1、生物專業英語試題及答案一、將下列英文術語或縮寫譯為合乎學術規范的中文術語： 1、Odorant receptor氣味受體（氣味感受器、嗅覺受體、嗅覺感受器也得1分；僅答受體或感受器，則得0.5分）。2、Differentially expressed gene差異化表達基因（答為“不同表達基因”，僅得0.5分）。3、MOE主要嗅（覺）上皮答為“嗅（覺）上皮”也得1分；若寫出其英文術語全稱“Main olfactory epithelium”，也得分。           &#

2、160;                     4、VNO4犁鼻器（答為“信息素外周感受器”也得1分；若寫出其英文術語全稱“Vomeronasal organ”，也得分）。5、Social behavior社會行為（答為“社群行為、社交行為”也得1分）。 6、Monogamy一夫一妻制（答為“一雄一雌制、單配制”也得1分）7、Vasopressin加壓素（答為“抗利尿素”僅得

3、0.5分）。8、Oxytocin催產素。9、Kin recognition親屬識別。              10、Autism自閉癥/孤獨癥。11、NIH(美國)國家(立)衛生研究院(所)(若寫出其英文術語全稱NIH = National Institutes of Health 也得分)。12、HHMI霍華德·休斯醫學研究所(若寫出其英文術語全稱HHMI = Howard Hughes Medical Institute也得分；或者譯為Ho

4、ward Hughes 醫學研究所，也得全分)。13、Nanotechnology納米技術（納米科技、奈米技術、奈米科技）。陽光大學生網14、Renewable energy可再生能源（量）（答為“可更新能源、再生能源”，或意思相近者，也得1分）。15、Biomechanical energy生物機械能（答為“生物力能、生物力學能”也得1分，而“生物化學能、生物能”，則得0.5分） 16、Nanogenerator納米發電機（答為“納米發動機、納米電機、納米發生器、納米生產器”，也得1分）。17、Systems biology系統生物學。18、DNA sequencerDNA測序儀答

5、為“DNA測序（器、機）、DNA序列儀（器）”也得1分，答為DNA序列，僅得0.5分。19、Neurodegenerative diseases神經退行性病（若答為“神經系統退行性疾病”或者“神經系統退化性疾病”，也得1）。20、Amygdala 杏仁核（答為“杏仁體”，也得1分）。將英語短文譯為中文:（4篇短文，每個小題的標題也要翻譯，各為20、10、10、10分，共50分）1. “The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004”Press Release（20分）4 October 2004The Nobel Assemblyat Karoli

6、nska Institutet has today decided to award The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2004 jointly toRichard Axel and Linda B. Buckfor their discoveries of "odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"SummaryThe sense of smell long remained the most enigmatic of our s

7、enses. The basic principles for recognizing and remembering about 10,000 different odours were not understood. This year's Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine have solved this problem and in a series of pioneering studies clarified how our olfactory system works. They discovered a large ge

8、ne family, comprised of some 1,000 different genes (three per cent of our genes) that give rise to an equivalent number of olfactory receptor types. These receptors are located on the olfactory receptor cells, which occupy a small area in the upper part of the nasal epithelium and detect the inhaled

9、 odorant molecules.Each olfactory receptor cell possesses only one type of odorant receptor, and each receptor can detect a limited number of odorant substances. Our olfactory receptor cells are therefore highly specialized for a few odours. The cells send thin nerve processes directly to distinct m

10、icro domains, glomeruli, in the olfactory bulb, the primary olfactory area of the brain. Receptor cells carrying the same type of receptor send their nerve processes to the same glomerulus. From these micro domains in the olfactory bulb the information is relayed further to other parts of the brain,

11、 where the information from several olfactory receptors is combined, forming a pattern. Therefore, we can consciously experience the smell of a lilac flower in the spring and recall this olfactory memory at other times.Richard Axel, New York, USA, and Linda Buck, Seattle, USA, published the fundamen

12、tal paper jointly in 1991, in which they described the very large family of about one thousand genes for odorant receptors. Axel and Buck have since worked independent of each other, and they have in several elegant, often parallel, studies clarified the olfactory system, from the molecular level to

13、 the organization of the cells.2004年諾貝爾生理或醫學獎新聞稿（發布公告）2004年10月4日卡羅琳斯卡研究所的諾貝爾大會于今天已經決定將2004年度諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎共同授予理查德·阿克塞爾和琳達·巴克是因為（以表彰）他們在“氣味受體和嗅覺系統的組織”的發現摘要1.2 第1段漢化（4分）: 長期以來，嗅覺仍是人類感覺中最神秘的。識別和記憶大約1萬種不同氣味的基本原理并未被理解。今年的諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎獲得者解決了這一問題，并用一系列開創性的研究工作，闡明了我們的嗅覺系統如何工作（的原理）。他們發現了一個龐大的基因家族，它由1千種不同的

14、基因組成（占人類基因組數目的百分之三），因而產生相同數量的嗅覺受體類型。這些受體位于嗅覺受體細胞上，它們占據了小面積的鼻上皮上部，并且在此感知吸入的氣味分子。1.3 第2段漢化（5分）: 每個嗅覺受體細胞只擁有一種類型的氣味受體，而每種受體可以感知（探測）種數有限的氣味物質。因此，我們的嗅覺受體細胞對于一些特定氣味則是高度專化的。這些細胞發出細長的神經突起直接到達嗅球的不同微域嗅小球，而嗅球是大腦的初級嗅覺區域。擁有同種受體的受體細胞發出它們的神經突起（即軸突神經）到達同種嗅小球。從嗅球的這些微域中，信息是被進一步傳達至大腦的其他部位，在那里來自幾種嗅覺受體的信息相結合，從而形成一個嗅覺模式（

15、格局）。因此，我們能夠在春天自覺體驗丁香花的氣味，并在以后時間里回味這些（美好的）嗅覺記憶。1.4 第3段漢化（3分）: 來自美國紐約理查德·阿克塞爾，和來自美國西雅圖的琳達·巴克，于1991年共同發表了那篇奠基性論文，在該文中他們描述（報道）了具有大約1千種氣味受體基因的一個巨大家族。自那以后，Axel（人名可不譯，照搬即可）和Buck各自獨立開展研究，而且取得了若干漂亮的、往往是平行的研究成果，從分子水平到細胞構成，闡明了嗅覺系統（的結構和原理）2. Kin Recognition （10分）Many organisms, from sea squirts to pri

16、mates, can identify their relatives. Understanding how and why they do so has prompted new thinking about the evolution of social behavior by David W. Pfennig and Paul W. Sherman Kinship is a basic organizing principle of all societies. Humans possess elaborate means by which to identify relatives,

17、such as using surnames and maintaining detailed genealogies.Mechanisms for distinguishing kin also occur throughout the plant and animal kingdoms regardless of an organisms social or mental complexity, in creatures as diverse as wildflowers and wasps. Scientists are beginning to discover that an und

18、erstanding of the origin and mechanisms of kin recognition offers fresh insights into such diverse topics as how living things choose their mates, how they learn and how their immune system works.BELDINGS GROUND SQUIRRELS live in groups in which mothers, daughters and sisters cooperate extensively.

19、By using odors, the squirrels can distinguish familiar nestmates, who are close kin, from nonnestmates. They can also discriminate between full sisters and half sisters.親屬識別許多生物，從海鞘以靈長類動物，可以識別其親屬。了解它們如何以及為什么這樣做，已促進對社會行為進化的新的思考。David W. Pfennig 和 Paul W. Sherman（姓名可不譯）2.2 第1段漢化（5分）:  親屬關系是所有社會的一

20、種基本組織準則（1分）。人類擁有精致的手段，例如使用姓氏和保存詳細的族譜以查驗親屬（1分）。無論生物之社會或心理的復雜性，辨別親屬的機制也遍及植物和動物界，其在生物界多樣性就如同植物之野花和動物之黃蜂一樣多（1分）。科學家開始發現，對親屬識別的起源和機制的理解，提供了對如此多樣課題的新穎見解（透視），例如生物如何選擇其配偶，他們如何學習以及其免疫系統如何工作（2分）。2.3 第2段漢化（2分）:拜氏（貝爾丁）地松鼠營群體生活，在其社群生活中母親、女兒和姐妹廣泛合作。通過利用氣味，這種松鼠能夠辨別熟悉的巢伴、親屬和非巢伴。它們還可以區分全姐妹和半姐妹。3 Self-Powered Nanotec

21、h （10分）Nanosize machines need still tinier power plantsBy Zhong Lin WangThe watchmaker in the 1920s who devised the self-winding wristwatch was on to a great idea: mechanically harvesting energy from the wearers moving arm and putting it to work rewinding the watch spring.Today we are beginning to c

22、reate extremely small energy harvesters that can supply electrical power to the tiny world of nanoscale devices, where things are measured in billionths of a meter. We call these power plants nanogenerators. The ability to make power on a minuscule scale allows us to think of implantable biosensors

23、that can continuously monitor a patients blood glucose level, or autonomous strain sensors for structures such as bridges, or environmental sensors for detecting toxins all running without the need for replacement batteries. Energy sources are desperately needed for nanorobotics, microelectromechani

24、cal systems (MEMS), homeland security and even portable personal electronics. It is hard to imagine all the uses such infinitesimal generators may eventually find.In BriefNanotechnology has huge potential but those minuscule devices will need a power source that is better than a battery. Waste energ

25、y, in the form of vibrations or even the human pulse, could provide sufficient power to run such tiny gadgets. Arrays of piezoelectric nanowires could capture and transmit that waste energy to nanodevices. Medical devices will likely be a major application. A pacemakers battery could be charged so i

26、t would not need replacing, or implanted wireless nanosensors could monitor blood glucose for diabetics.自我供電的納米技術納米級大小的機器仍然需要更加小巧的發電廠王中林（Zhong Lin Wang）3.2 第一段 (4分)1920年代的鐘表匠制造出的自動上發條手表，來自一個偉大的點子：以機械的方式從戴表者晃動的手臂獲取能量，重新上緊手表發條。今天，我們則打算制造極小的能源獲取器，來為奈米儀器的小小世界供應電力。這些東西稱為“納米發電機”，由于它們有能力在微小的尺度內產生電力，我們便能開始設

27、法讓有些東西不須更換電池就能運作，像是可以持續監測病患血糖濃度的植入性生物偵測器、會自動拉緊橋墩的結構偵測器，或是偵測有毒物質的環境偵測器等。此外，納米機器人、微機電系統（MEMS）、國防安全，甚至可攜式個人電子用品，都亟需電力來源。我們很難想象，最后可以找到這么精細微小的發電器，為上述電子儀器供電。3.3 第二段 (4分)重點提要 納米科技的潛力無窮，但是這些微小的裝置必須有比電池更好的電力來源。 由振動甚至人體脈搏所浪費掉的能量，就可以提供足夠的動力來驅動這類的小機件 壓電納米線數組可以捕捉這些浪費掉的能量，并傳送給納米裝置。 醫療裝置將會是最主要的應用項目。它們可以為起搏器的電池充電，因

28、此不需要更換電池，也可以植入無線納米偵測器，以監測糖尿病患的血糖濃度。4. Finding Early Signs of Mad-Cow Disease（10分）Disease damage: This microscopy image shows brain tissue damaged by Creutzfeldt-Jakob （可不譯，照搬） disease. Researchers have made a list of blood proteins that act as early indicators of a group of diseases including bovine

29、 spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), also known as mad-cow disease. The human form of BSE, a fatal degenerative neurological disorder, called Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseaseBiotech pioneer: Leroy Hood, president and cofounder of the Institute for Systems Biology, in Seattle, invented several tools, including

30、 the automated DNA sequencer that helped make it possible to sequence the human genome. Now, biotech pioneer Leroy Hood explains how Systems Biology will impact medicine.4.1 小標題漢化（1分）：發現瘋牛病的早期信號（注：關鍵術語為劃線者，以下同）4.2 圖注漢化（2分）：圖1（2分）：疾病損傷：此顯微圖片顯示被克魯茲菲爾特-雅各布疾病所損傷的大腦組織（注：Creutzfeldt-Jakob 可不用翻譯，照搬即可）。研究者已

31、經制造了一系列血蛋白，它們可作為一組疾病的早期顯示劑，這組疾病包括牛海綿狀腦疾病（BSE），亦被稱為瘋牛病。瘋牛病的人類形式，一種致命的退行性神經疾病，則叫做克魯茲菲爾特-雅格氏腦病（簡稱克雅氏腦病）。圖2（2分）：生物技術的先驅：萊諾伊·胡德（人名可不譯，照搬），是位于西雅圖的系統生物學研究所的總裁和共同創立者（聯合創始人），他發明過幾種工具，包括自動化DNA測序儀，該技術有助于使測序人類基因組成為可能。現在，生物技術先驅，萊若伊胡德博士，要解釋系統生物學將如何影響醫學。看圖作答：(第1小題9分、第2小題21分，共30分) 1. Label each of the following structures on the diagram of the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) in rodent nasal cavity with 9 terms shown below: Cilia, ORNs (Olfactory receptor neurons), Dendrite, Dendritic knob, Nasal mucus, Axon, supporting cell, basal cell, Ce