1、語法復習十一：助動詞與情態動詞( 一 ) 助動詞有 be, have, do, will, shalL 它們本身沒有詞義，只和實義動詞的一 定 形式構成復合謂語，用來表示時態和語態，構成否定、疑問及加強語氣等。1、be (am, is, are, were, been) “ be-+ng構成進行時態；(2) “過去分詞”構成被動語態；(3) “ be +動詞不定式”構成復合謂語：表示按計劃安排要發生的事。The prime minister is to visit Japannext year.總理將于明年訪問日本。用于命令。Youfre to do your homework before

2、youwatch TV. 你得做完了作業才能看電視。2、have (has, had) “ have過去分詞"構成完成時態。如： Have you seen the film ? (2) “ haveen + - ing構成完成進行時態。如： What have you been doing these days?這些日子你一 直在千 什么？3, do (does, did)(1) "do not +動詞原形”構成行為動詞的否定式。如 :His brother doesn't like playing basket.； (2) aDo +主語+動詞原形”構成行為動詞

3、的一般疑問句。 Does he go to school by bike every day?“do動詞原形”用于祈使句或陳述句中表示加強語氣。如：I did goto see him, but he wasn 9t in 我確實去看望他了 ,但他不在家。 Do do some work .請一定做 點什么； ( 4)代替前面剛出現的動詞以避免重復。 My mother told me to go to bed early. SoI did.4. will, shall (would, should)“ will (shall+動詞原形”構成一般將來時，一般來說shall用于第一人稱，will

4、用于第二人稱或第三人稱，口語中常用will代替shll,如：We will have a meeting to discuss the problem.(二) 情態動詞情態動詞表示說話人對某一動作或狀態的態度，可以表示“可能”、“可以”、 “需 要”、“必須”或“應當”等之意。情態動詞沒有人稱和數的變化。但不能單 獨作謂 語動詞用，必須和不帶 to 的不定式連用構成謂語動詞。只有情態動詞。 ught 要和帶 to 的動詞不定式連用，在句中作謂語用。將情態動詞置于主語之前即構成其疑問式，在情態動詞之后加 not 既構成其否定 式。現將各情態動詞的基本用法分述如下：1 > can 和 cou

5、ld (could 為 can 的過去式 ) 的基本用法(1) 表示能力，如： He can speak English better than you. (2) 在疑問句和否定句中表 示 “懷疑”、“猜測”或“可能性” ,如: Can this green bike be Liu Dong*s? (3) 表示"許 可 " 時 can 可以和 may 換用 , 如： You can (may) go home now. (4) 如果要表示語氣婉 轉，可 用 could 代替 can,這時 could 不再是 can 的過去式，如： Could you come again

6、tomorrow? (5)can 和 be able to 都可表示能力，兩者在意思上沒有什么區別。但是 can 只能有現在 式和過去式，而 be able to則有更多的形式，如： He will be able to do the work better.2、may和might (might為may的過去式)的基本用法(1)表示允許或征詢對方許可，有 " 可以”之意，如： You may use my dictionary. 在 回答對方說“可以做某事”或“不可以做某事”時，一般多不用 may 或 may not, 以 避免 語氣 生硬 或不容氣 。而 用 比較 婉轉的說 法進行

7、回答 。如：-May I use thisdictionary? Yes, please.或 Certainly.在請求對方許可時，如果 Might !?就 比用 May !?語氣更婉轉些，如： May Ihave a look at your new computer? 但是表示 “阻止” 或“禁止”對方做某事時，要用 must not代替 may not,如： May we swim in this lake? No, you mustn't. It's too dangerous. (2)may 或 might 都可以表示可能 性，表示“或許”、“可能”之意，如果用 mi

8、ght 表示可能性，則語氣更加不肯定，如：They may (might) be in the library now .3、must的基本用法(l)must表示“必須"、"應該”之意，其否定式 must n ot，縮寫形式為 must n't,表示“不應該”，“不準”、“不許可”或“禁止”之意，如：We must study hard andmake progress every day. You mustn f t touch the fire. (2) 對以 must 提出的疑問句，如作否定回 答時，要用needift或用doift (doesn/t) hav

9、e to (不 必)來回答，而不用 mustn/t，因為 mustrft 表示的是 "禁止”或“不許可”之意，如： Must we finish the work tomorrow?No, you needn't (don't have to), but you must finish it in three days. (3) 在肯定句中 must可 以表示推測 , 表示“一定”或“必定”之意，如 : Whose new bike can it be? Itmust be Liu Dong's. I know his father has just boug

10、ht him a new one.4、can, could, may, must 后接完成式的用法(l)can, could后接完成式的用法：在否定句或疑問句中表示對過去發生過的事情的“懷疑”或“不肯定”的態度，Could he have said so?在肯定句中，可以表示過去可能做到而實際并沒做到的事情，有“勸告”或“責備”的語氣。如： Whendid you answer her letter?Only yesterday. It's too late. You could have answered it earlier, I am sure. (2)may, might后接完

11、成式的用法 表示對過去某事的推測，認為某 一件事 情在過去可能發生了。如果使用 might, 語氣就比較婉轉或更加不肯定，如： Mary might have learned some Chinese before.可以表示過去本來可以做到而實際 沒有做到的事情 , 有" 勸告”或“責備”的語氣，如 : You didn ft do the work well that day. You might have done it better.must后接完成式的用法：表示對過去某事的推測，認為某事在過去一定做到 了，如： Liu Dong isn't in the classr

12、oom. He must have gone to the library.5、have to 的基本用法 : have to 和 must 的意義相近，只是 must 側重表示說 話 人的主觀看法 , 而 have to 則表示客觀需要，如 : I must study hard. I had to give it up because of illness.6、ought to 的基本用法表示根據某種義務或必要“應當”做某事，語氣比 should強，例如：Every one ought to obey the traffic regulations. (2)表示推測，注意與 must 表示

13、推測時的區別： He must be home by now .(斷定他已到家 ) ， He ought to be home by now .( 不十分肯定 ) ， Thisis where the oil must be.( 比較直率 ), This is where the oil ought to be.( 比較含 蓄 ) ； (3) ought + have過去分詞”表示過去應做某事而實際未做。例如：You ought to havehelped him. (but you didn't) 這時， ought 與 should 可以互相換用。注意，在 美國英語中 ought

14、to 用于否定和疑問句時 to 可以省略。例如： Ought you smoke so much? You oughtn't smoke so much.7、dare 的基本用法 dare (dared 為其過去式 ) 作情態動詞用時，主要用于否定句，疑問句和條件從 句中，如： Dared he bread the traffic regulations again? (2)在現代英語中 dare 常用作行 為 動詞，其變化與一般行為動詞相同，如： She dares to stay at home alone at night.8、need 的基本用法(l)need 作情態動詞用時，

15、主要用于否定句和疑問句中，如： He neednft worry about us now. (2)need也可作為行為動詞用，可用于肯定句，否定句和疑問句中，其后可接名詞、代詞、動名詞或帶 to 的動詞不定式為其賓語 o $0: You need to practise reading aloud every day. (3)needn*t 后接完成式可以表示過去做了一件本來不必要做的事情， 如: Did you answer the letter yesterday?Yes, I did.But you needn't have answered it.9、shall 的基本用法(

16、l)shall 用作情態動詞時，用于第二、三人稱，表示說活人的意愿，可表示“命 令”、“警告”、“強制”、“威脅”或“允諾”等意，如： He shall go first, whether he wants to or not.在疑問句中，shall用于第一、三人稱，表示說話人的征詢對方意 見或請 求指示，如： Shall I open the door?10、should 的基本用法(l)should 作為情態動詞可以表示“建議”或“勸告”，有“應該”之意，如：You should learn from each other. (2)should 后接完成式表示過去沒有做到本來應該做的事情，

17、或是做了本來不應該做的事情。如： You should have give him more help.、 will 的基本用法(1)用于各人稱 , 可以表示 "意志”或“決心”，如： I have told him again and again to stop smoking, but he will not listen. (2) 在疑問句中用于第二人稱，表示說話人向對方 提 出請求或詢問對方的意愿，如： Will you please tell me how to get to the Capital Gymnasium? (3)will 可以表示一種習慣性的動作 , 有“總

18、是”或“會要”之意 , 如： Every morning he will have a walk along this river.12、would 的基本用法(l)would 作為 will 的過去式，可用于各人稱，表示過去時間的“意志”或“決 心”，如： He promised he would never smoke again. (2) 在疑問句中，用于第二人稱， 表 示說話人向對方提出請求或許問對方的意愿時，比用 will 的氣更加婉轉，如 : Would you like some more coffee?在日常生活中，學用“ Would like to"表示"

19、我想要"或“我愿意”之意,以使語氣婉轉，如 :I would like to do Ex.2 first. (4)would 可以表 示過去 的習慣動作，比 used to 正式，并沒有“現已無此習慣”的含義。如： Last year our English teacher would sometimes tell us stories in English after class. / During the vacation he would visit me every week. (5)表料想或猜想，如 :It would be about ten when he left h

20、ome./ What would she be doing there?/1 thought he would have told you about it.13, used to, had better, would rather 的用法(l)used to 表示過去的習慣動作或狀態，現在已不存在，在間接引語中，其形式 可不變，例如： He told us he used to play foot ball whe n he was you ng.在疑問句、否 定 句、否定疑問句或強調句中，可有兩種形式。疑問句： Did you use to/ Used you to go to the s

21、ame school as your brother?否定句：I used n't to / did n't use to go there, (used n't 也可寫作 use n't)；否定疑問句：Use n't you to/ Did n't you use to be in terested in the theatre?強調句：I certainly used to/ did use to smoke, but it was a long time ago. ； 其反 意疑問句或簡略回答 中，也有兩種形式： She used to b

22、e very fat. didn9t she?/ use(d)n9t she? Did you use to playchess? Yes, I did./ Used you to get up early in the morning? Yes, I did./ used to. （ 2） had better意為“最好”，后接不帶 to的不定式，例如：We had better go now .Yes, we had（we'd better/ we had better） ./ Hadn't we better stop now? （Had we better not st

23、op now? ） / I think rd better be going.（用于進行時態，表“最好立即 ”）/ You had better have done that（用于完成時態，表未完成動作）注：had better用于同輩 或小輩，對長輩不可用。（3）would rather意為“寧愿”，表選擇，后接不帶to的不定式，例如：I'd rather notsay any thi ng./ Would you rather work on a farm?/Would n't you rather stay here?No, Iwould not. I'd rat

24、her go there.由于 would rather 表選擇，因 而后可接 than,例如：I wouldrather work on a farm than in a factory. /1 would rather watch TV than go to see the film/ I would rather lose a doze n cherry trees tha n that you should tell me one lie./ I'd rather you did n't talk about this to anyone.（句 中的'd rat

25、her不 是情態動詞，would在此是表愿望的實義動詞）練習、助動詞與情態動詞1. If they to do this work, he might do it some other way.A. ye B. Would C. vill D. （an2.1 was told yesterday that the compa ny me to Rome n ext week for a bus in ess conference.A. Would ha/e 月肥 nt B. vere going to sendC. should be sending D. Would 甕 nd3. Let&#

26、39;s take a walk,?A. wll ve B. dorit we C. do ve D. shall 腱4. He was a good swimmer so he swim to the river bank whe n the boat sank.ahs ±le b5. I went to the doctor's yesterday, I had to wait for half an hour before he see me.A. can B. nay C. night D. ?uld6. this book be yours?No, it not b

27、e min e. Itbe his.A. Can, must, may B. May, might, must C. Can, may, must D. Must, can, may7. |"We did n't see him at the lecture yesterday.""He it. nA. must n't atte nd B. can't have atte ndedC. would have not atte nded D. n eeded have atte nded8. |They the plane, or perh

28、aps they have been prevented from coming for some reas on.A. can have missed B. may have missedC. can have lost D. may have lost9. Since the ground is white, it last night.A. had sno wed B.must have sno wedC. must be snowingD. must havebee n snowing10. You must be fifty,?A. nustn't youB. reed n&

29、#39;t youC. a?en't youD. mnyn't you11. You must have see n him off yesterday,?A. ha/e n't youB. ddn't youC. nustn't youD. n eed n't you12. That must be a mistake.No .it be.A. can't B. is n't able to C. (an D. was able to13. He had known the matter before you told him,

30、 so you have told it to him.A. n ust n't B. can'tC. gdn'tD. should n't14. How so?A. dare you to say B. dare you say C. do you dare sayD. daretosay15. You are their teacher. You care of them.A. should to take B. night b UkeC. ought to UkeD. nAd to take16. She is studying medical scien

31、ee now but she a lawyer.A. usd t) be B. w) uld be C. wre D. had teen17. If you were in an English-speaking country, you, too,English every day.A. will be used to speakB. will be used to speak ingC. must be used to speakD. would be used to speak ing18.1 did not call to make my airline reservation (預訂

32、)but I.A. Would ha/eB, nay ha尼 C. mist ha尼D. hall have19. As a girl, she get up at six every day.A. vouldB. wll C. nightD. should20. Don't you remember that we to the cin ema toni ght?A. w) uld g) B. goC. are going D. will be gone21. Shall I tell Joh n about it?No, you. I've told him already

33、.A. gdn'tB. vould n'tC. n ust n'tD. Would n't22. "Would you mind if I ope n the wi ndow?""A. I dorit Ike i B. Yes .phaseC. No, please D. N). I'm sorry23. "Would you tell me somethi ng about the affair?""A. Yes .phase B. All right C. N ) t dlD. I do24

34、. M:?T:Fd love to, but I'm afraid I have no time."M:0h, no. You'll surely come over.T: It's very nice of you. But rm sorry I have to go to a meeti ng.A. Do you have lunch out in a restaura ntB. Shall I have you with me at my birthdayC. Did you go to see the filmD. Have you enjo yed yourself at the pa