1、2021/4/21An Introduction to English-Speaking Countries英語國家概括 張張 學學 力力 QQ：1772708276 郵箱: 1772708276QQ.com2021/4/22The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland1. Geography2. Population3. Economy4. History5. Culture6. Politics7. Diplomatic Relationships8. Sports9. Leisure Life2021/4/23UK in

2、 the World1. Geography2021/4/241. Geographic Featuresu Island country; no part of Britain is very far from the coast; good, deep harbors. u Tilting: rising in North-West, highland; sinking in South-East, low land.u Weather: mild temperature; plenty of rainfall2021/4/25Topographic Map of the UK2021/4

3、/262. Population Distributionu Land area: 244, 820skqu Total population: 60, 943, 912 (2008) (18th in the world)u Distribution: Administrative DivisionPopulation(mid 2007)England51.1 millionScotland5.1 millionWales3.0 millionNorthern Ireland1.8 millionUnited Kingdom 60,975,000England: about 84% Scot

4、land: roughly 8.5 %Wales: 5%Northern Ireland (since 1921): less than 3%.Source: Office for National Statistics; National Assembly for Wales; General Register Office for Scotland; Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (updated Jan 2008) 2021/4/27it is more than twice as densely populated as

5、 France (106/sqk), eight times as densely populated as the USA (31/sqk) and 100 times as densely populated as Australia (2/sqk). Britain is a relatively densely populated country248 people/skq, 6th in the world. (2007)1st. Bangladesh1023/skq 2ed. Japan: 338/ sqk 3rd. India: 333/sqk11th. China: 138/s

6、qk 20th. USA: 31/skq2021/4/28Map of Population DensitySource: National Statistics website: .uk2021/4/293. HistoryuPrehistoric Britain BC uRoman Britain 43 AD uAnglo Saxon Britain 450uViking Britain 793uMedieval Britain 1066uTudor Britain 1485 uStuart Britain 1603uGeorgian Britain 1

7、714 uVictorian Britain 1837 uModern Britain 1902 + 2021/4/210Prehistoric Britain The first men and women came to Britain over two and a half million years ago.They were hunters and gatherers of food who used simple stone tools and weapons.B.C EVENTS500,000People migrate to Britain from Europe. 6500T

8、he land bridge joining Britain to Europe is flooded as the sea level rises. Britain becomes an Island. 2,100Bronze Age begins 2,000Stonehenge completed750Iron Age begins: iron replaces bronze as most useful metal. Population about 150,000. 500The Celtic people arrive from Central Europe.2021/4/211Ro

9、man Britain uThe Romans were the first to invade Britain and came to Britain nearly 2000 years ago. Even today, the ruins of Roman buildings, forts, roads, and baths can be found all over Britain.uBritain was part of the Roman Empire for almost 400 years!uthe Roman armies left by the time of around

10、410 AD. uMany English words are derived from the latin language of the Romans. 2021/4/212Roman BritainTimeEvents55 BCJulius Caesar heads first Roman Invasion but later withdraws 43 ADRomans invaded and Britain became part of the Roman Empire 122-128Emperor Hadrian builds a wall on the Scottish Borde

11、r 140Romans conquered Scotland401-410The Romans withdraw from Britain: Anglo Saxons migrants begin to Settle 2021/4/213Anglo-Saxon Britain uThe Roman army left Britain about AD 410. When they had gone there was no strong army to defend Britain, and tribes called the Angle, Saxon, and Jute (the Anglo

12、-Saxons) invaded. They left their homelands in northern Germany, Denmark and northern Holland and rowed across the North Sea in wooden boats. uThe Anglo-Saxons ruled most of Britain but never conquered Cornwall in the south-west, Wales in the west, or Scotland in the north. They divided the country

13、into kingdoms.uMissionaries from Roman spread Christianity across southern Britain.2021/4/214Viking BritainThe Viking Age in Britain began about 1,200 years ago in the 8th Century AD and lasted for 300 years. 793First invasion by the Vikings 866-877Invasion of the Great Danish (Viking) Army 871King

14、Alfred defeats the Vikings but allows them to settle in Eastern England 926Eastern England (Danelaw) is conquered by the Saxons 1042Edward the Confessor becomes King 2021/4/2152021/4/216The Middle Ages - Medieval Britain (Normans) The Middle Ages in Britain cover a huge period.Norman Conquest began

15、in 1066The Normans built impressive castles, imposed a feudal system and carried out a census of the country. 2021/4/2171066The Battle of Hastings: William of Normandy defeats Harold with a lucky shot and becomes King of England - Norman Conquest 1078Work starts on The Tower of London 1167Oxford Uni

16、versity Founded 1215The Magna Carta is signed by King John 1314he Battle of Stirling BridgeThe Scots under William Wallace defeat the English 1337-1453Hundred Years War with France 1348-1349The Black Death arrived in England and killed nearly half of the population 2021/4/2182021/4/219The BlackDeath

17、MovingthroughEurope2021/4/220Tudor Britain The Tudors were a Welsh-English family that ruled England from 1485 to 1603 - one of the most exciting periods of British history. Henry VIII split with Catholicism and made himself head of the Church of England. Henry VIII 2021/4/2211485The War of the Rose

18、s ends at the Battle of Bosworth. Henry Vll crowned king 1534Henry VIII forms the Church of England. 1536Act of Union joined England and Wales1558Elizabeth I begins her 45 year reign 1588The English defeat the Spanish Armada 1600First British involvement in the Indian continent - East India Company

19、formed.Population of Britain just over 4 million 2021/4/222Stuart Britain The Stuarts had ruled Scotland since 1371, but James VI of Scotland was the first Stuart king of England. 1603James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England uniting the two kingdoms 1620The Pilgrim Fathers set sail for New En

20、gland from Plymouth, aboard the Mayflower 1649King Charles executed 1653Cromwell proclaimed Lord Protector 1660Restoration of the Monarchy under King Charles II 1689Bill of Rights1707Act of Union between Scotland and England2021/4/223Georgian Britain In 1714 the British throne passed to a German fam

21、ily, the Hanoverians 1721Sir Robert Walpole becomes the first Prime Minister 1757First canal in Britain is completed 1776America declares independence from Britain 1780sIndustrial Revolution Begins 1788First convict ships are sent to Australia 1825Worlds first railway opens between Stockton and Darl

22、ington 1834The Poor Law set up workhouses, where people without homes or jobs could live in return for doing unpaid work. 2021/4/224Victorian BritainThe Victorians lived over one hundred and fifty years ago during the reign of Queen Victoria (1837 to 1901) and was a time of enormous change in this c

23、ountry. In 1837 most people lived in villages and worked on the land; by 1901, most lived in towns and worked in offices, shops and factories. 1837Queen Victoria became Queen at the age of 181870Education Act means school for everyone 1876Alexander Bell invented the telephonePrimary education was ma

24、de compulsory 1891Free education for every child 1901Population of Britain 40 million 2021/4/225Modern Britain 1902Britain defeated Dutch settlers in Boer War in South Africa 1902The first old age pension 1920Republic of Ireland gains independence 1953Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II 1973Britain joi

25、ns the European Community 1979Margaret Thatcher becomes Britains first woman prime minister1994Channel Tunnel links Britain back to the European continent 2021/4/226Channel TunnelOpening Ceremony (6th, May 1994)2021/4/227Literature Early Writing:Beowulf. Before the 8th century; earliest copy: 1, 000

26、 AD; story of the 6th century Swedish warrior Beowulf and his conflict with a family of dragons.Canterbury Tales. Geoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400) Literature works about King Arthur: Historia Regum Brittaniae (History of the Kings of Britain), 1138; Morte DArthur (Death of Arthur), 14702021/4/228Spirits

27、of the Knights of the Round TableTo never do outrage nor murder. Always to flee treason. To by no means be cruel but to give mercy unto him who asks for mercy. To always do ladies, gentlewomen and widows succor. To never force ladies, gentlewomen or widows. Not to take up battles in wrongful quarrel

28、s. 永不暴怒和謀殺。 永不背叛。 永不殘忍，給予求降者以寬恕。 總是給予女士以援助。 永不脅迫女士。 永不因爭吵而卷入戰(zhàn)斗。2021/4/229Elizabethan DramaThe RenaissanceMarlowe (1564-1593): Dr FaustusBen Jonson (1572-1637): Volpone, the Archemist, Bartholomew FairWilliam Shakespeare (1564-1616): Hamlet2021/4/23019th Century NovelThe Romantic Movement John Keats

29、(1795-1821)Mary Shelly (1797-1851)William Wordsworth (1770 1850) 2021/4/231Jane Austen: Sense and SensibilityBronte Sisters (Charlotte, Emily and Ann)Charles Dickens: Oliver TwistWalter Scott (1771-1832): Rob Roy; Ivanhoe2021/4/23220th Century LiteratureModernism and PostmodernismJoseph Conrad (1857

30、-1924): The Heart of Darkness (1902)Virginia Woolf (1882-1941): Mrs. Alloway (1925) “Stream of Consciousness”George Orwell (1903-1950): 1984Ian Fleming (1908-1964): James Bond Stories2021/4/233Education 1. Educational Policy 2. Educational System2021/4/234Compulsory education for all children betwee

31、n the ages of 5 and 16 Four stages:primary secondary further education higher education 2021/4/235Elementary and Secondary Education Two parallel school systems(雙軌制雙軌制): State system:11-year compulsory education Independent systemPublic schools（公學） “sixth form” (2 years)Higher EducationFamous Univer

32、sities2021/4/236Two parallel school system: State systemlocal authority maintained 94% (Free to all children between the ages of 516) Independent systemPublic schools 6% (Parents pay for their childrens education) National curriculum Compulsory in state school Optional in independent school2021/4/23

33、7State Systemstate system 11-year compulsory education 5-11: primary schools (co-educational/ mixed schools) 11-16: secondary schools (90% are comprehensive schools) GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education)普通教育證書考試普通教育證書考試2021/4/238“sixth form” (2 years) A-levels (General Certificate of Edu

34、cationAdvanced)for universities admittances GNVQs (General National Vocational Qualifications) for vocational training2021/4/239Independent Systemthe most famous Eton, Harrow and Winchester6 percent of all British childrenA privilege for the rich Better funded Better teachers Better facilities Bette

35、r chance to enter famous universities2021/4/240Degrees AwardedTime range required in UKTime range required in ChinaB.A. / B.S.3 years4 yearsM.A. / M.S.1 or 2 years2 or 3 yearsDoctoral degree3 to 5 years3 to 5 years2021/4/241Famous UniversitiesTop 10 Britain University in 2007v University of Cambridge 劍橋大學劍橋大學v University of Oxford 牛津大學牛津大學v Imperial College (London) 帝國學院（倫敦）帝國學院（倫敦）v London School of Economics 倫敦政治經(jīng)濟學院倫敦政治經(jīng)濟學院 v University of St. Andrews 圣安德魯斯大學圣安德魯斯大學v University College