1、標準文檔燕山大學Linux技術上機實驗指導實用大全實驗一 Linux系統安裝與簡單配置一、實驗目的1 .掌握Linux系統安裝的分區準備。2 .掌握Linux系統的安裝步驟。3 .掌握Linux系統分區的掛載和卸載。4 .掌握Linux系統的啟動和關閉操作。二、實驗內容1 .安裝VMware虛擬機，設置光盤驅動器，為 Linux系統安裝做準備。2 .在虛擬機下安裝Linux操作系統（如Ubuntu桌面版本）。3 .配置Linux系統運行環境。4 .利用空閑分區創建新的Linux系統分區。5 .將新的Linux系統分區掛載到系統中；卸載新掛載的分區，重新掛載到 目錄樹中的其他位置。三、主要的實驗

2、步驟1 .制定安裝系統的分區計劃。2 .配置光驅引導鏡像文件iso,啟動系統，開始安裝過程。3 .根據安裝計劃，對磁盤空間進行分區設置。4 .根據系統安裝指導，完成Linux系統的安裝過程。5 .安裝成功后，退出系統，重新啟動虛擬機，登陸Linux操作系統。6 . XL Linux系統進行配置，如網絡設備等。7 .利用磁盤使用工具和 mount,將新創建的Linux系統分區掛載到系統中。 將新掛載的分區卸載，并重新掛載到目錄樹的其他位置。實驗二Linux常用命令使用一、實驗目的1 .掌握Linux 一般命令格式。2 .掌握有關文件和目錄操作的常用命令。3 .熟練使用man命令。二、實驗內容1

3、.熟悉 cd、date、pwd、cal、who、echo、clear、passwd等常用命令。2 .在用戶主目錄下對文件進行操作：復制一個文件、顯示文件內容、查 找指定內容、排序、文件比較、文件刪除等。3 .對目錄進行管理：創建和刪除子目錄、改變和顯示工作目錄、列出和更改文件權限、鏈接文件等。4 .利用man命令顯示date、echo等命令的手冊頁。5 .顯示系統中的進程信息。三、主要實驗步驟1 .登陸進入系統，修改個人密碼helmetgubuntupasswd Changing password for helmet, (current) UNIX password: Enter new U

4、NIX password: Retype new UNIX password:passwd: password updated successfully heLnetubuntu：|2 .使用簡單命令：date、cal、who、echo、clear等，了解Linux命令格式。Date：helnetubuntu:*$ dateHad Jul 1 05:36:35 PDT 2015Cal: u * y q a： 1o1 j vhelmetubuntu:"$ calJuly 2615SuMoTuNeThFrSa2345678910111213141516171819202122232425

5、262728293031helmet)ubuntu:helmetgubuntu:cal 16161JanuaryFebruaryMarchSu Mo Tu VJe Th Fr Sa SuMoTurieThFrSaSuMoTu WeThFrSa12 3 41123 45675 6 7 3 9 10 1123456788910 1112131412 13 14 15 16 17 189101112131415151617 1819202119 26 21 22 23 24 25 16171819292122222324 2526272S26 27 28 29 39 3123242526272829

6、293931AprilNlayJuneSu Mo Tu Ne Th Fr Sa SuMoTuWeThFrSaSuMoTu NeThFrSa12 3 41212 34565 6 7 8 9 10 113456789789 1011121312 13 14 15 16 17 1810111213141516141516 1718192019 20 21 22 23 24 2517181920212223212223 2425262726 27 28 29 302425262728293028293031JulyAugustSeptemberSu HQ Tu We Th Fr Sa Su MoTuW

7、eThFrSaSuMOTU kle Th FrSa12 3 4112 3 45567 8 9 ID 11234S6786789 ID 111Z12 13 14 15 16 17 189 IB1112131415131415 1.6 17 181919 20 21 22 23 24 2516 171819202122202122 2!3 24 252626 27 28 29 30 3123 242526272829272829 3(03B 31OctoberNovemberDecemberSu Mo Tu Me Th Fr Sd Su HoTUHeThFrSaSuMoTu k任 Th FrSa1

8、2 31 23456712 3 454 5 67 8 9 138910111213146789 10 111211 12 13 14 35 16 17 15 1617IS192021131415 1,6 17 IS1918 19 20 21 22 23 24 Z2 232425262728202122 2!3 24 252625 26 27 28 29 30 31 29 38272829 3!0 31Who、who am i:helnetubuntu;-$ whohelmet:02Q15-07-01&1:38(:G)helnetpts/12015-97-0191:45(10)helne

9、tubuntu;-$ who an ihelmetpts/12fllS-67-0151:45(:©)Echo:helmetgubuntuecho 'This is a command.This is a command. helmet(3ubuntu : echo This Is acommand 4This is a command.Clear: G " helmet(ubuntu: helnetubuintu:-$ |3 .瀏覽文件系統；(1)運行pwd命令，確定當前工作目錄helmetgubuntu:pwd /home/helnet(2)運行ls H命令，理解

10、各字段含義helmeubuntu:$ Is -I total 72drwxr-xr-x 2 helnet helnet 4096 Jul101:38 Desktopdwx一xr-x 2 helnet helmet 4696 Jul101:38 Documentsdrwxr-xr-x 2 helmet helmet 4696 Jul101:38 Downloads-rw-rw-r- 1 helmet helmet 16 Jul102:49 example.c-rw- rwr- 1 helmet helmet0 Jul192:49 example,c-rw-r-r- 1 helmet helnet

11、 89fi0 Jul100:58 examples.desktop-rw-rw-r- 1 helmet helmet日 Jul101:51 file-*rw-rw'r- 1 helmet helnet 6565 Jul102:37 ftlelO-rw-rw*r- 1 helnet helmet 54 Jul192:36 ftle.c-rw-rw-r- 1 helnet helnet 54 Jul102:30-rwxrwxr-x 1 helmet helmet 7293 Jul102:32 file.outdrwxr -xr-x 2 helnet helnet 4396 Jul101：3

12、8 Musicdrwxr-xr-x 2 helnet helmet 4096 Jul101:38 Picturesdrwxr-xr-x 2 helmet helnet 4096 Jul191:38 Publicdrwxr-x-x 2 helnet helmet 4096 Jul101:38 Templatesdrwxr -xr-x 2 helnet helnet 4696 Jul 101:38 Videos(3)運行Is 命令，理解各字段含義hul仲etubuntu二一，Is -at151693ft153291examples395103.local131373 153289example.c

13、-395071Mus汽153281»bash_history151975examples+desktop395072Pictures151g74,bash_logout153Z83file151973.bashrc153287fileio395069Public395077*cache153290.fi.Lel0.153284.swp395074"ohftg15328Bftle.c39S068TEMpld七已寫395666Desktop1532B5flle.c-395073Videos153278*dnrc153286file.cut15327

14、9*Xauthcrity395070Documents395990,gconf153280.xsesslon-errors395067Downloads153282,TCEauthority使用cd命令，將工作目錄改到根(/)上。 中圖2.2, 了解各個目錄的作用。運行ls 1命令，結合教材helm«tiubuntu: /helnetiguibuntu4 cd/helnettubuntu;/$ Is-1total 92drwxr-xr-x2rootroot4096Jul10 1:13bindrwxr-xr-x3rootroot40963ui191:17boatdrwxrwxr-K2r

15、ootroot4096Jul1oe：56cdromdrwxr-xr*x15rootrootJul191:15devdirwxr-xr -x129rootroot122SSJU1195 I 33etcdWX-M-X3rootroot436Jul100；58homeIrwxrwxrwx1rootroot33Jul101:12tnitrd+ing-> boQt/Vnitrd.ing-3*13.0-24-genericdruixr-xr-x23rootroot4096Ml191:13Itbdrwx2rootroot16384Jul1lost+founddrwxr-xr*x3rootroot409

16、6Apr162014medtadr«xr-xr-x3rootroot4096JU1101 ： 16mn-tdrwxr-xr-K2rootroot4B96Jul101:17optdr-xr-xr-x201rootroat&Jul101:15procdrwx2rootroot4日96Apr162614rootdrwxr vx23rootroot829加I101:38rundrwxr-xr -k2rootroot12288Jul101:16sbindrwxr-xr-x2rootroot43g6AprIfi2014srvdr-xr-xr-it13rootroota101: 15drw

17、xrwxrwt10rootroot4B96Jul104:17曲drwxr-xr*K10rootroot4096Apr152014usrJdrwxrwxrwtierootroot4096Jul104:17Idrwxr-xr-x10rootroot4白96Apr162914usrdrwxr-xr-x13rootroot4時6Apr152614var1trwxrwxrwx1rootroot30Dul101:12vnltnuz ->boot/vnltnuz-3.13.S-24'generic(5)直接使用cd,通過pwd指令驗證目錄位置。helmetgubuntu:pwd/helHetu

18、buntu:/5 cd helfnetqubuntu:5 pwd/hone/helmet(6)用mkdir建立一個子目錄subdirhelnetgubuntu:*$ mkdir /home/helmet/subdir 將工作目錄更改到subdirhelmetubuntucd /hone/helmet/subdir helmetgubuntu: -/subdiir$ |4 .文件操作： 驗證當前工作目錄在subdirelmet0ubuntu:-/subdir$ pwd home/helmet/subdir(2)運行date>file1,然后運行cat filel ,看到什么信息?helme

19、tubuntu:"/subdtr$ date>filel helmetubuntu:/subdir$ cat filel Wed Jul 1 05:56:14 PDT 2615(3)運行cat subdir,會出現什么結果？為什么?helmetgubuntu:-/subdirS cat subdir cat: subdir: No such file or directory(4)利用man命令顯示date命令的使用說明helmet>ubuntij： -/subdirDATEC1)User ComnandsDATE NAMEdate - print or set the

20、system date Bnd timeSYNOPSISdate QEUflH(+FORMAT!dater-u I - utu I - - univer3dli 一 口口hhnmlCC1VY11r.s311DESCRIPTIONDisplay the current tine tn the given FORnAT» or set the system date.Mandatory argunents to long options are Mandatory for short options too.-4, -rfate=STRINGdisplay tine described

21、by STRING, not 1 now"-f, -file=DATEFILElike -date once for each line of DATEFILE-ITIME5PECt -iso-0601=I1NE5PEC1output白 in 工寫o 8681 f。再mt. TIME三PE£=Tdat&' for dateManual page date(l) line 1 (press h for help or q to quit) 運行man date>>file1,看到什么信息？運行cat filel,看到什么信息?helfietubun

22、tu: -/subdtrf nan d3te»fileihelf*iet(3ubuntu：/5ubtjtr$ cat ftlelwed Jul 1 05:56:14 PDT 之丹15DATE(l)User ConnardsDATE(l)HANE date - print or set the system date and tineSVN0PSI5 date OPTION,., +FORMAT date -u H-utc|-universal MMDDhhnnCC¥Y.ssDESCRIPTIONDisplay the current tine tn the given FO

23、RMAT p ar set the system date.Mandatory argunents to long options are mandatory for short options too,-d, -date=5TRINC display time descr-ibed by STRING not 1 now1-f,fie=MTEFILE(6)利用Is -l filel , 了解鏈接計數是多少？運行ln filel ./fa ,再看看鏈接計數有什么變化？用cat命令顯示fa文件內容helmetgubuntu:*/subdtr$ Is -rw-rw-r- 1 helmet helm

24、et helmetgubuntu:-/subdtr$ In helmetuibuntu: subdir $ Is -rw-rw-r- 2 helmet helmet-1 filel 6594 Jul 1 filel ./fa -X fUel $594 1ul 105:59 ftlel05:59 filel 顯示filel的當前10行，后19行helmetgubuntu:/subdir$ head filelWed lul 1 S5：56:14 PDT 2S15oate(iuser commandsdate(1)NAMEdate - print or set the system date an

25、d tineSVNOPsrsdate OPTIC町 tFORM&Thelmetubuntur-ysubdir$ tatl -n 19 fileC0PVR1CHT Copyright c 2013 Free Software FoundationF Inc* Ltcense GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 2 or later </llcenses/gpl.This is free software: you re free to change and redistribute It, There is NO WARRANTY, to th

26、e extent pernttted by law.SEE ALSO rhe full docunentatlcfi for date 1$ matntatned " 總 Texinfo mmu占I, If the tnfa and date prograns are properly installed at your site the conmardinfo coreutils pdate invocationrshould give you access to the complete nanual.GNU coreuttls 3.21v.arch 2014DATE(l)(8)

27、運行cp filel file2 ,然后Is 看到什么信息？運行 mv file2 file3 ,然后Is L看到什么信息？運行cat f* ,結果如何?helhetubuntu:/subdtr$ cp helnetgubuntu:-/subdirS Is total 16 r«-rw-r- - 2 helnet helnet -rw-rw-r- 1 helnet helnet helnetgub untu:su b(Hr$ nv helnetubuntu:'/subdVrJ Is total 16 2 helmet helnet rw-rw-r- 1 heInet heln

28、etfiUl file26594 Jul 16594 :Jul 1 file! files05:59 filel06:04 ftleZ6594 Jul 1 65:59 fiVel6594 Jul 1 66:04 file3DATE(l)helmetguburtu:-/subdtr$ cat f* wed Ml 1 05:56:14 PDT £015 DATEC1)User ComnandsNAME date - print or set the system date and timeSYNOPSIS date OPTION. -hFORMAT標準文檔COPYRIGHTCopyrig

29、ht ® 2013 Free Software Foundationp Inc* License CPLv3+: GNUGPL version 3 or later </Hcenses/gpl.html*This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute It. There ts no warrantyf to the extent permitted by law.SEE ALSOThe full doc ue 甘n tat I Qn for dte ta naintatnd

30、d 5 a TextrfQ mariu#l. If the inf。石nd date programs jre properly installed at your si.teF the cam andinf。 coreuttls 'date invocation'should gtve you access to the complete manual.GNU coreutiU 8,21Harch 2814DATE(l)L3II_I(9)運行rm file3,然后Is弋結果如何?helmetubuntu:-/subdtr$ rm ftle3 helmetubuntu:/sub

31、dir$ Is -1 total 81 05:59 filel-rw-rw-r - - 2 helnet helmet $594 Jul(10)在/etc/passwd文件中查找合適你的注冊名的行helmetubuntu:-/subdir$ grep -F helmet /etc/passwd'1886：16691 t t t/home/t:/btn/bash(11)運行Is -l,理解各文件的權限是什么?helmetgubuntu:-/subdirS Is -I total 8-rw-rw-r- 2 helmet helmet 6594 Jul 1 05:59 filel(12)用兩

32、種方式改變filel的權限。helmetubuntu:/subdir$ chnod a+x filel helmetgubuntu:-/subdir$ chnod u=r,ug=x filel(13)統計file1文件的行數、字數helmetubuntu:/subdtr$ wc -I -w filel 213 842 filel(14)運行 man ls|more,顯示結果是什么？運行 cat file1|head -2叩eefile5 ,結果如何C運行cat file5|wc ,結果如何?heYnetubuntu:-/sut>dir$ man Is|noreLS(1)user comm

33、andsL5(l)NAMEIs - list directory contentsSYNOPSISIs OPTION. FILE.,.DESCRIPTIONList infornattor ebout the files (the current directory by default)- Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor sort is specified.Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options toa«-3 r

34、- -a11do not Ignore entries starting with .-A, -alnost-alldo not list implied , and .helmetubuntu:/subdtr$ cat ftlel|head *26|tee filesWed Jul 1 05:56:14 PDT 2615DATE(l)User ComandsDArE(l)NAMEdate - print or set the system date dnd tineSYNOPSISdate OPTION. +FORHATdate -u | - -utc | unwersal MMDDhhnn

35、CC¥Y . ssj DESCRIPTIONDisplay the current tine tn the given FORMAT( or set the system date.Mandatory argunents to lang options are mandatory for short options tg.d, -date=STR!NG display tine tjescribed by STRING not 'now1u l n 產、u y l u rik. uz n j-i u j uy elmetubuntu:-/subdir$ cat files|w

36、c2062537實驗三vi編輯器的使用一、實驗目的1.學習使用vi編輯器建立、編輯、顯示及加工處理文本文件二、實驗內容1 .進入和推出vi編輯器。2 .利用文本插入方式建立一個文件。3 .在新建的文本文件上移動光標位置。4 .對該文件執行刪除、復原、修改、替換等操作三、主要實驗步驟1 .進入vi編輯器。heLmetubuntu:"Ivln - vi Improvedverstan 7.4.52by Bran Moolenaar et aLHcdtfted by Vin is open source a

37、nd freely distributableBecone a registered Vtn user!type:helpregister EforInfnnnmtlontype:qto exittype:help or - 1 foron-line helptype:helpversion?forversion infoRunning in Vi compatible nodetype:5et nocp En forvim defaultstype:helpcp-default f r fortnfo on this2 .建立一個文件，如file.Co進入插入方式，輸入一個 C語言程序的各行

38、內容，故意制造幾處錯誤。最后，將該文件存盤。回到shell狀態下filex x/this is an example*/ main。prntf(,Fokl,T);l3 .運行gcc file.c -o myfile,編譯該文件，會發現錯誤提示。理解其含義helmetubuntu:*$ cat file.c/*thts is an example*/piain()(prntf("okl”)；)helmetubuntu:-$ gcc ftle,c *o filel/tmp/cc2fMKIj.o: In function 'main1:fLle.c:(,text+Oxll): un

39、defined reference to prntf collect2: error: Id returned 1 exit status4 .重新進入vi編輯器，對該文件進行修改。然后存盤，退出vi編輯器。重新編譯該文件，如果編譯通過了，可以利用./myfile運行該程序。helmet)ubuntu: /*this is an example*/ main()prtntf("ok!*);helmetubuntucat file t c/*thts is an example*/nain()(printf (Rok!,r);)helmetubuntu:-$ gcc file,c -o

40、 file*outheLnetubuntu./file.outok Ihelmetubuntu:5，5 .運行man date > file10,然后vi file10。使用x, dd等命令刪除某些文 本行。使用u命令復原此前的情況。使用c、r、s等命令修改文本內容。使用檢索命令進行給定模式的檢索。helmetubuntu: helmetubuntu:*$ nan date > ftlelO helpietubuntu: 5 vt ftlcl。X:G ' helmet駟bumuBte(i)user commandsdate(1)NAMEdate - print or set

41、 the system date 石nd tineSYNOPSISdate OPTION.4FORMATdate -u| -utc|-universal HMODhhmfcc¥Y.ssDESCRIPTIONDisplay the current tine in the given FORMAT, or set the system date.Mandatory argunents to long options are Mandatory for short options too.dd:- helm«t(ubuntu: *NAMEdate - print or set t

42、he systen dte 石nd tineSYNOPSISdate OPTION+FORMATdate -u|-utc|-'universal MMDDhhnnCCvy+ssDESCRIPTIONDisplay the current tine in the given FORMAT, or set the systen date.Mandatory argunents to long options are nandatory for short options too.-d, -date=STRlNGdisplay tine described by STRING, not 1n

43、owhu:- helmetubuntu;0TE(1)User CamendsDATE(l)NAME date - print or set the system date and timeSYNOPSIS date QPTIQN,. +FQRMAT date -u|'-utc|-'Universal MMDDhhmmLtCCYY+ssDESCRIPTIONDisplay the current time In the given FORMAT, or set the systen date.Mandatary arguments to long options are mand

44、atory for short options too.-dF -date=STRINGrH c n】一_+:E_一 L r： biT_ho_霍丁口-Elfi±_' n .m 'C:helmet>ut>untu: "NAME date - print or set the system date and timeSYNOPSIS date OPTION,., +FQRMAT date - u | - -utc | - -universal MMDDhhniiiCC¥Y ssDESCRIPTIONDisplay the current t

45、ins tn the given FORMAT, or set the systen date.Mandatory argunents to long options are nandatory for short options too.NAMEdateSYNOPSIS date datehelmetlubuntu;-print or set the system date and timeOPTION1. + FORMAT-u|-utc|-universal MMDDhhmmfCCY¥,ssDESCRIPTIONDisplay the current time tn the gi

46、ven FORMAT, or set the systeR:Q fhelmet彈ubuntu: *|ATE1)User ComnandsDATE(1)NAMEdate - print or set the system date and timeSYNOPSISdate OPTION*.+FORMATdate -|-utc|-universal MrtDDhhmmCC¥V.ssDESCRIPTIONDisplay the Current time in the given FORMAT, or Set the systemS:helmet Ubuntu：、User Connands3

47、SSSSSSS55SATE(1) DATE(l)NAMEdate - print or set the system date and timeSYNOPSIS date OPTION.h +FORMAT date -u|-utc|-universal MMDOhhnmCCY¥*ss檢索:秒-helmet ubuntu: User conmafldsoate(i)NAMEate - print or set the system £dte and ttpneSYNOPSIS實用大全實驗四shell編程一、實驗目的1 . 了解shell的作用和主要分類。2 .掌握bash的建

48、立和執行方式。3 .掌握bash的基本語法。4 .學會編寫shell腳本。二、實驗內容1. shell腳本的建立和執行。2. shell變量和位置參數、環境變量3. bash的特殊字符。4. 一般控制結構。5. 算術運算及bash函數。三、主要實驗步驟1 .利用vi建立一個腳本文件，其中包括 date、cal、pwd、ls等常用命令。 然后以不同方式執行該腳本。® helmetubuntu: - gal pud Is date“uxapiplH*c" 4 lines, 16 ch日己ctss helnetubuntu:-$ vl example*c helnetubdnti

49、i:-$ cat example*c caL pwd Is datehelmetgubuntu:$ bash<examplecJuly 2015SuMoTuWeThFrSaE23456789IS11121314IS1617181920212223242S262728293631file,c- Pictues Videos file,out Public Mustc Templates/hcne/helmetDesktop example.cfileDocuments example.c-filelSDownloads examples,desktop file,二Wed lul 1 02

50、:51:28 PDT 20152 .運行history命令，配置歷史命令環境。helmetubuntu:/subdir$ history1 vi2 man date > ftlelQ3 vi filel©4 vt examples5 cat example*c6 bash<example.c7 passwd8 date9 cal10 cal 1611 who12 who an i13 echo14 echo 'This is a command.15 echo This is a command.16 clear17 pwd18 Is -I19 Is -at20

51、cd /21 Is -I22 pwd23 Cd45 mv file? file?46 Ls -147 cat f*48 rm files49 Is -I50 grep -F helmet /etc/passwd51 IS -152 chnod a+x filel53 chmod u=r,ug=x filel54 wc -I -w filel55 man ls|more50 cat filel|head *20|tee ftle557 cat file5Iwc58 history3 .體會bash的命令補全功能 命令開頭+Tab鍵。4 .對思考題4.8進行編輯，然后執行?| file4.8 x#J/btn/bashcoun