bct lattice structure. Itcontains same carbon content as in g phase，hard and brittle.Needlelike Martensite1000?（C<0.6%)Flake M

16、artensite(C0.6%)PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建Mechanisms of theMartensite transformation001g001aa0010ac010g100gaa0 /2100aPDF 文件使用 "pdfFactoryPro" 試用版本創建Bainite：Microstructure with Fe3C dispersed in a matrix. It is the most desirable microstructure. Hardness lies between that of

17、 Pearlite and Martensite. Good ductility and toughness.MartensiteUpperBainiteCementiteFerritePDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建Lower BainiteMartensiteCementiteFerritePDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建Spheroidite bainiteFormed by heating the Pearlite or Bainite for a longer duration （

18、24 hours） near the eutectoid temperature(700?C) followed by slow cooling （24 hours）PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建g （quenching)Martensite (M)400 - 450°C，30minTemperinga + Fe CM3TemperedMartensitePDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建The start of a transformationThe end of a trans

19、formationg800Eutectic point700S11132384040 g Coarse pearlite600F1 S2gFFine pearlite2500a+a+Fe3CFe3CUpper Bainite40041 gF300Lower Bainite435055573SD3200Ms100ABDCMartensite66one hourone day100101102103Time (s)104105106PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactoryPro" 試用版本創建Temperature?CHardnessHRCTTT diagramPhases a

20、nd microstructures of eutectoid steelformed under different cooling conditionsPDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建Quenching mediumPhasemicrosturctureHardness HRCA：waterMartensiteMartensite65B：oila + Fe3C +MartensitePearlite， Bainite， Martensite40-45C：aira + Fe3CPearlite15-20D：Tempering for Aus

21、tenitea + Fe3CBainite40-454.1 Ferrous m4.1.2 AlloysteelPurposes for adding alloying elements：.Strengthening Improving corrosion Improving machinabilityImproving hardenabilityPDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建4.1 Ferrous m4.1.2 Alloysteel6050403020255075100mmSpecimen Diameter,PDF 文件使用

22、"pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建Surface hardnessHRCEffect of carbon contents on hardenability10951050104010304.1 Ferrous m4.1.2 AlloysteelJominyEnd Quench TestAustenite sample605040302010High hardenablityhardnessLow hardenability510152025mmDistance to quenched endCooling WaterPDF 文件使用 "pdfFact

23、ory Pro" 試用版本創建HardnessHRC4.1 Ferrous m4.1.2 AlloysteelMain functions of alloying elementsPDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建ElementTypical amount（wt%）Main functionAl<2Improve nitridation, restrict grain growth, deoxidize from the meltS<0.5Enhance machining, decrease weldability an

24、d ductibilityCr0.3-4Increase corrosionand oxidation, hardenability and strength at elevated temperatures, the microstructures formed by combining with carbonNi0.3-5Promote the formation of austenite, Increase hardenability, toughnessCu0.2-0.5Improveto atmospheric corrosion by producing a dense oxide

25、 filmMg0.3-2Promotetheformationofaustenite,Increasehardenability decrease unfavorable effects by combining with sulfurSi0.2-2.5Improve deoxidation, increase toughness and hardenabilityMo0.1-0.5Increase grain refinement, improvehardenability and strength at elevated temperaturesV0.1-0.3Improvethegrai

26、nrefinement,increasehardenability,the microstructures formed by combining with carbon4.1 Ferrous m4.1.3 Tool steelThe difference from alloy steel is mainly in processing methodShockproofsteelHot worked steelHigh Speed SteelCold worked steelPDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建Comparison of the

27、steelPDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建carbon steelalloy steeltool steelhardenabilitytemperaturetimehardness HRCTempering temperatureWearFriction volumetimePDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建Similarities and differences among three types of steelsMs Mf MsMs4.1 Ferrous steel4.1.4 Stain

28、less steelRelationship between Chromium content and corrosion rate60402002468101214161820wt% CrPDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建Corrosion rate109cm3/year4.1 Ferrous steel4.1.4 Stainless steel1600liquid1400FerriteliquidAusteniteAusteniteFerrite12001000FerriteMagnetic transformation8006004002

29、00FerriteFerriteSigma0020406080100%CrPDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建Temperature?CIron - ChromiumPhase diagram4.1 Ferrous steel4.1.4 Stainless steel1600140012001000800600400Plain chromium stainless steels with varying chromium content200between 16 and 20%,butwith low carbon content (< 0

30、.2%). Good corrosionand lowstrength010% iron203040%CrPDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建Temperature?CSigmaFerritic stainless steelliquidaAustenite gFerrite aC+N>2%s + a4.1 Ferrous steel4.1.4 Stainless steel1600140012001000800600400Plain chromium stainless steels with varying chromium conte

31、nt200between 12 and 18%,butwith 1.2% carbon content. High strength010% iron203040%CrPDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建temperature?CSigmaMartensiticstainless steelliquidaAustenite gFerrite aC+N>2%s + a4.1 Ferrous steel4.1.4 Stainless steel1400120010008006001626% chromiumand 824%0.1% carbon

32、 Good ductilityel.40020024Ni%681082% Fe18% CrPDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory0% C0% NiPro" 試用版本創建Temperature?CAustenitic Stainless Steels4.1 Ferrous steel4.1.4 Stainless steelFive Types of Stainless steelPDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建4.1.5 Cast ironFe- Fe3C phase diagramCarbon content in C

33、ast iron is between 24%.As the name implies that cast iron can only be processed by casting.Compared with steel in which carbon exist in either a alloying element or in form of Fe3C, carbon in cast iron exist in either a alloying element or in form of graphitedL1227L+Fe3CL+gD FC4.31148Eg2.11g+Fe3C 7

34、27G 912a+gS 0.77aKPQFe3Ca+Fe3CHypoeutectic Cast ironHypereutectic Cast ironPDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建Pure ironHypoeutectoid steelHypereutectoid Steel4.1 Ferrous steel4.1.5 Cast ironProcessing of cast ironProcessing conditions of steelPDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建4.1 Ferr

35、ous steel4.1.5 Cast ironProperties of Cast iron endowed by GraphitePDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建4.1.5 cast iron(a) Gray cast iron500?(b) Nodular cast iron 200?(c) White cast iron 400 ?Lamllar structure between ferrite and cementite(d) Malleable cast iron(b)(a)(c)(d)PDF 文件使用 "pdfFac

36、toryPro" 試用版本創建4.1 Ferrous steel4.1.5 cast iron0.02FeCPDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建Precipitation process of graphite in gray cast iron4.1 Ferrous steel4.1.5 cast ironThermal processing of making malleable cast iron，Starting material : white cast iron(Pearlite+Fe3C)TimePDF 文件使用 &quo

37、t;pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建Temperature4.2Nonferrous mPDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建Properties and cost of nonferrous msPDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建MDensity (mg/m3)Tensile strength (MPa)Specific tensile strength(m2/s2)Cost ($/kg)Al

38、2.705702110001.30Be1.85380205000660.00Cu8.93.45Pd11.367060000.80Mg1.743802180003.00Ni8.90.00Ti4.51135029900012.15W19.2510305400022.00Zn7.25Fe7.8720702630000.22Comparison between aluminum andaluminum alloyPDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建MaterialsTensile strength（ MPa ）Yield strength（ MPa ）E

39、longation（）Relative yield strengthPure aluminum ( 99.999%）4517601Industrypure aluminum （ 99）9035452.0Solidsolution strengthening（ 1.2 Mn）11041352.475%cold working（ 99 aluminum ）165152158.8Dispersion strengthening（ 5 Mg）290152358.8Aging strengthening（ 5.6% Zn 2.5% Mg）5725031129.2Important properties

40、of MagnesiumalloyPDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建compositionTensile strength/ MPaYield strength/ MPaelongation/%Pure Mg cold work160903-15Annealed pure Mg1801152-1010%Al-0.1%Mn27515017.6%Al-0.7%Zn27585156%Zn-0.7Zr310195108.5%Al-0.5%Zn38027574%Zn-0.45%Zr27525543%Th-0.6%Zr2602058Typical prop

41、erties of copper alloyPDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建AlloyTensile strength（MPa）Yield strength（MPa）elongation（%）Strengthening mechanismPure copper2103560Industry copper3953654strainCu-35%Zn32510562Solid solutionCu-10%Sn45519568Solid solutionCu-35%Zn6754353Solid solutinstrainCu-2%Be13101205

42、4agingCu-Al7604155Martensitic reactionManganese bronze49019530eutecticConstituents and properties ofel and Co alloySuper alloy indicates strength can be maintained above1000°CPDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建alloycompositionTensile strength（MPa）Yield strength（MPa）elongatio n（%）Strength

43、enin g mechanismNi-copperall oyNi-31.5%Cu54027037anealingNi-29.5%Cu-2.7%Al-0.6%Ti103076030agingNi superalloyNi-15.5Cr-8%Fe62020049carbideNi-28%Mo90041561carbideNi-2%ThO249033014dispersionFe-Ni superalloyNi-46%Fe-21%Cr61525837carbideCo superalloy60%Co-30%Cr-4.5%W12207104carbideProperties of Titanium

44、alloyDensity: 4.54, below 883°C：HCP（a）above：BCC（b）PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建AlloycompositionTensile strength MPaYield strength/ MPaelongation%Pure Ti99.5%Ti2401702499.0%Ti55048515aTi alloy5%Al-2.5%Sn86078015bTi alloy13%V-11%Cr-3%Al129012105abTi alloy6%Al-4%V10309708Quenching of

45、ab Ti alloy1000800b600400a200Ms0Ti20406080Vtimewt%PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactoryPro" 試用版本創建temperature?C4.3Processing of mPDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建Major Processing Methods for MsWrought processing（鍛）Rolling （軋） Extrusion （擠） Forming （壓） Stamping （沖） Forging （鍛） Drawing （拉）Casting （鑄

46、）Joining (焊）Welding (電焊） Brazing （銅焊）Soldering （錫焊）Powder mlurgy （粉末冶金）Hot isostatic pressing（均勻熱壓）Superplastic forming（超塑性成型）Rapid solidification（快速）PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建Powder mlurgyGreen blankMold fillingCompressionEjectionPre-heatingSinteringCoolingGreen blankFinished produc

47、tPDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建Hot isostatic pressing（HIP）Outer dieWelded inner diePowder chargingDegasification by heatingRemoval of inner dieHomogenous Pressing by inert gasPDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建SuperplasticityprocessPDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建4.4 Sur

48、face EngineeringPDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建4.4Purposes ofSurface engineeringsurface modificationv Improve corrosionv Enhance friction characteristicv Control dimensionv Improve physical properties: reflection, color, electrical conductivity, electrical resistivityv Modify Surface roug

49、hness、texture、color orappearancePDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建4.4.1Electroplating4.4 Surface engineeringAVElectroplatingAA+electrolytePDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建2.Immersion Plating (Dip coating, dip plating)DippedobjectsareAl,Mgandplasticswhosesurfaces are difficult to be

50、platedFor example：copper deposited on the surface of the cathode from CuSO4 electrolyte3. Autocatalytic platingNiSO4 + NaH2PO2 + H2O? Ni（plating）+ NaHPO3 + H2SO4PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 試用版本創建4.4Surface engineering4.4.2 Conversion film1.Oxide film ( oxidation on surface of steel,anticorrosion, microporous structure )2.Phosphate film ( phosphate for