1、精選優質文檔-傾情為你奉上初中英語總復習知識點歸納陜西省丹鳳縣龍駒中學 張增 2018年5月24日       冠詞 a / an 的用法 a用于輔音音素前  a useful book,   a university,   a “u” Once a week     have a swim/walk/talk/look/dance/drink/ rest   have a cold/ headache / fever /co

2、ugh    have a good time   have a try   in a hurry     after a while    keep a diary    go for a walk   in a minute    in a word   in a short while   an則用于元音音素前 an hour, a

3、n honest boy , an “A E F H I L M N O R S X” keep an eye on 定冠詞the的用法：1）特指雙方都明白的人或物： Give me the book.2）上文提到過的人或事： -Do you know the lady in blue? Yes, she is a teacher of a university. 3）指世上獨一物二的事物the sun ( sky / moon/ earth/  world/  nature/  universe )4）單數名詞連用表示一類事物，如：the dollar 美元;&

4、#160; The lion is a wild animal.或與形容詞或分詞連用，表示一類人：the rich /poor/ blind/ aged / living / impossible 5）用在序數詞和形容詞最高級，及形容詞only，very, same等前面：I live on the second floor. 6）用在表示身體部位的名詞前： She caught me by the arm. 7）用在表示樂器和表方位的名詞之前： She plays the piano violin guitar  in the north of China 8）用在普通名詞構成專有

5、名詞前： the People's Republic of China the United States  the Great Wall  the Summer Palace 9) 用在姓氏的復數名詞之前，表示一家人：the Greens are playing the piano.  10) in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening),in the middle (of),in the end,  all the time   at the same time  

6、 on the whole,by the way,go to the cinema  at he age of six  at the beginning of the twenty-first century   on the other side of   at the moment   the day after tomorrow  the day before yesterday,the next morning,in the sky (water，field，country)in th

7、e dark, in the rain,不用定冠詞的情況1) 國名，人名前通常不用定冠詞：China , Europe  歐洲 Lei Feng 雷鋒   2）物質名詞和抽象名詞表示一般概念時，通常不加冠詞；當表示特定的意思時，需要加定冠詞Failure is the mother of success.失敗乃成功之母。 3）在季節、月份、節日、 假日、日期、星期等表示時間的名詞之前，不加冠詞； Childrens Day   Mothers Day   Fathers Day  4）在稱呼或表示官銜，職位的名詞前

8、不加冠詞； He is captain of the team. 5）在三餐、四季，球類運動、學科、娛樂運動的名稱前，不加冠詞 如：have breakfast /supper / lunch，play basketball / football / volleyball / chess , in spring/summer/ autumn/ winter 6）當by 與火車等交通工具連用，表示一種方式時，中間無冠詞；by bus/ train/ taxi/ bus/ ship   7）Day and night  face to face  side

9、by side  step by step   watch TV  at school / work / home  at first/ last  in danger  in trouble  on foot  on duty  on watch  in bed  on time   in time  go to school   go to work  by taxi / bike  at noon&#

10、160; at night  on TV  at town 部分詞組有無冠詞的區別in hospital 生病住院 in the hospital 在醫院里in front of 在-的前面in the front of 在-內部的前面go to school 上學go to the school 到學校去a number of = a lot of 許多，謂語動詞用復數。The number of -的數目，-的總數， 謂語動詞用單數（第三人稱單數）名詞：專有名詞和普通名詞（個體名詞、集體名詞、物質名詞、抽象名詞）可數名詞的單數變復數一般情況加s  以s, x

11、sh ch,等結尾的詞加-es bus-buses  watch-watches  以o 結尾的名詞，無生命的加s，如： photo-photos piano-pianos 有生命的es，如：potato-potatoestomato-tomatoes  均可，如：zero-zeros / zeroes以f或fe 結尾的名詞，去f, fe 加ves，如：half-halvesknife-knivesleaf-leaveswolf-wolves wife-wiveslife-livesthief-thieves （加s，如：belief-beliefsroof-ro

12、ofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs；）以輔音字母+y結尾的詞，變y 為i，再加es baby-babies   不規則：a. 單復數形式一樣。Sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese. People, police, scissors, trousers  b. 其他的。footfeet  tooth-teeth  childchildren mouse-mice man-men woman-women  businessman -businessmen German-Germans &#

13、160;  women doctors 集體名詞: People, police,(一般表示一個整體，謂用復數) class, family, glasses 不可數名詞：常見的不可數名詞有：information, news, room （空間）， work, work, weather, advice, bread , food, milk, tea, ice, glasses, meat      A little, a bit of, some, much, a lot of, quite a lot of 常修飾不可數名詞. 

14、;   不可數名詞作主語，謂語動詞用單數。    如果用and連接兩個不可數名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用復數。Time and money are-    A  cup  glass  bottle  box  kilo    group  crowd  class   pair  of Two and a half kilos of = two kilos and a half of 名詞所有格 

15、在英語中有些名詞可以加"'s"來表示所有關系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名詞所有格的規則如下：    1） 單數名詞詞尾加"'s"，復數名詞詞尾沒有s，也要加"  's  "，如the boy's bag，men's room  Childrens Day  Mothers Day  Fathers Day    2） 若名詞已有復數詞尾-s ，只

16、加"  '  "，如：Teachers Day  ladies room  twenty minutes walk 3） 凡不能加"'s"的名詞，都可以用"名詞+of +名詞"的結構來表示所有關系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字; A picture of family; a map of China    4） 在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時，名詞所有格的后面常常不出現它所修飾的名詞，如：the barber's 理發店

17、。    5） 如果兩個名詞并列，并且分別有's，則表示"分別有"；只有一個's，則表示'共有'。 John's and Mary's room（兩間）John and Mary's room（一間）    6） 復合名詞或短語，'s 加在最后一個詞的詞尾。 如：a month or two's absence7）雙重所有格  a friend of mine / hers / his / theirs   a friend of M

18、arys mothers 代詞、人稱代詞、物主代詞和反身代詞Imemyminemyself   you youyouryourself (yourselves)    hehimhishishimself  sheherherhersherself  itititsitsitself   weusouroursourselves  theythemtheirtheirsthemselves  人稱順序you, he, she, I ;  we, you, they 主格作主語

19、；賓格作賓語，動詞和介詞之后通常作賓格；形容詞性物主代詞不能單獨使用，通常放在名詞之前；名詞性物主代詞形容詞性物主代詞名詞，“of名詞性物主代詞”表示所屬關系。A friend of mine我的一位朋友; teacher of hers她的老師代詞it 的用法：指代前面提到過的事物。     表天氣。            表距離。指嬰兒和不明身份的人。 -John, someone in your class phoned you this

20、morning. -Oh, who was it? 用作形式主語。Its kind / good / nice /clever /polite / foolish of sb. to do sth. Its important / necessary / possible / easy / difficult for sb to do sth, Its time to get up. Its time for lunch. Its ones turn to do It seems that  It takes sb. some time to do sth. 用作形式賓語。Find

21、/ think / feel + it +adj +to do sthIt one 的區別It 特指上文提到的同一對象，同一事物。one同類而不同一。that常用于比較結構中，代替前面提到的名詞，以避免重復。   反身代詞   構成規則：一、二物主，三為賓。   運用：hurt/ teach/ wash / buy/ enjoy oneself          by / Help oneself (one selves) to - / Look afte

22、r oneself  / Say to oneself  / Come to oneself   、不定代詞 little, a little, few, a few=several(some), some, any much, too much, much too, more then =over, less than= nearly  something 某事，某物，用于肯定句。注意：由復合不定代詞作主語時，謂語動詞用第三人稱單數。Everyone is here. 修飾不定代詞的形容詞后置。I have something importa

23、nt to tell you. 在反意疑問句中，表示人的復合代詞在陳述句中作主語時，附加問句中的主語用he或they，表物的用it 。anything 任何事物，某事物，用于否定句、疑問句。everything 每件事，一切事物，用于各種句型。nothing沒什么，沒有任何東西。=not -any thing somebody 某人，有人=someone anybody 任何人(用于否定句、疑問句，條件從句中)nobody沒有人little， 幾乎沒有，表示否定意思，用以修飾不可數名詞。A little  一點點，表示肯定，用以修飾不可數名詞。Only a little 僅一點點.也

24、可修飾形容詞和副詞。一點點，放在動詞、動詞賓語后。few幾乎沒有，表示否定意思，用以修飾可數名詞。a few=several 幾個， 一些，表示肯定意思，用以修飾可數名詞。some  一些，修飾可數名詞，后跟復數形式名詞或ones, 也可修飾不可數名詞。在表示請求、委婉語氣的疑問句和表示希望得到對方的肯定回答的問句中，常用some. Could you give me some apples? any 一些，任何一些。 一般用于疑問句中或否定句中和IF 引導的條件句中。 much 許多。修飾不可數名詞，放在不可數名詞前，可用a lot of 替換。too much 太多的，用法相當于

25、much ，放在不可數名詞前。Heath is very important to us. We should eat more vegetables and fruit instead of too much rich food. much too 太，用法相當于too, 放在形容詞和副詞前。Keep quiet! Its much too noisy here. more than 超過，多于。=over more or less 或多或少，差不多。=about at least 至少a lot 許多，修飾動詞。Thanks a lot. a lot of = lots of 許多的，可修

26、飾可數名詞和不可數名詞。a number of 許多的,= many 只用于修飾復數形式名詞，放在可數名詞復數前。every 用于三個或三個以上，著眼于整體。后可跟數詞。詞組有every ten minuets each 用于兩個或兩個以上，著眼于個體。詞組有each of either  兩個中任何一個  either -or  both  兩個都   both - and -     both of - neither 兩個中一個也沒有   e.g.  -Do

27、you like talking with your friends on the telephone or mobile phone? -Neither, I enjoy using QQ. neither - nor - any 三個以上中任何一個all三個以上中全部none 三個以上中一個也沒有。 None of -中沒有一個，表示三個或以上數目的人或物中沒有一個，表否定，作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數。others  表示“泛指”除自己外，別的人。Some -, others -the other 表示兩個中的另一個。One -, the other -the others 表

28、示特指的另一些。 another 后跟單數名詞。表示泛指另一個人。后跟帶數詞的復數名詞，表示“再，還要”的意思。other 別的，另外的，一般后跟復數名詞或ones , 在other 前可加some, many 或數詞，表示“幾個，一些別的”Such a tall building    such an exciting football match  so many people each other相互，彼此，指兩個或兩個物時 。one another 相互，彼此，指三者或三者以上的彼此。one anothers 相互的，彼此的。數詞  &

29、#160;  表示數目多少或順序多少的詞叫數詞，數詞分為基數詞和序數詞。表示數目多少的數詞叫基數詞；表示順序的數詞叫序數詞。 一、基數詞和序數詞 1）基數詞寫法和讀法： 百位與十位，用 and,  十位與個位，寫時用“”先確定分節號，從右至左，每隔三位數是一個分節號。第一個分節號是千位 thousand  4第二個分節號是千位 million  第三個分號節是十億位 billion.      1, 234 ,567, 892one billion two hundred and thirty-

30、four million five hundred and sixty-seven thousand eight hundred and ninety-two  2）分數表示法 構成：分子基，分母序，分子大于1時，分母在序數詞后加S：  1/2 a half   1/3 one-third； 2/3  two thirds  3/4 three quarters = three fourths  2- 3/4 two and three fourths 3）表示"年代"，用 in +the +數詞復數；

31、in the 1980s （20世紀80年代）4）表某人幾歲時:  in +物主代詞+數詞的復數形式 in ones twenties 5）He lives in Rom 88.  One plus two is three. Three times five is fifteen.6）hundred , thousand , million 等詞前有具體的數字時，不能加S  如 three hundreds 這種說法是錯誤的7）hundreds of   thousands of   millions of 8）a 21-

32、year-old girl   three days and a half = three and a half days  one and a half hours = one hour and a half    well have two weeks holiday (two-week holiday)  9）（基數詞變序數詞的口訣）一、二、 三特別記，th從四以上記;怎么加很容易，八減t，九減e;  f來把ve替，見y變ie; 若是遇到幾十幾，變換個位就可以。One-first  two-seco

33、nd  three- third  five- fifth  eight-eighth  nine- ninth twelve twelfth  thirteen- thirteenth  fifteen- fifteenth   eighteen- eighteenth  twenty- twentieth twenty-one-twenty-first  thirty-thirtieth  forty-fortieth  fifty fiftieth  sixt

34、y- sixtieth  seventy- seventieth  eighty-eightieth  ninety-ninetieth  序數詞的縮寫形式： first-1stsecond-2ndthirty-first-31st  形容和副詞修飾something, anything, everything, anybody等不定代詞的形容詞，形容詞要放在不定代詞之后。I have Something important to tell you. enough修飾形容詞、副詞時，enough要放在形容詞和副詞之后。Far enough in

35、teresting, exciting, boring, amazing, surprising, moving 主語為物。Interested, excited, amazed, surprised, frightened, tired, pleased 主語為人。Much, far, a lot, a little, even等后要用形容詞或副詞的比較級。  I fell even worse now. 5.連系動詞be, 感官動詞(look, smell, taste, sound, feel )三個變(get, become, turn,) keep 后跟形容詞.既可作形容詞

36、又可作副詞的詞有： hard 作形容詞=difficult , 作副詞，放在work, rain等后,表努力地做。   well作形容詞身體好; 作副詞，做得好。 long作形容詞，表事物的長度，作副詞，放在last, talk等后,表動作持續。 Fast 作作形容，放在系動詞后，作副詞放在rain, make sth.等詞后，表“做得快”。 High作形容詞“山，海浪的高。作副詞, 放在fly, jump 等后表飛得高，跳得高。五、形容詞變為副詞 +ly    useful, wide, strong 改y為i,再加ly  heal

37、thy , heavy, happy, lucky, noisy, good well  terrible-terribly   probable-probably多數以ly 結尾的詞是副詞。 但friendly, lonely, lovely, likely, daily, lively 是形容詞。China is larger than any other county in Asia. （同一范圍內）  China is larger than any county in Afirca. （不同范圍內）how many 對可數名詞數量的提問。How

38、 many people are there in your family? How much 對不可數名詞數量的提問和提問價格。How long 多久，多長時間。回答常用：for + 段時間  since +點時間。How soon 多快，多久以后。回答常用：in +段時間How often 多長時間一次，提問頻率。回答常用：once (twice) a week, three times a day, often How far 多遠，對距離提問。回答常用：fifteen minutes walk , 10 meters away 形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級：原級: as +原

39、級 + as ;  not as / so +原級 + as =反義詞+than   English is as interesting as Chinese.  Mr. Zhang isnt as old as Mr. Li. = Mr. Zhang is younger than Mr. Li. 比較級的標志詞 than,  Lilys bag is bigger than hers.              

40、  much, far, a little, even , next time                which / who - A, B ?  Which is more beautiful, Tom, Jim?the +比較級-,the+比較級-  The more we get together, the happier well be. 比較級+and+比較級 （多音節詞和部分雙音節詞用more and mor

41、e +原級）  越來越-  harder and harder , our hometown is becoming more and more beautiful. 最高級標志詞：the + 最高級 + of  / in    Shanghai is the biggest city in China.               One of the + 最高級 + 名詞復數   Z

42、hou Jiekun is one of the most popular singers.               Which / who -+ 最高級, A, B or C?   Who city is the most beautiful, Beijing, Shanghai or Kunming?             &#

43、160; 序數詞+最高級，表“第幾最-” Chang jiang is the first longest river in China.  the second largest population   形容詞和副詞比較級和最高級的構成規則 （略）不規則: good / well - better- best     bad / badly/ ill -worse-worst    many / much - more -most   little -less-l

44、east    far - farther（較遠）- farthest       far-further（進一步） -furthest  tired -more tired -the most tired (right, tired, glad. pleased. real )動詞的時態 時態名稱結構標志詞被動語態難點與要點一般現在時?am is are ?there be 結構?行為動詞sometimes, often, usually, always, every day, once a

45、week am / is / are +done注意第三人稱單數情況現在進行時am/ is / are +Ving now, look, listen, right now, at the moment, it's +幾點am/ is/ are +being +done動詞ING 形式的構成一般過去時?was/ were +表語結構?Ved yesterday, last, ago一家; just now, in the old days, a moment ago, long ago, ih the 1990swas / were +done注意動詞的過去式的構成一般將來時?will

46、/ shall +V原形?be going to +V原形tomorrow, next year, this year, at the end of this term, from now on,in the future, in a few days' time will / shall + be +done be going to +be +done 注意動詞過去分詞的構成 (與過去式的區別)P255過去進行時was / were +Ving at +具體時間, at this time., when+一般過去時從句was / were +being +done 與一般過去時的區別

47、現在完成時have / has +donealready, yet, just, never, ever, for, since, so far  注意瞬間動詞在現在完成時中的運用過去將來時?would / should +V原形?was / were going to +V原形賓語從句中,從句動作在主句動作之后發生.Would/ should +be +done be going to +be +done 過去完成時had +done by+過去某一時點;before + 過去某一時間點; by the time +從句;  從句動作在主句動作前發生Had +b

48、een + done 情態動詞  情態動詞+be +done 注:  不規則動詞過去式和過去分詞詳見初三課本的255頁。祈使句  祈使句用以表達命令，要求，請求，勸告等。 1） 祈使句否定在句首加Don't：  Don't move.   Don't be late.  2） Lets -shall we ?   let us him - will you / won't you?感嘆句 How+形容詞或副詞+主語+謂語+其它 

49、60;  How lovely the baby is!What a / an + 形容詞+可數名詞單數+主語+謂語+其它   What a clever boy he is!What + 形容詞+可數名詞復數+主語+謂語+其它   What wonderful ideas (we have)!What + 形容詞+不可數名詞+主語+謂語+其它    What cold weather it is!反意疑問句1) 陳述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hard

50、ly, rarely, little, too-to等否定含義的詞時，疑問部分用肯定含義。Some plants never blown (開花), do they ? 2)陳述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.)，疑問部分常用don't +主語（didn't +主語）。 We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we? 3)陳述部分的謂語是used to 時，疑問部分用didn't +主語或 usedn't +主語。 He used to take pictures there, d

51、idn't he? / usedn't he? 4)陳述部分有had better + v. 疑問句部分用hadn't you? You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you? 5)陳述部分由neither nor, either or 連接的并列主語時，疑問部分根據其實際邏輯意義而定。  Neither you nor I am engineer, are we? 6)陳述部分主語是指示代詞或不定代詞everything, that, nothing, this, 疑問部分主語用it。 Everyt

52、hing is ready, isn't it? 7) 陳述部分為主語從句或并列復合句，疑問部分有三種情況：  a. 并列復合句疑問部分，謂語動詞根據鄰近從句的謂語而定。 Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he? b. 帶有定語從句，賓語從句的主從復合句，疑問部分謂語根據主句的謂語而定： He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?   He said h

53、e wanted to visit Japan, didn't he? c. 上述部分主句謂語是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引導的定語從句，疑問部分與賓語從句相對應構成反意疑問句。 I don't think he is bright, is he?   We believe she can do it better, can't she? 8) 陳述部分主語是不定代詞everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等，疑問部分常用復數they，有時也用單數h

54、e。 Everyone knows the answer, don't they?(does he?)   Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?) 9)省去主語的祈使句的反意疑問句，疑問部分用will you。 Don't do that again, will you?   Go with me, will you / won't you ? 注意： Let's 開頭的祈使句，后用shall we?     Let's go a

55、nd listen to the music, shall we?Let us 開頭的祈使句，后用will you?  Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ?10)陳述部分是"there be"結構的，疑問部分用there省略主語代詞。 There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there? There will not be any trouble, will there? 11)否定前綴不能視為否定詞，其反意疑問句仍用否定形式。 It

56、is impossible, isn't it?        He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?  并列句  and  和，并且， work hard, and you can pass the exam. but 但是    he is rich but he is not happy. Or 否則，要不然，或者（在否定句中表和） Hurry up, or youll be late. so 因此，所以

57、Kate was ill so she didnt go to school. For 因為  I have to stay up late, for I have a lot of work to do. 狀語從句當狀語從句的引導詞為If, when, before, after, until, as soon as 等，主句和從句有下列情況：主句從句 一般將來時(主將從現)一般現在時I will go to the park if it doesnt rain tomorrow.  祈使句一般現在時 含有情態動詞的句子一般現在時 一般過去時

58、一般過去時 英語句子中如果一看到   Thought-but-; because-so-這種結構,就是錯誤.倒裝句     so+助動詞BE動詞情態動詞+另一主語，表示后者與前者一致。so+上句主語+助動詞BE動詞情態動詞，真的，確實如此。Tom watched TV last night, so did Ann. Tom didnt watch TV last night. Neither did Ann. -Youve left the light on. -So I have. Ill go and turn it o

59、ff. 賓語從句   ?從句用陳述句語序。?主句與從句的關系。 A主現從不限；B主過從過；C真金不怕火煉。The earth moves around the sun.  常見的賓語從句。She says that - I hope / think / feel / wonder- I wonder if he will join us in the discussion tonight. Could you tell / show me-    Could you please tell me where the teachers

60、office is? Do you know-   Do you know where Mr. Li lives? Please tell me - She asked me -I dont know -  I dont know whether Tom will go or not.定語從句that和which在指物的情況下一般都可以互換, 但在下列情況下, 一般用that而不用which。(1) 先行詞為all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much 等不定代詞時。I am sure sh

61、e has something (that) you can borrow.(2)先行詞被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修飾時。Ive read all the books that are not mine.(3)先行詞被序數詞或最高級修飾時。This is the first book (that) he has read.(4)先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last修飾時。This is the very book that belongs to him.一般用that而不用who(1)

62、60; 先行詞是who或who引導的主句。      Who is the girl (that) drove the car?        Who (that) broke the window will be punished.(2)  主句以There be 引導時 。  There are 200 people (that) didnt that和which在指物的情況下一般都可以互換, 但在下列情況下, 一般用which而不用that。(1)關

63、系代詞在限制性定語從句中緊跟介詞作賓語（介詞提前）。                              Those are many trees under (which) they can have a rest.(2)  在非限制性定語從句中。   

64、0;  Football , (which) is a very popular game, is played all over the world.后跟ing 的詞有Finish doing   Before 2008 Beijing we will finish building the Olympic Park. enjoy doing 喜歡做某事  I enjoy reading English loudly. mind doing  介意（反對）做某事  would you mind opening the window?

65、 practice doing sth. 練習做某事 we should practice speaking English as often as possible. be busy doing sth. 忙于做某事 be worth doing sth. 值得做某事feel like doing sth =want to do sth. 想要做某事spend - (in) doing sth 花費時間做某事stop / prevent / keep -from doing  阻止某人做某事have trouble problem / a hard time doing sth. 做某事很困難Have fun doing sth. =have a good time doing sth. 做某事很快樂go on doing sth 接著做原來做著的事go shopping / swimming/ skating /surfing-do some running / was