1、Part I Writing(30minutes)大學英語六級考試真題(第二套)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaycommentingonthesayingSeektounderstandothers,andyouwillbeunderstood”.Youcanciteexamplestoillustrateyourviews.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.Part II ListeningComprehension(30minutes)S

2、ectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet

3、Iwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.1. A)Sayafewwordstothankthespeaker.B) Introducethespeakertotheaudienee.C) Givealectureonthehistoryofthetown.D) Hostatalkonhowtogiveagoodspeech.2. A)Hewasthefounderofthelocalhistorysociety.B) HehasworkedwithMissBlighfor20years.C) Hehaspublishedabookonpublicspeaking.D)

4、 Hejoinedthelocalhistorysocietywhenyoung.3. A)Shewasobviouslybetterattalkingthanwriting.B) Shehadagoodknowledgeofthetown'shistory.C) Herspeechwassofunnyastoamusetheaudienee.D) Herancestorscametothetowninthe18thcentury.4. A)Hereadexactlywhatwaswritteninhisnotes.B) Hekeptforgettingwhathewasgoingto

5、say.C) Hemadeanembarrassingremark.D) HewastoonervoustospeakupQuestions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.5. A)Whattheirretailersdemand.B) Whattheirrivalsaredoing.C) Howtheyaregoingtobeattheirrivals.D) Howdramaticallythemarketischanging.6. A)Theyshouldbetakenseriously.B) Theyarerapidlycatc

6、hingup.C) Theirbusinessstrategyisquiteeffective.D) Theirpotentialhasbeenunderestimated.7. A)ShehadgivenittoTom.B) Itsimplymadehergofrantic.C) Shehadnotseenityet.D) Itwasnotmuchofabigconcern.8. A)Restructuringthewholecompany.B) Employingmoreforwardingagents.C) PromotingcooperationwithJayalMotors.D) E

7、xportingtheirmotorbikestoIndonesiaSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwopassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Thenmarkthecorrespon

8、dingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions9to11arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.9. A)Itmakesclaimsinconflictwiththeexistingresearch.B) Itfocusesonthelinkbetweenbedtimeandnutrition.C) Itcautionsagainsttheoveruseofcoffeeandalcohol.D) Itshowsthat"nightowls"workmuchl

9、essefficiently.10. A)Theypaygreaterattentiontofoodchoice.B) Theytendtoachievelessthantheirpeers.C) Theyrunahigherriskofgainingweight.D) Theystandagreaterchaneetofallsick.11. A)Getuplate.B) Sleep8hoursaday.C) Exercisemore.D) GotobedearlierQuestions12to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.12. A)Allo

10、ftheactingnomineesarewhite.B) IthasgottoomuchpublicityonTV.C) Itisprejudicedagainstforeignfilms.D) Only7%ofthenomineesarefemale.13. A)22percentofmoviedirectorswerepeopleofcolor.B) HalfoftheTVprogramswereethnicallybalaneed.C) Onlyone-fifthofTVshowshadblackcharacters.D) Only3.4percentoffilmdirectorswe

11、rewomen.14. A)Non-whitemales.B) Programcreators.C) Femalesofcolorover40.D) Asianspeakingcharacters.15. A)Theyconstitute17%ofHollywoodmoviecharacters.B) TheyaremostunderrepresentedacrossTVandfilm.C) TheycontributelittletotheU.S.filmindustry.D) Theyaccountfor8.5%oftheU.S.populationSectionCDirections:I

12、nthissection,youwillhearthreerecordingsoflecturesortalksfollowedbythreeorfourquestions.Therecordingswillbeplayedonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to18ar

13、ebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.16. A)Onethatcanprovideforemergencyneeds.B) Onethatcanpayfortheirmedicalexpenses.C) Onethatcoverstheirdebtsandburialexpenses.D) Onethatensuresahealthylifefortheirlateryears.17. A)Purchaseinsuraneefortheirchildren.B) Savesufficientmoneyforarainyday.C) Buyahomewith

14、asmalldownpayment.D) Addmoreinsuraneeonthebreadwinner.18. A)Whentheirchildrengrowupandleavehome.B) Whentheyhavesavedenoughforretirement.C) Whentheirfamilymovetoadifferentplace.D) Whentheyhavefoundbetter-payingjobs.Questions19to22arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.19.A)Theydomoreharmthangood.E) T

15、heyhaveoftenbeenignored.F) Theydonothelpbuildfriendship.G) Theymaynotalwaysbenegative.20. A)Biasedsourcesofinformation.B) Ignoranceofculturaldifferences.C) MisinterpretationofShakespeare.D) Tendencytojumptoconclusions.21. A)Theyarehardtodismissonceattachedtoacertaingroup.B) Theymayhaveanegativeimpac

16、tonpeopletheyapplyto.C) Theypersistevenwhencircumstanceshavechanged.D) Theyareoftenappliedtominoritiesandethnicpeople.22. A)Theyimpactpeoplemoreorlessinthesameway.B) Somepeoplearemoresensitivetothemthanothers.C) Apositivestereotypemayhelponeachievebetterresults.D) Anegativestereotypestickswhileaposi

17、tiveonedoesnotQuestions23to25arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.23.A)Usesomeover-the-countermedicineinstead.B) Quittakingthemedicineimmediately.C) Takesomedrugtorelievethesideeffect.D) Askyourpharmacisttoexplainwhyitoccurs.24. A)Itmayhelppatientsfallasleep.B) Itmayleadtomentalproblems.C) Itmayca

18、useseriousharmtoone'sliver.D) Itmayincreasetheeffectofcertaindrugs.25. A)Telltheirchildrentotreatmedicineswithrespect.B) Keepmedicinesoutofthereachoftheirchildren.C) Makesuretheirchildrenusequalitymedicines.D) Asktheirchildrentouselegitimatemedicines.PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)Section

19、ADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerShee

20、t2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ThePacificislandnationofPalauhasbecomehometothesixthlargestmarinesanctuaryintheworld.Thenewmarinereserve,nowthelargestinthePacific,will26nofishingormining.Palaualsoestablishe

21、dtheworld'sfirstsharksanctuaryin900Thetinyislandnationhassetaside500,000squarekilometres80percentofitsmaritime27,forfullprotection.That'sthehighestpercentageofan28economiczonedevotedtomarineconservationbyanycountryintheworld.Theremaining20percentofthePalauseaswillbereservedforlocalfishingbyi

22、ndividualsandsmall-scale29fish也businesseswithlimitedexports.“Island30havebeenamongthehardesthitbythethreatsfacingtheocean,"saidPresidentRemengesauJr.inastatement."CreatingthissanctuaryisaboldmovethatthepeopleofPalaurecognizeas31tooursurvival.Wewanttoleadthewayinrestoringthehealthoftheocean

23、forfuturegenerations.Palauhasonlybeenan32nationfortwentyyearsandhasastronghistoryofenvironmentalprotection.11ishometooneoftheworld'sfinestmarineecosystems,withmorethan1,300speciesoffishand700speciesofcoral.SenatorHokkonsBaules,lead33ofthePalauNationalMarineSanctuaryAct,saidthesanctuarywill“helpb

24、uilda34futureforthePalauanpeoplebyhonoringtheconservationtraditionsofourpastTheseincludethecenturies-oldcustomof“bul”,whereleaderswouldcallatemporarystoptofisfijingeyspeciesinordertogivefish35anopportunitytoreplenish(補充).注意：此部分試題在答題卡上作答。A) allocateI)permitB) celebritiesJ)secureC) commercialK)solitar

25、yD) communitiesL)spectacleE) essentialM)sponsorF) exclusiveN)stocksG) independentO)territoryH) indulgeSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived

26、.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2DataSharing:AnOpenMindonOpenDataA Itisamovementbuildingsteadymomentum:acalltomakeresearchdata,softwarecodeandexperimentalmethodspubliclyavailableandtransparent.Aspirito

27、fopennessisgainingacceptanceinthesciencecommunity,andistheonlyway,sayadvocates,toaddressacrisisin'sciencewherebytoofewfindingsaresuccessfullyreproduced.Furthermore,theysay,itisthebestwayforresearcherstogathertherangeofobservationsthatarenecessarytospeedupdiscoveriesortoidentifylarge-scaletrends.

28、B Theopen-datashiftposesaconfusingproblemforjuniorresearchers.Ontheonehand,thedrivetoshareisgatheringofficialsteam.Since2013,globalscientificbodieshavebeguntobackpoliciesthatsupportincreasedpublicaccesstoresearch.Ontheotherhand,scientistsdisagreeabouthowmuchandwhentheyshouldsharedata,andtheydebatewh

29、ethersharingitismorelikelytoacceleratescienceandmakeitmorerobust,ortointroducevulnerabilitiesandproblems.Asmorejournalsandfundersadoptdata-sharingrequirements,andasagrowingnumberofenthusiastscallformoreopenness,juniorresearchersmustfindtheirplacebetweenadoptersandthosewhocontinuetoholdout,evenasthey

30、strivetolaunchtheirowncareers.C Onekeychallengefacingyoungscientistsishowtobeopenwithoutbecomingscientificallyvulnerable.Theymustdeterminetheriskofjeopardizingajobofferoracollaborationproposalfromthosewhoarewaryoforunfamiliarwithopenscience.Andtheymustlearnhowtocapitalizeonthemovement'sbenefits,

31、suchasopportunitiesformorecitationsandawaytobuildareputationwithouttheneedforconventionalmetrics,suchaspublicationinhigh-impactjournals.D Somefieldshaveembracedopendatamorethanothers.Researchersinpsychology,afieldrockedbyfindingsofirreproducibilityinthepastfewyears,havebeenespeciallyvocalsupporterso

32、fthedriveformore-openscience.Afewpsychologyjournalshavecreatedincentivestoincreaseinterestinreproduciblescienceforexample,byaffixinganope-ndata'badgetoarticlesthatclearlystatewheredataareavailable.AccordingtosocialpsychologistBrianNosek,executivedirectoroftheCenterforOpenScience,theaveragedata-s

33、haringrateforthejournalPsychologicalScience,whichusesthebadges,increasedtenfoldto38%from2013to2015.E Funders,too,areincreasinglyadoptinganopen-datapolicy.Severalstronglyencourage,andsomerequireadata-managementplanthatmakesdataavailable.TheUSNationalScienceFoundationisamongthese.Somephilanthropic（慈善的

34、）funders,includingtheBill&MelindaGatesFoundationinSeattle,Washington,andtheWellcomeTrustinLondon,alsomandateopendatafromtheirgrantrecipients.F But many young researchers, especially thosewhohavenotbeenmentoredinopenscience,areuncertainaboutwhethertoshareortostayprivate.Graduatestudentsandpostdoc

35、s,whooftenareworkingontheirlabhead'sgrant,mayhavenochoiceiftheirsupervisororanotherseniorcolleagueopposessharing.G Somefearthatthepotentialimpactofsharingistoohigh,especiallyattheearlystagesofacareer.“Everybodyhasascarystoryaboutsomeonegettingscooped（被搶先）,”saysNewYorkUniversityastronomerDavidHog

36、g.Thosefearsmaybeafactorinalingeringhesitationtosharedataevenwhenpublishinginjournalsthatmandateit.H Researchersatsmalllabsoratinstitutionsfocusedonteachingarguablyhavethemosttolosewhensharinghard-wondata.“Withmyinstitutionandteachingload,Idon'htavepostdocsandgradstudents,s”aysTerryMcGlynn,atrop

37、icalbiologistatCaliforniaStateUniversity,DominguezHills.“Thestakesarehighsharedatabecauseit'sabiggerfractionofwhat'shappeninginmylab.”I Researchersalsopointtothetimesinkthatisinvolvedinpreparingdataforotherstoview.Oncethedataandassociatedmaterialsappearinarepository（存儲庫）,answeringquestionsan

38、dhandlingcomplaintscantakemanyhour.J Thetimeinvestmentcanpresentotherproblems.Insomecases,saysdatascientistKarthikRam,itmaybedifficultforjuniorresearcherstoembraceopennesswhenseniorcolleaguesmanyofwhomheadselectionandpromotioncommitteesmightridiculewhattheymayviewasmisplacedenergies.“Ihaveheardthisr

39、ecentlythatembracingtheideaofopendataandcodemakestraditionalacademicsuncomfortable,”says“Theconcernseemstobethatopenadvocatesdon'tspendtheirtimebeingasproductiveaspossible.K Anopen-sciencestancecanalsoaddcomplexitytoacollaboration.KateRatliff,whostudiessocialattitudesattheUniversityofFlorida,Gai

40、nesville,saysthatitcanseemasiftherearetwocampsinafieldthosewhocareaboutopenscienceandthosewhodon't.“ThereisanewareatonavigateAreyoucoolwiththefacwanttomakethedataopen?'whentalkingwithsomebodyaboutaninterestingresearchidea,.”L Despitecomplicationsandconcerns,theupsidesofsharingcanbesignifican

41、t.Forexample,wheninformationisuploadedtoarepository,adigitalobjectidentifier（DOI）isassigned.ScientistscanuseaDOItopublisheachstepoftheresearchlifecycle,notjustthefinalpaper.Insodoing,theycanpotentiallygetthreecitationsoneeachforthedataandsoftware,inadditiontothepaperitself.Andalthoughsomesaythatcita

42、tionsforsoftwareordatahavelittlecurrencyinacademia,theycanhaveotherbenefits.M Manyadvocatesthinkthattransparentdataprocedureswithadateandtimestampwillprotectscientistsfrombeingscooped.“Thisisthesweetspotbetweensharingandgettingcreditforit,whilediscouragpinlaggiarism（剽竊）,”saysIvoGrigorov,aprojectcoor

43、dinatorattheNationalInstituteofAquaticResourcesResearchSecretariatinCharlottenlund,Denmark.Hoggsaysthatscoopingislessofaproblemthanmanythink.“Thefamiliarwithdidn'tinvolveopendataorcode,”hesays.N Opensciencealsooffersjuniorresearchersthechancetoleveltheplayingfieldbygainingbetteraccesstocrucialda

44、ta.RoseMounce,apostdocstudyingevolutionarybiologyattheUniversityofCambridge,UK,isavocalchampionofopenscience,partlybecausehisfossil-basedresearchdependsonaccesstoothers'data.Hesaysthatmoreopennessinsciencecouldhelptodiscouragewhatsomeperceiveasacommonpracticeofshuttingoutearly-careerscientists&#

45、39;requestsfordata.O Communicationalsohelpsforthosewhoworryaboutjeopardizingacollaboration,hesays.Concernsaboutopenscienceshouldbediscussedattheoutsetofastudy.Wheneveryoustart“aprojectwithsomeone,youhavetoestablishaclearunderstandingofexpectationsforwhoownsthedata,atwhatpointtheygopublicandwhocandow

46、hatwiththem,”hesays.P Intheend,sharingdata,softwareandmaterialswithcolleaguescanhelpanearly-careerresearchertogainrecognitionacrucialcomponentofsuccess.“Thethingyouaresearchingforisreputation,”saygenomics（基因組學）researcherattheUniversityofCalifornia,Davis.“Togetgrantsandjobs,youhavetoberelevantandachi

47、evesomelevelofpublicrecognition.Anythingyoudothatadvancesyourpresenceespeciallyinalargersphere,outsidethecommunitiesyouknowisanetwin.”36. AstronomerDavidHoggdoesn'tthinkscoopingisasseriousaproblemasgenerallythought.37. Someresearchersarehesitanttomaketheirdatapublicforfearthatothersmightpublishs

48、omethingsimilarbeforethem.38. Somepsychologyjournalshaveofferedincentivestoencourageauthorstosharetheirdata.39. Thereisagrowingdemandinthesciencecommunitythatresearchdatabeopentothepublic.40. Sharingdataoffersearly-careerresearchersthechancetobuildacertainlevelofreputation.41. Datasharingenablesscie

49、ntiststopublisheachstepoftheirresearchwork,thusleadingtomorecitations.42. Scientistsholddifferentopinionsabouttheextentandtimingofdatasharing.43. Potentialproblemsrelatedtodatasharingshouldbemadeknowntoanddiscussedbyallparticipantsatthebeginningofajointresearchproject.44. Sharingdataandhandlingdata-

50、relatedissuescanbetime-consuming.45. Juniorresearchersmayhavenosaywhenitcomestosharingdata.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Youshoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespo

51、ndingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.InthebeginningofthemovieI,Robot,arobothastodecidewhomtosaveaftertwocarsplungeintothewaterDelSpoonerorachild.EventhoughSpoonerscreams“Saveher!Saveher!”therobotrescueshimbecauseitcalculatest

52、hathehasa45percentchanceofsurvivalcomparedtoSarah'1s1percent.Therobot'sdecisionanditscalculatedapproachraiseanimportantquestion:wouldhumansmakethesamechoice?Andwhichchoicewouldwewantourroboticcounterpartstomake?IsaacAsimovevadedthewholenotionofmoralityindevisinghisthreelawsofrobotics,whichho

53、ldthat1.Robotscannotharmhumansorallowhumanstocometoharm;2.Robotsmustobeyhumans,exceptwheretheorderwouldconflictwithlaw1;and3.Robotsmustactinself-preservation,unlessdoingsoconflictswithlaws1or2.TheselawsareprogrammedintoAsimov'srobotstheydon'thavetothink,judge,orvalue.Theydonhavetolikehumanso

54、rbelievethathurtingthemiswrongorbad.Theysimplydon'tdoit.TherobotwhorescuesSpooner'sI,lifReoinbotfollowsAsimov'sthzelarow:robotscannotharmhumanity(asopposedtoindividualhumans)orallowhumanitytocometoharmanexpansionofthefirstlawthatallowsrobotstodeterminewhat'sinthegreda.teUrngdoeorthef

55、irstlaw.Arobotcouldnotharmadangerousgunman,butunderthezerothlaw,arobotcouldkillthegunmantosaveothers.Whetherit'spossibletoprogramarobotwithsafeguardssuchasAsimov'slawsisdebatable.Aw“harm”isvague(whataboutemotionalharm?Isreplacingahumanemployeeharm?),andabstractconceptspresentcodingproblems.T

56、herobotsinAsimov'sfictionexposecomplicationsandloopholesinthethreelaws,andevenwhenthelawswork,robotsstillhavetoassesssituations.Assessingsituationscanbecomplicated.Arobothastoidentifytheplayers,conditions,andpossibleoutcomesforvariousscenarios.It'dsoubtfulthatacomputerprogramcandothatatleast

57、,notwithoutsomeundesirableresults.AroboticistattheBristolRoboticsLaboratoryprogrammedarobottosavehumanproxies(替身)called-“boHts”fromdanger.Whenone-bHotheadedfordanger,therobotsuccessfullypusheditouttheway.ButwhentwoH-botsbecameimperiled,therobotchoked42percentofthetime,unabletodecidewhichtosaveandlet

58、tingthemboth“die”Theexperimenthitghheligimhtpsortanceofmorality:withoutit,howcanarobotdecidewhomtosaveorwhat'sbestforhumanity,especiallyifitcans?'tcalculatesurvivalodd46. Whatquestiondoestheexampleinthemovieraise?A) Whetherrobotscanreachbetterdecisions.B) WhetherrobotsfollowAsimovroth'laswz.eC) Howrobotsmaymakebadjudgments.D) Howrobotsshouldbeprogrammed.47. WhatdoestheauthorthinkofAsimov'sthreelawsofrobotics?A) Theyareapparentlydivorcedfromreality.B) Theydidnotfollow